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((Short description|French Revolutionary politician (1756–1794)))
((Use dmy dates|date=December 2022))
((Infobox officeholder
| image               = Jean-Baptiste-Carrier.jpeg
| caption             = Carrier portrayed during his trial by François Bonneville
| birth_date          = 16 March 1756
| birth_place         = [[Yolet]], [[Kingdom of France]]
| death_date          = ((Death date and age|df=y|1794|12|16|1756|3|16))
| death_place         = [[Paris]], [[French First Republic|French Republic]]
| death_cause         = [[Execution by guillotine]]
| office              = Deputy in the [[National Convention]]
| term_start          = 5 September 1792
| term_end            = 16 December 1794
| constituency        = [[Cantal]]<ref>((cite web|website=[[National Assembly (France)|Assemblée nationale]]|url=https://www2.assemblee-nationale.fr/sycomore/fiche/(num_dept)/12279|title=Jean-Baptiste Carrier|access-date=18 May 2021))</ref>
| party               = [[The Mountain]]
))
'''Jean-Baptiste Carrier''' (((IPA-fr|ʒɑ̃ batist kaʁje)); 16 March 1756 – 16 December 1794) was a [[French Revolution]]ary and [[politician]] most notable for his actions in the [[War in the Vendée]] during the [[Reign of Terror]].  While under orders to suppress a Royalist counter-revolution, he commanded the [[Drownings at Nantes|execution]] of 4,000 civilians, mainly priests, women and children in [[Nantes]], some by drowning in the river [[Loire]], which Carrier described as "the National Bathtub."<ref name=Loomis289>((Cite book |title=Paris in the Terror |last=Loomis |first=Stanley |author-link=Stanley Loomis |year=1964 |publisher=J.B. Lippincott Co. |location=Philadelphia; New York |oclc=401403 |page=289 ))</ref> After the [[Fall of Maximilien Robespierre|fall]] of the [[Maximilien Robespierre|Robespierre]] government, Carrier was tried for [[war crime]]s by the [[Revolutionary Tribunal]], found guilty, and executed.

==Early life==
((more citations needed|section|date=May 2021))
Carrier was born at [[Yolet]], a village near [[Aurillac]] in upper [[Auvergne (province)|Auvergne]],<ref>Chronicle of the French Revolution, Longman Group 1989 p.30</ref> as the fourth of six children born to Jean Carrier and Marguerite Puex.<ref>((cite journal|journal=Revue de la Haute-Auvergne|url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k98104932|title=Documents nouveaux sur la jeunesse et les débuts de Jean-Baptiste CARRIER|date=1955|location=Aurillac|volume=34|author=Société La Haute-Auvergne))</ref> As the son of a middle class [[tenant farmer]], Carrier and his family survived on income reaped from cultivating the land of a French nobleman.  After attending a Jesuit school in Aurillac, he was able to pursue a wide variety of career interests. Carrier worked in a law office in Paris until 1785 when he returned to Aurillac, married, and with the outbreak of the Revolution joined the [[National Guard (France)|National Guard]] and the [[Jacobin Club]].((Citation needed|date=March 2024)) In 1790 he was a country attorney (counsellor for the [[bailliage]] of Aurillac) and in 1792 was elected deputy to the [[National Convention]] from [[Cantal]]. He was already known as one of the influential members of the [[Cordeliers]] and the Jacobin Club.
After the subjugation of [[Flanders]] he was one of the commissioners nominated in the close of 1792 by the convention. He voted for the execution of King [[Louis XVI of France]], was one of the first to call for the arrest of the [[Louis Philippe II, Duke of Orléans|Duke of Orléans]]  and took a prominent part in the overthrow of the [[Girondist]]s (on 31 May).<ref name="EB1911">((EB1911|inline=y|wstitle=Carrier, Jean Baptiste|volume=5|page=407))</ref>

