English Catherine Disher (Resident Evil 3: Nemesis and Marvel vs. Capcom 2)[3] Heidi Anderson (Resident Evil remake)[3] Kathleen Barr (Under the Skin)[3] Patricia Ja Lee (The Umbrella Chronicles, Resident Evil 5, The Mercenaries 3D, Teppen)[3] Kari Wahlgren (Marvel vs. Capcom 3 and Ultimate Marvel vs. Capcom 3)[4] Michelle Ruff (Revelations, Operation Raccoon City, Revelations 2)[5][3] Nicole Tompkins (Resident Evil 3, Resistance, Death Island)[3] Chaney Crabb (Dead by Daylight)[6] Japanese Kikuko Inoue (Under the Skin) Atsuko Yuya (Apocalypse, Afterlife, Marvel vs. Capcom 3, Ultimate Marvel vs. Capcom 3, Revelations, Operation Raccoon City, Retribution, Project X Zone series, Resident Evil HD Remaster, Revelations 2, Teppen, Resident Evil 3, Resistance, Death Island)[3] Miyuki Sawashiro (Welcome to Raccoon City)[7]
Motion capture
Various
Hanai Takahashi (Resident Evil remake)[8] Patricia Ja Lee (The Umbrella Chronicles and Resident Evil 5)[9][10] Nicole Tompkins (Resident Evil 3)[11]
Video game publications listed Jill among the most popular and iconic video game characters, and praised her as the most likable and consistent Resident Evil character. She has received both acclaim and criticism with regard to gender representation in video games. Several publications praised the series for its portrayal of women and considered Jill significantly less sexualized than other female game characters; she was also cited as an example of a female character who was as competent and skilled as her male counterparts. Others argued she was weakened as a protagonist by attributes that undermined her role as a heroine, specifically an unrealistic body shape that did not reflect her military background; some of her overtly sexualized costumes have also been criticized.
According to digital media scholar Esther MacCallum-Stewart, Mikami's female roles possess unique qualities making them viable choices for players to select over their male counterparts, and said their combat attire helped them avoid criticism of adhering to the male gaze.[22] Mikami explained: "I don't know if I've put more emphasis on women characters, but when I do introduce them, it is never as objects. In [other] games, they will be peripheral characters with ridiculous breast physics. I avoid that sort of obvious eroticism."[15] Despite this, subsequent games in the series not directed by Mikami depicted her wearing revealing costumes.[23][24][25] Media scholars said players have been intentionally encouraged to both objectify and identify with the character.[26][27] Several commentators suggested that Mikami's initial portrayal of Jill as a military professional tempered the ability of subsequent game directors to overtly sexualize the character.[15][28][29]
Jill continued to be redesigned over the course of the series.[30] In the 2002 remake of the original game, her appearance was based on Canadian model and actress Julia Voth.[31] Capcom producer Hiroyuki Kobayashi said they made her more kawaii in the remake, but also kept her tough and muscular.[b] Voth's likeness was reused for Resident Evil: The Umbrella Chronicles (2007) and Resident Evil 5 (2009).[33][34]Resident Evil 5 features Chris as a protagonist; designers opted to focus on how both characters had aged since the original game.[35] Jill underwent another redesign for Resident Evil 5 to reflect her status as a test subject in biological research experiments.[36] Depicted with blonde hair, pale skin, and tight-fitting outfit – described as a battle suit[37] – these changes represent the effects of the experimentation.[38] Fans criticized the new appearance as an example of whitewashing.[37] MacCallum-Stewart suggested the popularity of the series was damaged by the unexplained reappearance of Jill as a "mind-controlled BDSM assassin".[22] In the 2020 remake of Resident Evil 3, Jill is modeled after Russian model Sasha Zotova.[39] Jill's redesign reflects the developers' creative vision behind the character's reimagination as a genuine action hero; because the art direction for the remake is based on photorealism, Capcom wanted to ensure that Jill fits into the game world environment.[40]
Alternate costumes as rewards for players have been a staple of the Resident Evil series.[41] Completing the 2002 remake unlocked the ability to dress Jill in her Resident Evil 3: Nemesis miniskirt costume and as Sarah Connor from the 1991 film Terminator 2: Judgment Day.[42] The miniskirt was added during development upon the staff's request. Following its addition, developers changed camera angles to reduce the amount of upskirting and matched the color of the skirt and underwear to make it less obvious.[43] The outfit reappears in Resident Evil: The Mercenaries 3D (2011).[41] A prequel to the events of Resident Evil 5, the downloadable content (DLC) episode Lost in Nightmares includes an alternative outfit for Jill,[44] based on military clothing and sportswear.[45] Since Resident Evil: Revelations (2012) was set at sea, her costume was made to resemble a wetsuit.[46] The initial design featured more tactical gear attached to her buoyancy control device, but it was removed to highlight her body's contours.[c] Her alternate outfit in the game, a revealing pirate costume, was deliberately made to be colorful to contrast with the storyline's dark themes.[24][25]
