An inventory of the jewels of Mary I of England, known as Princess Mary or the Lady Mary in the years 1542 to 1546, was kept by her lady in waiting Mary Finch.[1] The manuscript is now held by the British Library. It was published by Frederic Madden in 1831. Some pieces are listed twice.[2] Two surviving drawings feature a ribbon with the inscription, "MI LADI PRINSIS".[3] The British Library also has an inventory of the jewels she inherited on coming to the throne in 1553.[4]
Mary's mother, Catherine of Aragon died in 1536, and bequeathed Mary a gold collar or necklace which she had brought from Spain in 1501.[5] It had a gold cross which contained, according to Eustace Chapuys, a relic of the True Cross.[6] Thomas Cromwell ordered that the cross be sent to him. Chapuys reported that Cromwell returned it to Mary after finding its gold content was low and, as a Protestant, he had no use for the relic.[7]
Mary owned a letter "M" with three rubies and two diamonds and a large pendant pearl. She also had an "H" with a ruby and a pendant pearl.[8]
Mary's royal status varied during her childhood, as her father divorced her mother Catherine of Aragon and made other marriages. Marriages were also planned for her, which entailed new clothes and jewels.[9] In July 1533, her chamberlain, John Hussey, and a lady in waiting, Frances Aylmer, were ordered to deliver her jewels to Thomas Cromwell.[10] In March 1534, the diplomat Eustache Chapuys wrote that Mary's "principal jewels and ornaments" had all been confiscated.[11]
In 1536, Catherine of Aragon bequeathed her gold collar and cross to Mary, which was said to contain a relic of the true cross.[12] Catherine Howard gave Mary a gold pomander containing a clock while they were on a progress at Pontefract Castle in 1541. Catherine kept a gold chain set with turquoises, rubies, and pearls which was used to suspend the pomander from a girdle,[13]
Mary stored her jewels in a coffer made in 1542 by the craftsman William Green. A biography of Jane Dormer claims that she was in charge of the jewels which Mary kept in her bedchamber and wore regularly. John Mabbe, a London goldsmith, mended her jewelry and made her sets of aglets. Hans Holbein the Younger designed jewels for her. Two of his surviving drawings feature a ribbon with the inscription, "MI LADI PRINSIS", (My Lady Princess).[14] Cornelis Hayes, a Flemish jeweler, may have realised Holbein's designs.[15] Holbeins's friend Hans of Antwerp and Rogier Horton worked for her. Another name that appears in her records is "Raynolds," which may refer to Robert Reynes, who was granted a coat of arms in 1558.[16] On 25 July 1554, she ordered some of the jewels in the Tower of London to be delivered to her goldsmith "Affabel Partriche".[17]
Mary got custody of jewels which had belonged to her father and mother, Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon, in 1553 when she became queen.
