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((Short description|Korean Neo-Confucian scholar (1482–1520)))
((Copyediting|date=August 2023))((family name hatnote|Jo||lang=Korean))
((Infobox Korean name
|image=Cho Kwang-jo in 1750.jpg
|hangul=조광조
|hanja=[[wikt:趙|趙]][[wikt:|光]][[wikt:祖|祖]]
|rr=Jo Gwangjo
|mr=Cho Kwangjo
|hangulho=정암
|hanjaho=[[wikt:靜|靜]][[wikt:庵|庵]]|
|rrho=Jeongam
|mrho=Chŏngam
|hangulja=효직
|hanjaja=孝直
|rrja=Hyojik
|mrja=Hyojik
|hangulph=문정
|hanjaph=[[wikt:文|文]][[wikt:正|正]]
|rrph=Munjeong
|mrph=Munjŏng
|othername1=Clan Origin
|hangul1=한양
|hanja1=[[wikt:漢|漢]][[wikt:陽|陽]]
|rr1=Hanyang
|mr1=Hanyang
))
'''Jo Gwang-jo''' (((korean|hangul=조광조)), 23 August 1482 – 10 January 1520), also often called by his [[art name]] '''Jeongam''' (((korean|hangul=정암|labels=no))), was a [[Neo-Confucianism|Korean Neo-Confucian]] scholar who pursued radical reforms during the reign of [[Jungjong of Joseon]] in the early 16th century.

He was framed with charges of factionalism by the power elite that opposed his reform measures and was sentenced to drink poison in the [[Korean literati purges|Third Literati Purge of 1519]]. He has been widely venerated as a Confucian martyr and an embodiment of "[[seonbi]] spirit" by later generations in Korea. Some historians consider him one of the most influential figures in 16th century Korea. He is known as one of the 18 Sages of Korea (((Korean|hangul=동방18현|labels=no))) and honored as [[Munmyo]] Baehyang (((korean|hanja=文廟配享|labels=no|hangul=문묘배향))).<ref>Joseon Annals, September 15, 1604. No. 4</ref>

== Life ==

===Early years===
((Unreferenced section|date=August 2023))[[File:Cho Gwang-jo01.jpg|thumb|left|180px|Illustration of Jo]]
Jo Gwang-jo was the son of Jo Wongang (((Korean|hangul=조원강|hanja=趙元綱|labels=no))) and was from the ((Ill|Hanyang Jo clan|ko|한양 조씨)). Jo studied under neo-Confucian scholar [[Kim Gwoeng-pil]], [[Kim Jong-jik]]'s disciple who was in exile at the time following the [[Korean Literati Purges|First Literati Purge of 1498]]. When Kim Gwoeng-pil was later executed (by poison) following the Second Literati Purge of 1504, Jo was exiled for being Kim's disciple.

At this time, [[Politics of the Joseon dynasty|Joseon Dynasty politics]] was primarily marked by the power struggle between two aristocratic yangban factions - the established "[[Hungu (Korean political faction)|Hungu]]" power elites who were generally conservative and the upstart [[Sarim]] scholars called [[seonbi]]s, who belonged to the [[Neo-Confucianism|neo-Confucian]] school of Kim Jong-jik and other thinkers. The Sarim faction had entered court politics during the reign of King [[Seongjong of Joseon|Seongjong]] in the late 15th century but suffered two bloody purges under his successor [[Yeonsangun of Joseon|Yeonsangun]]. When Yeonsangun was eventually deposed in 1506, [[Jungjong of Joseon|Jungjong]] was placed on the throne as the eleventh king of Joseon by the Hungu leaders who led the coup. For first ten years of his reign, Jungjong could not truly rule the country with regal authority (he was forced to depose his faithful queen because her father was killed by the coup leaders, and they feared that the queen might take revenge.) However, three main coup leaders died of natural causes by then, and Jungjong began to welcome Sarim scholars to his court to check Hungu faction's power. The Sarim faction considered Hungu faction as a whole as greedy and corrupt men unworthy of respect and sought to establish ideal neo-Confucian society. Indeed, many of coup leaders had enjoyed Yeonsangun's favor during most of his reign, and their leader [[Park Won-jong]] led the coup mainly for personal revenge for [[Seungpyeong Budaebuin|his older sister]] who had rumors of adultery.