Every game in the series is set in the fictional American metropolitan area Raccoon City until its destruction at the end of Resident Evil 3: Nemesis.[65] Subsequent games featuring Jill take place on an international scale: namely Russia,[65] Africa,[66] and the Mediterranean Sea.[57] The original game is set in July 1998 in a mansion on the outskirts of Raccoon City,[67] which Jill and her team enter into while searching for colleagues.[18][68] Working with partner Barry Burton, she discovers the property is a façade for a biological warfare laboratory operated by the Umbrella Corporation and its undead occupants are the scientists who developed the T-virus mutagen. Her commander Albert Wesker is revealed to be a double agent for Umbrella.[65] Jill and Chris are among the five survivors of the incident,[65] who form a strong friendship and become passionate opponents of bioterrorism.[69]
Jill did not appear in Resident Evil 2 (1998), as the production team used new protagonists (Leon S. Kennedy and Claire Redfield) to preserve the original game's horror elements: Mikami believed Jill and Chris would be too experienced to be scared by the events in the sequel.[70][71] She returned as the sole protagonist in Resident Evil 3 (1999).[71] Mikami – the lead producer of both Nemesis and the concurrently-produced Resident Evil – Code: Veronica (2000) – wanted each game to highlight a female character who had previously appeared in the series; Jill is the protagonist in Nemesis, while Claire is the lead character in Code: Veronica.[71] Commentators suggested these decisions were made as a result of the success of the Tomb Raider series, which featured Lara Croft as the protagonist.[72]
Nemesis is set two months after the first game,[17] during which time Jill joined the Raccoon City Police Department (RCPD) to protect as many civilians as possible from the T-virus. The reason given by Capcom for her informal clothing in this entry was her resignation from the police immediately before the city's population was infected with the virus.[23] She quit in protest over the failure of law enforcement to take action against Umbrella but remained in the city to investigate the corporation.[e] The police uniform she wore in the original game was replaced with a less formal blue tube top, black miniskirt and knee-high boots.[76][23]
In Nemesis, she escapes Raccoon City before its destruction from a nuclear strike as part of a U.S. governmentcover-up.[65] She is pursued by Nemesis, a supersoldier[77] whose task is to kill all remaining members of the S.T.A.R.S. team.[78] Instead of killing Jill , Nemesis infects her with the T-virus; her new partner Carlos Oliveira[79] – a former Umbrella mercenary[73] – cures her of the infection with an Umbrella-produced vaccine.[49][65]The Umbrella Chronicles occurs in 2003, when Jill and Chris join a private organization with the goal of exposing Umbrella's biological warfare activities,[80] leading a group to destroy their only remaining research facility.[f] After the fall of the corporation, the pair become founding members of the United Nations' Bioterrorism Security Assessment Alliance (BSAA).[65] In Revelations – set two years later – Jill and new partner Parker Luciani are sent on a mission to rescue Chris, who is allegedly being held hostage on a ghost ship in the Mediterranean. Once aboard, she discovers the ship is infested with a new type of mutagen capable of infecting the aquatic ecosystem. Jill and Chris then unravel a political conspiracy involving an earlier mutagenic outbreak and a botched investigation by a rival agency.[57]
Resident Evil 5 takes place in 2009 in the fictional African town of Kijuju,[82] where terrorists are turning local residents into zombies. One of these terrorists is revealed to be Jill ,[83] who was missing in action for the previous two and a half years.[17] Set in 2006, the Lost in Nightmares DLC showed Jill and Chris searching inside a mansion for Umbrella's founder; to save Chris from Wesker, Jill tackled the latter through a window.[84] Neither of their bodies were recovered, and Jill is declared dead.[66] In fact, she was injured by the fall and taken hostage by Wesker, who then used her as a test subject in his biological experiments. The antibodies produced by Jill 's system as a result of her Nemesis-era T-virus infection were used as the basis for the Uroboros Virus,[83] the catalyst for the events of Resident Evil 5.[17]
During Resident Evil 5, Chris discovers that Jill is alive; Wesker attached a mind-control device on Jill which forced her to commit the terrorist acts and fight Chris and his new partner, local BSAA agent Sheva Alomar.[38][66] Jill finds enough self-control to open her outfit so the device can be seen and removed. After its removal, she explains that she knew what she was doing but was unable to control her actions[36] and urges Chris and Sheva to continue their mission.[66] Another DLC episode, Desperate Escape, describes how Jill was able to escape safety with the help of local BSAA agent Josh Stone before they aid both Chris and Sheva to kill Wesker.[85]
Jill Valentine's Resident Evil 3 outfit (left) and its inclusion for the iteration of the character played by Sienna Guillory in the film Resident Evil: Apocalypse (modeled on the right) have received a divisive response.[86][30][87]