According to Hugues Cousin le Vieux, an Imperial courtier and quartermaster, Henry Dudley had taken some jewels and rings from the royal treasury to reward potential supporters of the Duke of Northumberland and Lady Jane Grey in France.[18] The Imperial ambassador Simon Renard had reported this story as an unconfirmed rumour in July 1553.[19] Some manuscript inventories of jewels from 1553, and published versions or derivatives, appear to be connected with Lady Jane Grey, Andrew Dudley and Arthur Stourton, Keeper of Westminster Palace, or with the Duchess of Somerset, but the evidence is unclear.[20] One list includes a zibellino, a sable skin with a gold head with a ruby tongue and gold feet and paws, which appears the inventory of Henry VIII.[21] Some of the jewels had been issued for weddings, and Edward VI had requested by warrant a diamond jewel with a pendant pearl for Mary to wear in April 1553.[22]
An inventory of jewels, held by the British Library (Harley 7376), has marginal notes recording gifts made by Mary in 1553 and later years, noting items taken for her coronation, and pearls delivered to her embroiderer Guilliam Brallot.[23] She gave pairs of billiments of "goldsmith work" for head dresses, to her ladies and gentlewomen in the coronation procession, including Mistress Anne Poyntz, mother of the maids.[24]
These billiments were worn at the Royal Entry on 30 September 1553 before Mary's coronation. Mary wore a caul or veil of tinsel fabric set with pearls and precious stones, with a newly made gold circlet or coronet like a "hooped garland" also set with precious stones. According to some chronicle narratives, she had to hold these heavy items on her head with her hands.[25] These comments may imply misogynistic criticism of the unprecedented female coronation, suggesting that the trappings of majesty were too weighty.[26]
A copy of an inventory of royal jewels made in 1550 was used to record items issued from the Jewel House to Mary. On 4 June 1556, she requested a pair of steel and gold bracelets, black enamelled, each set with 9 small diamonds and 3 larger diamonds.[27]
Princess Mary bought 100 pearls while at Richmond Palace in December 1537.[28] She had items of costume embroidered with 581 pearls in total. A lace for her neck had 67 pearls, a "nether abillment" had 33 great pearls, another "nether abillment" had 38 lesser sized pearls, an upper abillment had 40 pearls, and another upper abillment had 80 mean or lesser pearls. A partlet had 108 fair pearls, and a second partlet was sewn with 71 pearls of the same grade.[29]
The "abillments" or "billaments" were bands of jewels worn on the coif over the forehead, typically with a French hood.[30] On 20 July 1546, her father Henry VIII gave her an upper abillment set with 10 table diamonds, 9 rock rubies, and 38 small pearls, with another abillment of rock rubies and fair pearls, and a third abillment of diamonds, rock rubies and pearls. He gave other jewels at this time, including a cross set with diamonds and three pendant pearls and a "Jesus" or the initials "IHS" set with diamonds and three pendant pearls, a brooch with the story of Abraham set with a fair table diamond and another Abraham brooch set with 7 diamonds and a ruby, and a tablet or locket with Solomon's temple on one side a portcullis on the other. In July he gave her a brooch with the story of Pyramus and Thisbe, which had a large diamond table and four rubies, and a girdle of gold friar's knots.[31]
The brooches and ensigns worn in England at this time mostly depicted Old Testament subjects.[32] Some of Mary's jewels depicted religious subjects, including Moses, John the Evangelist, and Susanna and the Elders.[33] A list of jewels requested by Lady Jane Grey as Queen on 14 July 1553 includes a tablet, made book fashion, with the story of David and three sapphires on the other side.[34] There were two diamond set brooches with story of David and Goliath in the Jewel House in 1559.[35]
According to the Venetian ambassador, Giacomo Soranzo, Mary's costume as queen involved,[36]
arraying herself elegantly and magnificently, and her garments are of two sorts; the one, a gown such as men wear, but fitting very close, with an under-petticoat which has a very long train; and this is her ordinary costume, being also that of the gentlewomen of England. The other garment is a gown and bodice, with wide hanging sleeves (con lo maniche larghe rovesciate) in the French fashion, which she wears on state occasions. She also wears much embroidery, and gowns and mantles (sopravesti) of cloth of gold and cloth of silver, of great value, and changes every day. She also makes great use of jewels, wearing them both on her chaperon (her hood) and around her neck, and as trimming for her gowns.[37]