Jo Gwang-jo came from a prominent family that belonged to Hungu faction but was called "crazy man" and "source of disaster" by people around him for studying neo-Confucianism under exiled Sarim scholar Kim Gwoeng-pil at the height of persecution of the Sarim faction. In 1510, Jo passed the ''[[gwageo]]'' exam and became a student at Royal Academy called [[Seonggyungwan]]. He was often recommended for a court position by high officials and fellow students at Seonggyngwan, but he delayed entering civil service to pursue further study until 1515, when he was recommended to King Jungjong by Minister of Personnel Ahn Dang and 200 Seonggyungwan students and was immediately appointed to a position of junior sixth rank. However, he was ashamed to take office with others' help and took Al-seung-si exam, and his essay caught Jungjong's attention.

By then, Jo was already known for unbending and outspoken character as he soon emerged as the leader of Sarim faction. For instance, when he became a jung-un, lowest position at Office of Censors, the first thing he did on the following day was to petition the king to fire all his superiors at the Office of Censors and Office of Inspector General. At the time, two Sarim officials had petitioned the king to restore status of the deposed queen, who was deposed by Hungu faction. [[Joseon Dynasty#Three Offices|Office of Inspector General and Office of Censors]] had them exiled for their impertinent petition. Jo argued that two offices violated their given function by suppressing free speech and petitioned the king to fire his superiors or accept his resignation since he could not work with them. To the surprise of everyone, Jungjong replaced everyone in two offices except Jo. This event reflected Jungjong's complete trust and confidence in Jo, who rose in a series of unprecedented promotions from rank of junior sixth rank to junior second rank in only three years.

===Jo's reforms===
[[File:Jo Gwang-jo 05.jpg|thumb|left|130px|Body portrait of Jo]]

King Jungjong wanted to bring new talents to the royal court that was dominated by Hungu faction, and Jo complied by introducing a new system of government recruitment via recommendations that were based on the candidates' moral character as well as scholarship. He argued that existing officer examination were too philosophical and placed too much emphasis on literary skills, detached from the practical needs of the government. The supplementary examination that Jo introduced was called an "examination for the learned and the virtuous" (''hyeollanggwa''). This was an abbreviated examination for candidates recommended by local magistrates as men of highest integrity in the presence of the king, who chose the winning candidates. This system allowed Jo to recruit many talented Sarim scholars who had been living secluded life in rural provinces. However, it also left him open to Hungu faction's attack that Jo formed a clique of his supporters by placing them in key positions.

Jo and his supporters then pushed forth a series of radical reforms as they established local self-government system called [[Hyang'yak]] to strengthen local autonomy and communal spirit among people. In this system, deference was placed according to seniority of villagers rather than their social status. The Sarim faction also sought to reduce gap between the rich and poor with a land reform that would distribute land to farmers equally and limit amount of land and number of slaves that one could own. This measure also targeted Hungu faction's accumulation of land and wealth.<ref>KBS World, January 23, 2010, "Jo Gwangjo, Reformer who dreamt ideal neo-Confucianism"</ref>

Deeply influenced by [[Zhu Xi]]'s [[neo-Confucianism]], j believed that ideal world of mythical Chinese [[Emperor Yao]] and [[Shun (Chinese leader)|Shun]], could be achieved if all people from the king down to low-born became morally refined and followed Confucius' teachings. The Sarim faction therefore promulgated Confucian writings among the populace by translating them in Korean [[hangul]] and distributing them widely. They also suppressed Buddhism and Taoism as superstitious religions by destroying the royal Taoist temple and confiscating properties of Buddhist temples. 
As Inspector General, he impeached many officials for corruption and bribery. According to [[Annals of the Joseon Dynasty]], it was said that no official dared to receive a bribe or exploit the populace during this time because of such strict enforcement.<ref>Annals of Joseon Dynasty, October, 1520</ref> He also sought to trim the size of government by reducing the number of bureaucrats and their wages. 
 