Jill features in several of the Resident Evil films. She was originally scheduled to be the protagonist for the first Resident Evil movie (2002), while it was under the direction of George A. Romero. When Paul W. S. Anderson took over from Romero, he created a new character for the film series, Alice, portrayed by Milla Jovovich.[88] Jill appears in the 2004 sequel Resident Evil: Apocalypse, where she is a disgraced police officer who escapes the ruins of Raccoon City with the help of Alice and other survivors.[89][90] Her outfit in the movie is based on her clothing from Resident Evil 3.[86][91] Anderson considered explanations to justify the usage of the costume, such as having it described as an undercover outfit,[92] while Jovovich suggested using a heat wave as the reason.[91] Anderson eventually decided to ignore the issue altogether, arguing that people who would criticize her attire "probably shouldn't be watching a Resident Evil movie [at all]."[92]
Jill appears in a post-credits scene in Resident Evil: Afterlife (2010), wearing the mind-controlling device from Resident Evil 5 and leading an attack against Alice, Chris, Claire, and the survivors they rescued after a virus outbreak in Los Angeles.[93] In Resident Evil: Retribution (2012), Jill is an antagonist programmed to capture Alice, but regains control of herself after Alice removes Wesker's mind-control device.[94] The film includes a fight between Jill and Alice containing around 200 moves.[g] She did not appear in the final film, Resident Evil: The Final Chapter (2016), apparently dying offscreen.[96] According to Jovovich, Jill was excluded because there were too many Resident Evil characters to include in the film.[97] The Resident Evil film series consistently received negative reviews.[98]Cinefantastique praised Guillory's performance in Apocalypse as the film's only highlight.[99] In the reboot film Resident Evil: Welcome to Raccoon City (2021), Jill is played by Hannah John-Kamen.[100] She has also appeared in the 2023 computer-animated film, Resident Evil: Death Island.[101]
Jill features in novelizations of the films and games[116] and plays a supporting role in the first novel, Resident Evil: Caliban Cove (1998), in a series by S. D. Perry.[117] In Resident Evil: The Umbrella Conspiracy (1998), Perry's novelization of the original game, Jill's Delta Force background is not mentioned; before her career in law enforcement, she is said to have acted as an accomplice for her father Dick Valentine, a professional thief.[118] Several comic books based on the games were released,[119] and she is a character in Bandai's Resident Evil Deck Building Card Game (2011).[120] Merchandise featuring Jill include action figures, figurines and a gun replica.[121] The character was featured in Resident Evil-themed attractions at Universal Studios Japan and Universal Orlando's Halloween Horror Nights.[122] Capcom's themed restaurant Biohazard Cafe & Grill S.T.A.R.S., which opened in Shibuya, Tokyo, in 2012, sold a noodle dish named after her.[h]
Reception and legacy
A cosplayer recreating Jill's redesigned appearance from Resident Evil 5 as a brainwashed antagonist, which was scrutinized by MacCallum-Stewart in her writings[22][37]
Critics commented that Jill was not oversexualized in her initial appearances.[131][132][133][134] She was highlighted as an example of the series' female characters who were not judged solely on gender,[131] and for having "the most sensible design" for a female character of the mid-to-late 1990s.[133] Her professional relationship with Chris was celebrated for its basis in loyalty rather than romance[135] and its balance in their personalities: Jill's intellect and Chris's brawn.[136] Female digital critics felt that several of Jill's features undermine her role as a heroine and weaken her as a protagonist – specifically that her body shape is unrealistic and not reflective of her military background or physical training, noting that she was the only member of her team in the original game not to wear a bulletproof vest.[137][138] The extent to which her appearance changed over the course of the game series has been criticized as excessive,[30] with the Resident Evil 3 outfit derided for deviating too much from Mikami's initial militaristic iteration of the character.[87] In Tropes vs. Women in Video Games, feminist media critic Anita Sarkeesian criticized Jill's alternate costumes as too revealing, particularly the pirate costume in Resident Evil: Revelations.[139] She also cited Jill's movement in Revelations as an example of female characters who walk in an overtly sexualized manner.[140]