== Representative to Nantes ==
[[Image:Entrepot des cafes.jpg|thumb|220px|Plaque in Nantes: "Former Coffee Warehouse Jail. During the Terror, during the winter of 1793-1794, at the time of the mission of J.-B. Carrier (who was condemned to death by the Revolutionary Tribunal in Paris and guillotined on 16 December 1794), 8 to 9,000 citizens of the Vendée, Anjou, the Nantes region, and Poitou – men, women, and children – were incarcerated at this jail. Nearly all perished. Victims of starvation and typhus were shot near Gigant quarry or drowned in the [[Loire]] river. -- The people of Nantes were equal prey to the Terror."]]
[[File:Noyadesnantes.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Drownings at Nantes]], engraving after a drawing by [[Jean Duplessis-Bertaux]]]]
In 1793, Carrier was sent to [[Nantes]] as a [[representative on mission]] under orders from the National Convention. He established a revolutionary tribunal in Nantes and formed a unit of troops called the Legion of [[Jean-Paul Marat|Marat]], in order to suppress the revolt of anti-revolutionists and dispose quickly of prisoners in the jails. The trials were soon discontinued, and the victims were sent to the [[guillotine]], shot, or executed in another way.<ref name="EB1911"/>

In a twenty-page letter to his fellow republicans, Carrier promised not to leave a single counter-revolutionary or monopolist (hoarders or aristocratic land owners) at large in Nantes.<ref>Christopher Desloge, Desloge Chronicles – A Tale of Two Continents, Lulu.com, 2013 p.13</ref> His action was endorsed by the Committee of Public Safety. In the following days Carrier put large numbers of prisoners aboard vessels with trap doors for bottoms, and sank them in the Loire river.<ref>Chronicle of the French Revolution, Longman Group 1989 p.390</ref> These executions included priests and nuns, as well as women and children. They were known as the [[Drownings at Nantes]].<ref name=Dictionnaire>((cite book|title=Dictionnaire des parlementaires français|author1=Robert, Adolphe|volume=1|author2=Cougny, Gaston|url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k83707p|location=Paris|year=1890|language=fr|page=595))</ref> Some alleged that Carrier ordered young male and female prisoners be tied together naked before the drownings, a method which was called a "[[republican marriage]]", but this accusation was later found to be a rumor started by counter-revolutionaries.<ref name="Bertrand, Ernest 1868. p. 7-92">Bertrand, Ernest. 1868. La justice révolutionnaire en France du 17 août 1792 au 12 prairial an III (31 mai 1793), 17:e article, Annuaire de la Société philotechnique, 1868, tome 30, p. 7-92.</ref><ref name="Alain Gérard 1993 p.265-266">Alain Gérard (1993). La Vendée: 1789–1793. p.265-266</ref>

He was described by [[Adolphe Thiers]] as being "one of those inferior and violent spirits, who in the excitement of civil wars become monsters of cruelty and extravagance."<ref>Thiers, Adolphe and Frederic Shoberl, The History of the French Revolution. Vol. 3. New York: D. Appleton & Co, 1866 p.66</ref>

==Trial and execution==
[[File:BOYER 483 - Carrier.tif|thumb|BOYER 483 - Carrier]][[Image:Carrier par Vivant Denon.jpg|thumb|right|Sketch of Carrier during his trial, by [[Vivant Denon]]]]
In 1794, a member of the [[Committee of Public Safety]] returned from Nantes with information about the atrocities being carried out,<ref name="Dictionnaire" /> although Carrier himself was not put on trial. On 8 February 1794, Carrier was recalled to Paris by [[Robespierre]]. A few months later, the [[Thermidorian reaction]] led to the [[fall of Robespierre]] and the Committee of Public Safety. Carrier's position became exposed. Prisoners he had brought from Nantes were acquitted and released, and more people denounced Carrier's actions. On 3 September 1794 Carrier was arrested.