Jo also believed that any talented people including slaves should be appointed as officials regardless of social status. He was said to judge people by moral character and did not greet superior officials if he considered them of unworthy characters while he was courteous even to his servants. For instance, he formed a friendship with a butcher/tanner of lowest class ([[baekjeong]]) who did not even have a name and admired his learning so much that he discussed state affairs with him and wanted to appoint him as a court official. But the tanner repeatedly refused Jo's offer and then disappeared without a trace according to Records of Yeonryeoshil (연려실기술), a collection of official and unofficial history books compiled by Yi Geung-ik in late Joseon Dynasty. (It is said that [[Injong of Joseon|King Injong]], Jungjong's successor who admired his tutor j, listed the "tanner" as [[Chief State Councillor]] for his future cabinet for he was greatly admired by Jo.) According to famous Korean philosopher [[Yi I]], Jo was admired so much by populace that when he appeared on streets people gathered before him saying, "Our master is coming."<ref>Annals, September 21, 1562: "When Jo Gwangjo became Inspector General and passed the streets, everyone on street bowed to pay their respects.  The slanderers claimed that he tried to gather popular support with a different purpose."</ref>

===Sarim's Power Base===
[[File:Letter of Cho Kwang-jo.jpg|thumb|left|150px|Letter of Jo Kwang-jo]]
Jo's radical reforms were popular with the populace, who called him the "living Buddha",<ref>Annals, January 19, 1520</ref> but he faced fierce opposition and hostility from the Hungu faction. In early 1519, several Hungu officials began a plot to assassinate Sarim officials, though they were discovered in time.<ref>Annals, March 2, 1519</ref> Jo's power base was concentrated in four offices: Inspector General's Office (사헌부; whose main function was to impeach corrupt or unprincipled government officials in court and local administration), Office of Censors (사간원; whose role was to criticize wrong policies of the king or ministers), Hongmoongwan (홍문관; an advisory council that answered the king's questions and educated the king with history and Confucian philosophy), and Royal Secretariat (승정원; which served as liaison between the king and ministries). The first three offices were collectively called [[Three Offices]], or Samsa (삼사), as they provided checks and balance on the power of the king and the ministers and also served as organ of press that influenced general opinion of the court. 
 
However, the Sarim faction did not control any army nor had financial base. Sarim's power was solely dependent on the king's support, which Jo believed to be steadfast in their mutual pursuit of reforms. However, Jo's unbending character and his frequent remonstrations to Jungjong to support his radical programs began to irritate the king. Even when he disagreed with Jo, Jungjong almost always ended up adopting Jo's petition because Jo would refuse to bend his will and Three Offices would threaten to resign en masse. Furthermore, Jo and Hongmoongwan officials often instructed Jungjong on the ways of king in long lessons. Because Jungjong was not a crown prince, he had not received a thorough royal education expected of future king, and Sarim scholars sought to rectify this, believing that only learning could prevent a despot like Yeonsangun. Jungjong began to feel hounded by his subjects and resented it.

The Hungu faction, which sensed Jungjong's irritation with Jo, found an opportunity to strike Sarim faction when Jo decided to go after the "heroes" of the 1506 coup that brought Jungjong to power. According to Jo, many officials who were awarded with special privileges including tax exemptions and huge stipends did not actually contribute much to the coup but gained their status through bribes or familial connections. He petitioned Jungjong to revoke such status from two thirds out of 110 people who received special status in connection with the coup. This move infuriated the Hungu faction, and they soon after proceeded to frame Jo with charges of disloyalty.