In addition to the inventory of jewels requested by Lady Jane Grey held by New College, Oxford and related items in the British Library and Cecil papers,[38] the British Library has an inventory of jewels received by Mary in the first years of her reign, with some items received from Anne Seymour, Duchess of Somerset.[39] Mary's jewels included, an "H and K" with a large emerald and a large pearl pendant, a gold whistle in the form of a mermaid, her torso enameled white and her tail of mother-of-pearl, with bracelets and "habiliments".[40]
Mary received another whistle from the Jewel House on 3 December 1554 which was joined to a dragon set with emeralds.[41] Mary wore a girdle around her waist, sometimes with a descending extension attached to a jewel, pomander, or book. One girdle had 15 diamonds and 15 rubies in pairs, alternating with the "words" or motto of the Order of the Garter, "Honi Soit Qui Mal y Pense" in black enamel with 3 diamonds. The buckle was set with a table diamond.[42]
Hans Eworth painted Mary with apparently realistic pieces of jewellery. His depictions may reflect an informed interest, as some members of his family, François Eeuwouts and Nicholas Eeuwouts, were goldsmiths and stone cutters. In his portraits of Mary, based on a sitting in the winter after her coronation, a Tau cross may be possibly be identified as a piece formerly belonging to Catherine of Aragon, and large brooch with its central stones flanked by antique figures, as a jewel belonging to Katherine Parr, and one of her finger rings may be her spousing or engagement ring.[43]
Before the wedding, Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor sent a ring or jewel and the Imperial ambassador Simon Renard advised that gifts of jewels should be made to the courtiers Frideswide Strelley, Susan Clarencieux and Mistress Russell.[44] When Mary married Philip II of Spain at Winchester Cathedral on 25 July 1554, she wore a "diamond mounted on a setting in the form of a rose, with a huge pearl hanging down onto the chest", described in an Italian account of the wedding as "jewellery on the breast with a diamond in the centre, which the Prince had sent from Spain as a present, worth 60,000 scudi, sparkling on all sides, to which was attached a pearl pendant, estimated to be worth 5,000 scudi". This jewel may be represented in her portraits by Hans Eworth and Anthonis Mor.[45] Mary's pearl is perhaps confused with the Spanish royal La Peregrina pearl.[46]
A gown of Mary's described in a later royal inventory may have been the one worn on her wedding day; a French gown of rich gold tissue, with a border of purple satin, all over embroidered with purls of damask gold and pearls, lined with purple taffeta. Her embroiderer was called Guilliam Brallot. Elizabeth I's tailors unpicked the small pearls from this garment for re-use.[47] The pearls from the gown seem to be those appraised for sale by the goldsmiths Hugh Kayle, John Spilman, and Leonard Bushe in October 1600, including 250 oriental pearls worth £206 and "meaner" sized pearls worth £40.[48]
Mary is sometimes said to have worn a gold collar set with diamonds and pearls and the initials "P" and "M" at her wedding, but her will states this piece was Philip's gift to her at Epiphany. There were nine ciphers of "P & M" with nine large diamonds set in gold, and each piece had a pendant pearl.[49]
It was inherited by Elizabeth I and was in the secret Jewel House at the Tower of London in 1605, then featuring eight pointed diamonds and a table diamond.[50] James VI and I annexed the collar with its "eight fair pointed diamonds" to the crown for posterity in March 1606.[51] It was worn by Anne of Denmark in January 1608 at The Masque of Beauty.[52] It appears in Anne of Denmark's jewellery inventory as:
Item a rich coller of 18 pieces, whereof 9 with Cyphers of the letters P: M: and 9. of diamonds, 8 of them poynted and one a table; which was brought out of the Tower by his Majesties direction and geven to her Majestie, agaynst the maske at twelfnyght 1607. every piece havinge a pearl pende[53]
When Mary was dying or dead at St James's Palace, Nicholas Throckmorton is said to have rode to tell Elizabeth I at Hatfield of her sister's death,[54] bringing a token of a ring with black enamel decoration which was Mary's espousal ring, a gift from Philip.[55][56]
