Jishishan Bonan, Dongxiang and Salar Autonomous County[a] is an autonomous county of Linxia Hui Autonomous Prefecture, in Gansu province, China. It is located in the mostly mountainous area to the south of the Yellow River, near Gansu's border with Qinghai province. The total population was 239,390 in 2020;[2] 64.9% were of an ethnic minority.[3] The county's titular ethnic groups are the Bonan, Dongxiang, and Salar peoples. There are 21,400 Bonan people living in Jishishan, which accounts for 95% of all Bonan in China.[3] The Bonan are known for their cultivation of Sichuan peppers and walnuts.[3][4] Jishishan's local cuisine includes Bonan-style maisui baozi and lamb meat.[5]
History
The area of present-day Jishishan County was formerly inhabited by the Qiang and the Xirong peoples.[6]
In 81 BCE, Longxi Commandery was reorganized as Jincheng Commandery [zh], and Fuhan County was placed under its jurisdiction.[6] In 60 BCE, the county was reorganized as Heguan County (Chinese: 河关县; pinyin: Héguān Xiàn).[6]
During the Eastern Han, under the Liang Province Governor's Department [zh], the area was reorganized under the jurisdiction of Fuhan County and Heguan County.[6] In 36 CE, Jincheng Commandery was merged into Longxi Commandery.[6]
In 184 CE, Song Jian [zh] led local Qiang forces to rebel against the Han dynasty during the Liang Province rebellion.[6] Song Jian ruled over the area for the subsequent 30 years.[6] Song Jian's reign ended in 214 CE, when Cao Cao successfully sent general Xiahou Yuan to re-establish Han dynasty control over the area.[6]
Following the fall of the Han dynasty, the area of present-day Jishishan fell under the jurisdiction of Cao Wei.[6]
After the Cao Wei, the area was incorporated into the Western Jin under the Qín Prefecture.[6] Around 301–302 CE, Liang Province governor Zhang Gui carved out a portion of Xiping Commandery [zh] to establish Jinxing Commandery [zh], which governed the area.[6] Within Jinxing Commandery, present-day Jishishan County was organized as Linjin County (Chinese: 临津县; pinyin: Línjīn Xiàn).[6]
Sixteen Kingdoms period
During the subsequent Sixteen Kingdoms period, the area of present-day Jishishan County changed hands frequently. It was first conquered by the Former Liang, then by the Han-Zhao, then by the Later Zhao, then the Former Qin, then the Later Qin, then the Western Qin, and finally the Later Liang.[6] In 412 CE, it was brought into the folds of the Northern Wei, which organized it as part of the Jianchang Commandery [zh].[6] Upon the collapse of the Western Qin in 431 CE, the area was conquered by the Tuyuhun.[6] In 445 CE, it was reconquered by the Northern Wei.[6] Following the collapse of the Northern Wei, the area was a part of the short-lived Western Wei.[6] In 546 CE, under the Western Wei, He Province [zh] governor Yang Kuan [zh] reorganized the area as Fenglin County [zh].[6] During the Northern Zhou, the area was split between Fenglin County and Fuhan County.[6]
Sui dynasty
In the early parts of the subsequent Sui dynasty, the area belonged to the Fuhan Commandery [zh].[6] The Fuhan Commandery was transferred to the jurisdiction of He Province in 583 CE, and then abolished altogether in 607 CE, and replaced by Linjing County.[6]
Tang dynasty
The Tang dynasty established control over the area in 619 CE, and placed it under the jurisdiction of He Province.[6] In 631 CE, the area was included in the newly established Mi Province [zh], which was abolished in 636 CE, and replaced with Michuan County (Chinese: 米川县; pinyin: Mǐchuān Xiàn), which fell under the jurisdiction of He Province.[6] The following year, part of the area was included in the newly established Anxiang County (Chinese: 安乡县; pinyin: Ānxiāng Xiàn).[6] In 655 CE, Michuan County was moved north, and in 676 CE, Anxiang County was moved west.[6] Following these changes, the area of present-day Jishishan County was divided between Anxiang County and Fuhan County.[6] Later, the area was assigned to the Longyou Jiedushi [zh], a form of military government.[6] In 742 CE, Anxiang County was replaced by Fenglin County, which was placed under the jurisdiction of Anxiang Commandery [zh], in He Province.[6]
Tibetan Empire and Song dynasty
In 762 CE, the area was conquered by the Tibetan Empire.[6] In 848 CE, Tang dynasty general Zhang Yichao led a rebellion against the Tibetan Empire, and briefly conquered the area of He Province.[6] The Tibetan Empire regained control of it shortly thereafter.[6] The area belonged to the Tibetan Empire until the late 11th century, when general Wang Shao [zh] conquered the area for the Song dynasty.[6] It was reincorporated as part of He Province.[6]
Jin dynasty
The area was then conquered by the Jin dynasty in 1131.[6] Under the Jin dynasty, the area became part of the newly formed Jishi Prefecture [zh].[6]
In the subsequent Mongol-led Yuan dynasty, the area was incorporated as part of Gongchang Circuit (Chinese: 巩昌路; pinyin: Gǒngchāng Lù).[6] In 1269, He Province was replaced by Hezhou Circuit (Chinese: 河州路; pinyin: Hézhōu Lù).[6]
Ming dynasty
The area was conquered by Ming dynasty general Deng Yu [zh] in 1370.[6] It was placed under military governance the following year.[6] The area's government organized it using the lijia system [zh].[6]Civil governance was installed in 1373, and the area was organized as Anxiang County, which was under the jurisdiction of Hezhou Fu (Chinese: 河州府; pinyin: Hézhōu Fǔ).[6] In 1473, He Province was re-established.[6]
Qing dynasty
A paifang in honor of Ma Anliang located in Jishishan County, photographed in 1933
In the early Qing dynasty, He Province was put under the jurisdiction of Lintao Fu [zh].[6] The local government stopped using the lijia system in 1705, and replaced it with the huishe system (Chinese: 会社制; pinyin: huìshè zhì).[6] In 1762, He Province was revoked, and replaced with Xunhua Subprefecture [zh].[6]
Republic of China
Upon the establishment of the Republic of China in 1912, the area was reorganized as Lanshan Circuit [zh], in Gansu province.[6] In 1913, Lintao Fu was abolished, and the area was reorganized as Daohe County (Chinese: 导河县; pinyin: Dǎohé Xiàn).[6] In 1929, Daohe County was reorganized as Linxia County.[6] Following this change, the area of present-day Jishishan County was split between Linxia County and nearby Xunhua County.[6]
^"临夏州第七次全国人口普查公报" (in Chinese). Government of Linxia Prefecture. 8 June 2021. Archived from the original on 3 September 2023. Retrieved 20 December 2023.
^积石山保安族东乡族撒拉族自治县人口数据. 红黑人口库 (in Chinese). 19 August 2021. Archived from the original on 2 November 2021. Retrieved 2 November 2021.
^ abc积石山县. 临夏回族自治州人民政府 (in Chinese). 16 March 2021. Archived from the original on 2 November 2021. Retrieved 2 November 2021.
^生物资源. 积石山保安族东乡族撒拉族自治县人民政府 (in Chinese). 27 November 2019. Archived from the original on 2 November 2021. Retrieved 2 November 2021.
^美食特产. 积石山保安族东乡族撒拉族自治县人民政府 (in Chinese). 24 December 2019. Archived from the original on 2 November 2021. Retrieved 2 November 2021.