==="Jo will become the King"===
At the behest of Hungu leaders including Hong Gyeong-ju, [[Nam Gon]], and Shim Jung, Royal Noble Consort Gyeong of Miryang Park clan (Park Won-jong’s adoptive daughter) and Royal Noble Consort Hui of Namyang Hong clan (Hong Gyeong-ju's daughter) sought to estrange Jungjong and Jo by often questioning Jo's loyalty and claiming that popular support was shifting to Jo. They told Jungjong that people were saying that it was actually Jo who ruled the country and that populace wanted to make him their king. Even if Jo was not disloyal, he would not be able to stop his supporters from doing so, they said.<ref name="Annals, December 21, 1544">Annals, December 21, 1544</ref>

According to [[Annals of Joseon Dynasty]], Nam Gon now set out to slander Jo and wrote a phrase "Ju cho will become the king" (주초위왕, 走肖爲王)" with honey or sugary water on mulberry leaves so that caterpillars left behind such phrase on leaves in the palace.<ref>Annals, September 21, 1568</ref> When two [[hanja]] (Chinese) characters "ju"(走) and "cho"(肖) are put together, they form a new Hanja character "jo"(趙), which happen to be Jo's family name. Consort Hong or Consort Park showed the leaf to Jungjong and claimed that this was the heaven's warning that Jo would take the throne himself after eliminating Hungu faction. Jungjong, who himself rose to the throne through a coup d'état, began to distrust Jo. When [[Goryeo]] dynasty fell and was replaced by [[Joseon]] dynasty, there was popular saying "Son of wood will gain the country" (((Korean|hangul=목자득국|hanja=木子得國|labels=no))). When two Hanja characters meaning wood (木) and son (子) are combined, they form a new character "Yi" (李), which happens to be the family name of [[Taejo of Joseon|Yi Seong-gye]], who deposed the last king of Goryeo and founded the Joseon dynasty. These phrases helped Yi Seong-gye win popular support for the new dynasty as heaven's will.

When Jo petitioned Jungjong to revoke special privileges of people who falsely contributed to 1506 coup, Jungjong's suspicion was further heightened. Now feeling certain that Jungjong was sufficiently estranged from Jo, Hong Gyeong-ju secretly entered the palace to warn King Jungjong that the court was filled with Jo's supporters and that no one could dare oppose him openly. Jungjong dispatched a secret letter to Hong Gyeong-ju, expressing his fear that Jo would next go after Hungu officials who did contribute to the coup by questioning legitimacy of the coup and then turn against the king himself.<ref name="Annals, April 13, 1520">Annals, April 13, 1520</ref> Jungjong instructed Hungu leaders to kill Jo and then inform him. On November 15, 1519, Hungu leaders entered the palace secretly at night to bypass Royal Secretariat and present to the king written charges against Jo: he and his supporters "deceived the king and put the state in disorder by forming a clique and abusing their positions to promote their supporters while excluding their opponents, and thereby misleading young people to make extremism into habit, causing the young to despise the old, the low-born to disrespect the high-born."<ref>Annals, November 15, 1519</ref> Inspector General Jo, Justice Minister Kim Jung, and six others were immediately arrested, and they were about to be killed extra-judicially without trial or even investigation.<ref name="Annals, December 21, 1544"/> The whole event had appearance of coup d'état except that it was sanctioned by the king.

==="What is their crime?"===
They would have been immediately killed except that War Minister Yi Jang-gon, who arrested Sarim officials, entreated that ministers should be consulted for such decision. The cabinet meeting on the following day regarding Jo's fate is described in detail in the [[Annals of the Joseon Dynasty]]. Most officials expressed their shock at Jo's arrest and Jungjong's intention to kill him.<ref>Annals, November 16, 1519, No. 12</ref> They entreated that he may have been extreme in his youthful zeal to improve the country but could not possibly have private agenda. [[Yeonguijeong|Chief State Councillor]] Jeong Gwang-pil said in tears: "I have frequently witnessed horrid calamities during the reign of deposed king ([[Yeonsangun]]), but how could I imagine to see such thing again even after meeting the wise king?"<ref name="Annals, April 13, 1520"/> When Jungjong tried to leave, he even grasped the royal cloth to entreat further.<ref name="ReferenceA">Yi Geung-ik, Records of Yeonryeoshil</ref> He "could not understand on what charges the king wanted to punish them" for "mere demotion of 2-3 ranks would be already excessive."<ref name="Annals, November 16, 1519, No.12">Annals, November 16, 1519, No.12</ref> Eighteen younger officials requested to the king to imprison them with Jo.<ref>Annals, November 16, 1519, No.7</ref> [[State Council of Joseon|State Council]] and [[Six Ministries of Joseon|Six Ministries]] jointly entreated that punishing Jo and others on such charges without evidence would become a blot on the king's reputation.<ref>Annals, November 16, 1519, No.20</ref> Even Hong Suk, who became Justice Minister overnight and interrogated Jo, reported to the king that he was "deeply moved" by Jo's loyalty.<ref name="Annals, November 16, 1519, No.12"/>