At his trial before the [[Revolutionary Tribunal]], Carrier was quick to denounce allegations of inhumanity, stating "I took but little share in the policing of Nantes; I was only there in passing, being first at [[Rennes]] and later with the army. My principal task was to watch over and see to the victualing of our troops, and for six months I supplied 200,000 men there without its costing the State a halfpenny. Hence I have little information to offer in the matter. I know little or nothing of the accused."<ref>[[Théodore Gosselin|Lenotre, G.]] Tragic Episodes of the French Revolution in Brittany, With Unpublished Documents. Trans. H. Havelock. London: David Nutt, 1912 p.307</ref> After this statement, a fellow representative, Phélippes, vocally charged Carrier with drownings, wholesale executions, demolitions, thefts, pillaging, laying waste to Nantes, famine and disorder, and the butchering of women and children. Men from the "Marat Company," a militia that Carrier used to purge Nantes, were present during the trial, including Perro-Chaux, Lévêque, Bollogniel, Grandmaison, and Mainguet. All were part of the Revolutionary Committee of Nantes, appointed directly or indirectly by Carrier. The jury passed a unanimous vote for Carrier's execution.

The Revolutionary Tribunal declared him guilty of, among other crimes, mass executions of citizens who did not fight against the Republic, through drownings and [[firing squad]]s. They declared these executions to have been carried out "knowingly, viciously, and with counter-revolutionary intent." Along with two accomplices from the revolutionary committee of Nantes,<ref>((cite book|author=Babeuf, Gracchus|author-link=Gracchus Babeuf|title=Du système de dépopulation ou La vie et les crimes de Carrier|trans-title=Of the system of depopulation, or the life and crimes of Carrier|url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k847909|language=fr|year=1794|location=Paris|pages=179–180))</ref> Carrier was executed by the [[guillotine]] in Paris, on 16 December 1794.<ref>Chronicle of the French Revolution, Longman Group 1989 p.462</ref>

==References==

((reflist))

==Bibliography==
((div col|colwidth=30em))
*[https://books.google.com/books/about/Correspondence_of_Jean_Baptiste_Carrier.html?id=EmVBAAAAIAAJ  Carrier, Jean-Baptiste, ''Correspondence of Jean-Baptiste Carrier: people's representative to the Convention during his mission in Brittany, 1793-1794'', Nantes: John Lane Company, 1920], Google Books, downloadable eBook.
*Hanson, Paul R.  ''Historical Dictionary of the French Revolution.''  France: Scarecrow Press, 2004.
*Joes, Anthony James.  ''Guerilla Conflict before the cold war.''  Westport: Greenwood Publishing Group, 1996.
*Lenotre, G. ''The French Revolution in Brittany.''  Edinburgh: Ballantyne, Hanson & Co, 1912.
*Lenotre, G.  ''Tragic Episodes of the French Revolution in Brittany, With Unpublished Documents.''  Trans. H. Havelock. London: David Nutt, 1912.
*Stephens, Henry Morse.  ''A History of the French Revolution.''  Vol. 3.   New York:  [[Charles Scribner's Sons]], 1891.
*[[Adolphe Thiers|Thiers]], Adolphe and [[Frederic Shoberl]].  ''The History of the French Revolution.'' Vol. 3.  New York: D. Appleton & Co, 1866.
*Webster, Noah.  ''Webster's New Universal Unabridged Dictionary.''  Vol. 2.  New York: Simon & Schuster, 1983.
((div col end))

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((DEFAULTSORT:Carrier, Jean-Baptiste))
[[Category:1756 births]]
[[Category:1794 deaths]]
[[Category:Deputies to the French National Convention]]
[[Category:French mass murderers]]
[[Category:French murderers of children]]
[[Category:French people convicted of war crimes]]
[[Category:Executed mass murderers]]
[[Category:French people executed by guillotine during the French Revolution]]
[[Category:Jacobins]]
[[Category:People from Cantal]]
[[Category:People of the Reign of Terror]]
[[Category:Représentants en mission]]
[[Category:Republican military leaders of the War in the Vendée]]
[[Category:People executed for war crimes]]

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