MacCallum-Stewart said the first Resident Evil game became famous for its "extremely clunky dialogue and voice acting, an element which lent the otherwise suspenseful game an element of charm that endeared it to players".[37] Although she explains that the weak dialogue might be attributed to poor translation of the original Japanese text, she said this inadvertently helped differentiate the series from its rivals.[37] Several lines from the game achieved enduring popularity: "You were almost a Jill sandwich",[141] a quip delivered in awkward voiceover by Barry Burton after a falling ceiling trap almost crushes Jill, was revived as an Internet meme a decade after the game's release; it became the subject of fan art depicting Jill in or as a sandwich.[142] Capcom referenced the line in several of their later games, including Dead Rising (2006),[143][144]Resident Evil: Uprising (2009),[142] and Resident Evil: Revelations 2 (2015).[145] Another piece of dialogue spoken by Burton – "And, Jill, here's a lock pick. It might be handy if you, the master of unlocking, take it with you" – also gained notoriety.[146][147] The quote has been parodied for containing an excessive amount of silence between words.[148] It was removed from later editions.[149]
^Hiroyuki Kobayashi: "Instead, Jill got a little cuter [kawaii – in the context this appears to refer to personality]. Her action and atmosphere has charm. This time, we expect a lot more people [to be] charmed by Jill."[32]
^"At the beginning of the game, Jill is wearing diving equipment, including BCD (buoyancy control device). I thought the gear had interesting details, but because the team wanted to show her bodyline, it was changed to one that only had straps."[47]
^Shinji Mikami: "We shot the opening movie in the Tama River side of Japan. In the beginning of the movie, Jill makes her face look like she is scared, but she was not [supposed to be]. The actress for Jill was only a high-school girl at the time and she had to run around outside in the middle of the night and got mosquito bites, so she made that face; 'I wanna go home!' She was just an immature kid. That cheap shot was totally my mistake. I didn't have enough time and money, also I should have picked the actors judging on performances but it's too late now of course."[48]
^"As our story opens, we learn what happened to Jill Valentine after the events of the original Resident Evil. Disillusioned with the failure of Raccoon City's Police Department to act against Umbrella Corporation and its genetic experiments, she decides to quit the force."[73][74] Jill Valentine's diary can be unlocked in Resident Evil: The Umbrella Chronicles (2007). The entry for August 24, 1998, reads: "Chris left town today for Europe. Barry said that he was going to send his family to Canada first and then meet up with Chris after that. I have decided to remain in Raccoon City for the time being because I know that the research facility here will be vital to this case. After gathering as much information as I can, I will regroup with Barry and Chris in about a month. I know that is when my true struggle will begin..."[75]
^Albert Wesker: "It was the year 2003. Umbrella had a base of operations in Russia, where they were working on new B.O.W. (bio-organic weapons). They were preparing to arm the unstable regions of the world with their bio weaponry. Chris and Jill had joined a regional biohazard containment unit and had heard rumors about this nightmarish facility."[81]
^Paul W. S. Anderson: "Milla and I stay in touch with the fans, and one of the things I know they've been looking forward to is a fight between Jill Valentine and Alice. We intend to deliver that." Sienna Guillory: "There's something like 200 [fight] moves, it's massive and it's so intricate."[95]
^The dish was "S.T.A.R.S. Original Noodles (Women Only) 'Jill Ver.'". There was a corresponding "(Men Only) 'Barry Ver.'".[123]
^"Mascots are a crucial part of video gaming lore. This is because, as their legacies begin to develop, and the years pile on, they begin to represent not only their respective companies, but also the gaming industry as a whole. Think: where would we be today if not for a certain plumber, one blue hedgehog, and our favorite yellow hero swallowing up Power Pellets and ghosts? Well, somewhere, but not in the place we are now, where video games are a billion – yes, that's billion with a "B" – dollar industry.[126]
^ abc"Resident Evil 3: Nemesis". Official U.S. PlayStation Magazine. Vol. 3, no. 3. December 1999. pp. 82–83. She is just on her way out of town (hence the casual attire) when the new nightmare begins
^"Girl Trouble". Next Generation. No. 37. Imagine Media. January 1998. p. 102. Jill in Resident Evil and Zoe in LBA2 are positive females who don't parade around in their underwear.
^Sources for Valentine walking in an overtly sexualized way in Resident Evil: Revelations:
Sarkeesian, Anita (August 31, 2016). "Body Language & The Male Gaze". Feminist Frequency. Archived from the original on November 27, 2016. Retrieved September 18, 2017.
^Schott, Gareth (July 2010). "Dawn of the Digital Dead: The Zombie as Interactive Social Satire in American Popular Culture". Australasian Journal of American Studies. 29 (1): 61–75. ISSN1838-9554. JSTOR41054186. For example, the mall shop 'Jill's Sandwiches' in Dead Rising might be considered a reference to the line, 'you were almost a Jill sandwich' in Resident Evil.
Geyser, Hanli (2013). "Return to Darkness: Representations of Africa in Resident Evil 5". In Balaji, Murali (ed.). Thinking Dead: What the Zombie Apocalypse Means. Lanham, MD: Lexington/Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 103–119.
Trépanier-Jobin, Gabrielle; Bonenfant, Maude (July 2017). "Bridging Game Studies and Feminist Theories"(PDF). Kinephanos: Journal of Media Studies and Popular Culture (Special issue: Gender Issues in Video Games): 25–53. ISSN1916-985X.