New Inspector General Yu Eun, who replaced Jo, protested in even stronger terms: "If Jo is guilty of crime, he should be punished in an open and just manner... Instead, Your Majesty is handing out such punishment according to secret words by two people in the middle of night... What is so difficult about punishing few [[seonbi]]s with authority of king that Your Majesty should do so covertly by sending a secret message?... If there is a crime, it should be dealt with clearly and justly, but Your Majesty appeared to trust and be friendly with them on the outside while thinking of eliminating them in mind."<ref>Annals, November 18, 1519</ref> He was finally dismissed after asking Jungjong to "cut my head to please the wicked people."<ref>Annals, December 30, 1528</ref> Meanwhile, 150 [[Seonggyungwan]] students stormed the palace to protest Jo's arrest and filled the palace with shouts of entreaties,<ref>Annals, November 16, 1519, No.13</ref> and later 240 students petitioned to claim Jo's innocence and requested to be imprisoned together.<ref name="Annals, November 17, 1519">Annals, November 17, 1519</ref> There was such popular outpouring for Jo's release that it may have increased Jungjong's suspicion and anger.<ref name="test">[http://www.ohmynews.com/nws_web/view/at_pg.aspx?CNTN_CD=A0000370918], Reformer Jo Kwang-jo (in Korean)</ref>

===Third Literati Purge of 1519===
[[File:Cho Kwang-jo in 1750.jpg|left|150px|thumb|Portrait of Jo]]
Jo was completely caught off guard with this turn of events. The Sarim faction had scored its biggest victory just four days ago when Jungjong granted their petition to revoke special status for 70 Hungu officials. He continued to believe that Jungjong was misled by his enemies and was confident that he could persuade the king of his loyalty once he could face him in the interrogation. He wrote to Jungjong of his fear for this incident becoming a bloody purge and entreated that he would not regret dying ten thousand times if only he could be granted an audience.<ref>Annals, November 16, 1915, No.11</ref> However, he would never have a chance to see Jungjong again. Amid petitions for leniency, Jungjong commuted the death sentence to exile, and Jo was exiled to Neung-ju.

Nevertheless, Jungjong was determined to put Jo to death. In the Annals, there was no official demand for Jo's death, not even by Hong Gyeong-ju, Nam Gon, and Shim Jung, except for a petition by three Seunggyungwan students<ref>Annals, December 14, 1519</ref> (as opposed to 300 who petitioned for his release).<ref>Annals, November 19, 1519, No.2</ref> Nam Gon rather urged against executing Jo multiple times even as he was adding more and more names to the list of people to be purged through exile or dismissal.<ref>Annals, December 14, 1519, No.3</ref> Yet Jungjong turned against Jo with the same intensity as when he favored him. He reinstated death sentence by poison for Jo less than a month after their exile. He fired many ministers who entreated on Jo's behalf including Chief State Councillor Jeong Gwang-pil, Deputy State Councillor Ahn Dang, and even War Minister Yi Jang-gon, who took part in arresting Sarim officials.