In her will, Mary mentioned as bequests to Philip II:[57]
The Count of Feria, heard that Mary had given Philip II a coffer with jewels that had belonged to Henry VIII, including a jewelled dagger, which remained in London.[62] Jane Dormer, Countess of Feria, Mary's former lady in waiting, delivered jewels to Elizabeth I in 1559, some of which had been Mary's.[63] The list includes a tablet with an Imperial spread eagle of diamonds on one side and two diamond pillars and the Emperor's word on the other, with a closed crown and the toison d'or, with three pendant pearls; with a "picture of Queen Marie in golde with a boxe of wood"; and a "little tablet of ten pearls which was one of the Queen's majesty's that now is (Elizabeth's), as Mistress Parry says".[64] Blanche Parry, Lady Knollys and Margery Norris scrutinised the returned jewels for defects and losses.[65][66]
Philip II subsequently received his English garter jewels.[67]
Another item in Elizabeth's collection in 1587 was a miniature case, "a tablet with a story on the one side and a table balas ruby in the midst, and on the other side a city having in the top thereof five little diamonds and nineteen little rubies and a great square diamond underneath and within the tablet is the picture of King Philip".[68]
Mary's abillments or billiments for wearing on her headdress seem to have still been in the Secret Jewel House at the Tower of London in 1605 when Francis Gofton made an inventory for James VI and I.[69] Amongst her jewels in 1606, Anne of Denmark had a jewel of gold with a square emerald and a greyhound on the back, with the half rose and pomegranate, the emblems of Catherine of Aragon.[70]
Princess Mary gave a number of jewels from her collection as gifts, some recorded as marginal notes in Mary Finch's inventory in her own handwriting.[71] Mary gave Jane Seymour (died 1561), her maid of honor, a balas ruby with a little diamond and three small pendant pearls.[72] Lady Jane Grey received a "lace for the neck of goldsmith's work".[73] Mary sent her brother New Year's Day gifts,[74] and in 1546 he received a locket from Catherine Parr with miniature portraits of herself and Henry VIII.[75]
Mary gave jewels to Cecily Dabridgecourt, Lady Mansel, a member of her household since 1525, including three brooches, a "pointed diamond", and several other pieces recorded in the Harley MS 7376 inventory.[76] She gave a gold brooch depicting Saint George to the "Mistress Nurse's daughter", perhaps her namesake Mary Penn, the daughter of Sybil Penn, the nurse of Prince Edward.[77]
Princess Elizabeth received a gold pomander with a dial or clock set in it. On 21 September 1553, Mary gave Elizabeth the brooch of Pyramus and Thisbe and a pair of white coral prayer beads, with a number of other jewels recorded in Harley 7376.[78] Katherine Howard had given Mary the pomander when she was at Pontefract Castle.[79] Mary hoped that Elizabeth would wear these jewels at her coronation, though the French ambassador Antoine de Noailles reported that Elizabeth (who supposedly preferred somber clothing) refused.[80]
Gifts were given to Margaret Douglas, including a brooch made especially to be a New Year's Day gift by John Busshe, a goldsmith in the parish of St Katherine Coleman.[81] When she married the Earl of Lennox in 1544, Mary's gifts included; a balas ruby with a table cut diamond and three mean (smaller) pendant pearls; a gold brooch with a large sapphire; a brooch of gold with a balas ruby and the History of Susanne, and a gold brooch with the History of David.[82]
In the Bute portrait of Margaret Tudor, the mother of Margaret Douglas, currently displayed at the National Gallery of Scotland, she is depicted wearing a medallion or circular brooch at her girdle with an image and text from the story of Susannah and the Elders.[83]
The executor of the Countess of Lennox, Thomas Fowler brought some of her jewels to Scotland, the inheritance of Arbella Stuart,[84] possibly including gifts from Mary, and they were obtained by the Earl of Bothwell in 1590.[85] The Countess of Shrewsbury wrote to William Cecil for help recovering Arbella's jewels.[86] A list of 21 jewels in a casket bequeathed Arbella by Margaret Douglas, and kept by Thomas Fowler was made in April 1590. It includes an "H" of gold set with a rock ruby, and a gold sable head set with diamonds for a zibellino, but the items cannot be clearly identified as gifts from Mary Tudor.[87] Another list of Arbella's jewels was made in 1607.[88]