Jean Cousin, also Jehan Cousin, was a 15th-century navigator from Normandy, France who has been said to have discovered the New World in 1488, four years before Christopher Columbus, when he landed in Brazil around the mouth of the Amazon.^[1][2][3] One of his captains was named Martín Alonso Pinzón, who left Cousin in a dispute after their return to Dieppe, and who is claimed to have left for Spain from where he advised Columbus on his westward sail.^[1][4] Pinzon is known to have displayed a remarkable confidence in guiding Columbus in his discovery of the New World.^[4] No indisputable written records remain, however, to support Cousin's claim to discovery.^[1]

Cousin's travel was succeeded by that of Binot Paulmier de Gonneville in 1504 onboard L'Espoir, which was properly recorded and brought back an Indian named Essomericq.^[1] Gonneville affirmed that when he visited Brazil, French traders from Saint-Malo and Dieppe had already been trading there for several years.^[2]

The precedent of Jean Cousin and his fellow Norman sailors was used by Charles IX to justify the French attempts at colonizing Florida at Fort Caroline in 1564-65, as, it was said, they had discovered the New World before the Spanish did.^[2] The area was called "Terre des Bretons" by the French.^[2]

The claim of Jean Cousin's discovery of the New World has long been affirmed in France. In 1660, Etienne Cleirac mentioned it in his Us et coustumes de la mer.^[2] The claim is also sometimes reaffirmed in contemporary popular literature.