<!-- Deleted image removed: [[File:jo gwang jo exile.jpg|thumb|Cottage where Jo Gwangjo exiled and drank poison]] -->
Jo still could not believe Jungjong's heart really turned against him and hoped to be recalled by the king, keeping a north door open each day during exile. Even when soldiers arrived with poison, he was suspicious that Hungu leaders might be trying to kill him without Jungjong's approval. But when he learned that Nam Gon and Shim Jung became Vice State Councillor and Minister of Personnel, he finally realized that Jungjong's change of heart was final.<ref name="Annals, December 16, 1519">Annals, December 16, 1519</ref>

Before drinking the poison, Jo wrote [[Jo Gwangjo#Death Poem|a poem declaring his loyalty]], asked his people not to make coffin too heavy, and apologized to the owner and servant of the house for not paying his debt and instead showing them terrible sight and desecrating their house. He then bowed four times toward the north in the direction of palace.<ref name="Annals, December 16, 1519"/> (It was customary to pay respect to the king in gratitude for granting poison, which was not an official method of execution and was considered more honorable form of death, instead of beheading or hanging.) When he drank poison, he did not die immediately and soldiers tried to strangle him. Jo rebuked them saying that the king intended to spare his neck by sending the poison and requested for another bowl of poison.<ref name="ReferenceA"/> He died at the age of 37. Later when there was a severe drought in the country, the populace blamed that it was heaven's punishment for killing an innocent [[seonbi]].<ref>[http://weekly.donga.com/docs/magazine/weekly/2009/12/10/200912100500021/200912100500021_1.html] Weekly Donga, "Dream of reform cut by the conspiracy" December 15, 2009</ref> Many of remaining Sarim scholars left the central government in protest and retreated to rural provinces. Most of Jo's reforms were revoked with his fall.

The Third Literati Purge of 1519 (기묘사화 己卯士禍) was widely viewed as a missed opportunity to reform Joseon Dynasty by later generations because Joseon politics soon degenerated into power struggle among in-laws and relatives of the royal family. A year after the purge, a histographer wrote that bribery and corruption became widespread in the court and local administrations.<ref>Annals. November 16, 1520</ref> Later, purge victims were venerated as "Wise Men of Gimyo" (Gimyo is the Korean calendar name for year 1519) while three main instigators (Hong Gyeong-ju, Nam Gon, and Shim Jung) were collectively called "Evil Three of Gimyo".

Hong Gyeong-ju died two years later of natural causes, but Shim Jung and Consort Gyeong of the Miryang Park clan were later executed on a framed charge of cursing the crown prince in a plot concocted by their rival [[Kim An-ro|Kim Ahn-ro]] ([[Queen Inmok]]’s relative). Kim Ahn-ro was killed by rival [[Yun Won-hyeong]] ([[Queen Munjeong]]’s brother), who in turn was purged by [[Myeongjong of Joseon|King Myeongjong]]. Shim, Kim, and Yun are all considered some of the most corrupt officials in Joseon dynasty. Nam Gon, who was reportedly deeply saddened at Jo's death,<ref name="Annals, December 16, 1519"/> regretted his role in the purge and willed that all his writings be burnt, saying that he "deceived the world with vain name," so no writing of his remains except for one short poem although he was one of the most famous writers of his time. Nam Gon, initially of Sarim faction as a disciple of Kim Jong-jik, was a moderate supporter of reforms and supposedly sought Jo's friendship but was rebuffed by Jo and his supporters as a petty Hungu official.<ref>Originally consulted from this page in Korean http://news.naver.com/main/read.nhn?mode=LPOD&mid=etc&oid=036&aid=0000009053</ref> 

Ten years after the purge, [[Jungjong of Joseon|King Jungjong]] again began to advance Sarim scholars by recalling them from exile and reappointing them to the royal court. Nevertheless, Jungjong did not rehabilitate Jo's name to the end despite endless petitions, saying at one time that what happened in 1519 was "neither right nor wrong."<ref>Annals, April 7, 1544</ref> There is speculation as to what Jungjong really believed about the leaf incident since Jungjong never accused Jo of disloyalty or anything, but pure intentions after first few days of Jo's arrest. From very early on, Jungjong's official position has been that Jo intended well but caused a situation that could only be rectified with a purge.<ref name="Annals, November 17, 1519"/> Jo was finally rehabilitated by his son, [[Injong of Joseon]], and was posthumously honored as a chief state councillor by [[Seonjo of Joseon]] in 1568.

===Legacy===
((Unreferenced section|date=August 2023))
Jo was greatly venerated by later generations of Korean neo-Confucianists as their spiritual head, but was also criticized for mistakes that led to the failure of his reforms. [[Yi Hwang]] and [[Yi I|Yi Yi]] (son of [[Shin Saimdang]]), often considered Joseon's two greatest Confucian philosophers, lamented that he entered politics too early before his scholarship was completed and pursued his reforms too rapidly. Nevertheless, Yi Hwang praised him as one of "Four Wise of the East" along with Kim Gwing-pil, Jeong Yeo-chang, and [[Yi Eonjeok|Yi Eon-jeok]] and said that Jo showed the direction for all [[seonbi]]s to aim and follow and unveiled the foundation of governing a country. Jo's emphasis on neo-Confucian ethics as practical philosophy has been very influential as the previous focus has been on more literary aspects of Confucianism. It was also during his time that Confucianism finally took roots deeply among the common populace. Even though Confucianism was the official state religion since the founding of [[Joseon|Joseon Dynasty]], Confucian practices were largely limited to aristocratic class. His dream of making neo-Confucianism the predominant philosophy of Joseon was soon accomplished by the reign of Seonjo, fifty years after his death. He was canonized and enshrined in the [[Seonggyungwan]] in 1610, one of only eighteen Korean Confucian scholars so honored by the Joseon Dynasty. However, Sarim faction that venerated Jo's name did not attempt to carry out his reforms when they seized political power during Seonjo's reign and all the while they maintained power until the end of Joseon dynasty. Some people blame Jo for dogmatism of Korean Neo-Confucianism, which became very conservative and caused Korea to resist changes and new learnings from abroad.

Today his name remains a byword for reform in Korea, and his example is often raised when there is a controversy about a reform.

== Family ==
* Father - Jo Won-kang (조원강, 趙元綱) (1454 - 1500)
** Grandfather - Jo Chung-son (조충손, 趙衷孫) (1406 - 1479)
** Grandmother - Lady Jeong of the Onyang Jeong clan (온양 정씨, 溫陽 鄭氏) (1412 - ?); eldest daughter of Jeong Myeon (정면, 鄭冕; 1392-?)
* Mother - Lady Min of the [[Yeoheung Min clan]] (여흥 민씨, 驪興 閔氏) (1458 - 1560)<ref>She was a 10th great-granddaughter of Min Yeong-mo (민영모, 閔令謨; 1115-1194) thru his son, Min Gong-gyu (민공규, 閔公珪; 1146-1133). Min Yeong-mo was the 6th great-grandfather of [[Queen Wongyeong]].</ref>
** Grandfather - Min Ui (민의, 閔誼) (1430 - ?)
** Grandmother - Lady Han of the [[Cheongju Han clan]] (청주 한씨, 淸州 韓氏) (1435 - ?)
* Sibling(s)
** Older brother - Jo Yeong-jo (조영조, 趙榮祖) (1476 - ?)
*** Sister-in-law - Lady Jeong of the Dongrae Jeong clan (동래 정씨, 東萊 鄭氏) (1475 - ?); eldest daughter of Jeong Gye-eun (정계은, 鄭繼銀; 1461-?)
**** Niece - Lady Jo of the Hanyang Jo clan (한양 조씨) (1500 - ?)
**** Nephew - Jo Hui-heon (조희헌, 趙希憲) (1502 - ?)
**** Niece - Lady Jo of the Hanyang Jo clan (한양 조씨) (1524 - ?)
**** Niece - Lady Jo of the Hanyang Jo clan (한양 조씨)
**** Nephew - Jo Hui-gyeong (조희경)
**** Nephew - Jo Hui-chan (조희찬)
** Younger brother - Jo Sung-jo (조숭조, 趙崇祖) (1486 - 1559)
*** Sister-in-law - Lady Kim of the Sangsan Kim clan (상산 김씨, 商山 金氏) (1490 - 1564); eldest daughter of Kim Sa-won (김사원, 金士元; 1462-1524)
**** Niece - Lady Jo of the Hanyang Jo clan (한양 조씨) (1518 - ?)
**** Niece - Lady Jo of the Hanyang Jo clan (한양 조씨) (1520 - 1590)
**** Nephew - Jo Hui-yun (조희윤, 趙希尹) (1525 - ?)
**** Nephew - Jo Hui-seol (조희설, 趙希設) (1527 - ?)
**** Nephew - Jo Hui-ahn (조희안, 趙希顔) (1529 - ?)
**** Nephew - Jo Hui-maeng (조희맹, 趙希孟) (1531 - ?)
* Wive
** Lady Yi of the Hansan Yi clan (한산 이씨, 韓山 李氏) (1482 - 1557)
*** Father-in-law - Yi Yun-dong (이윤동, 李允洞) (1465 - ?)
*** Mother-in-law - Lady Na of the Naju Na clan (나주 나씨, 羅州 羅氏) (1465 - 1544); eldest daughter of Na Seong-son (나성손, 羅誠孫; 1453-?)
* Children
** Son - Jo Jeong (조정, 趙定) (1515 - ?)
*** Daughter-in-law - Lady Gwon of the Andong Gwon clan (안동 권씨, 安東 權氏) (1519 - ?)
**** Adoptive Grandson - Jo Sun-nam (조순남, 趙舜男) (1568 - 1592); youngest son of Jo Hui-ahn (조희안, 趙希顔; 1529 - ?)
** Son - Jo Yong (조용, 趙容) (1518 - ?)
*** Daughter-in-law - Lady Yi of the Gyeongju Yi clan (경주 이씨, 慶州 李氏) (1517 - ?); eldest daughter of Yi Gyeong (이경, 李鏡; 1473-?)
**** Granddaughter - Lady Jo of the Hanyang Jo clan (한양 조씨) (1537 - ?)
**** Granddaughter - Lady Jo of the Hanyang Jo clan (한양 조씨) (1538 - 1623)

==In popular culture==
((Unreferenced section|date=August 2023))

* Jo was the protagonist of 1996 KBS TV series ''Jo'' and was a prominent character in 2001 SBS TV series ''Ladies of the Palace''.
* In MBC TV series ''[[Dae Jang Geum]]'' (2003-4), he does not appear as a character, but his name is mentioned frequently (often as Jo Jung-ahm) as the political foe of fictitious villain Right Minister Oh. Main protagonist Jang-geum and Lady Han are falsely accused of being in conspiracy with Jo while male protagonist Min Jung-ho is portrayed as his supporter (Min Jung-ho found a doctor for him and is shown recruiting his followers to return to politics). In the musical version of ''Dae Jang Geum'', Jo is a prominent character as a friend of Min Jung-ho.
* In KBS TV series ''[[Immortal Admiral Yi Sun-sin]]'' (2004-5), [[Yi Sun-shin]]'s grandfather is described to have been executed for supporting Jo and Yi's father is arrested while holding a memorial rite at Jo's abandoned house.
* In 2006 KBS series ''[[Hwang Jini (TV series)|Hwang Jini]]'', the male protagonist Kim Jeong-han is portrayed as Jo's disciple while another character Lee Saeng become Hwang Jini's bodyguard after he leaves his father's home in disgust because his father is Jo Gwango-jo's friend but betrays him to become prime minister.

== See also ==
* [[List of Korean philosophers]]
* [[Neo-Confucianism]]
* [[Nam Gon]]
* [[Kim Jong-jik]]

==References==
<references />

==Sources==
* ((cite book |last=Kalton |first=Michael |title=To Become a Sage |url=https://archive.org/details/tobecomesagete00yihw |accessdate=2006-05-14 |year=1988 |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=0-231-06410-1 |others=Translation from ''Ten Diagrams on Sage Learning'' by Yi T'oegye (1501-1570) |url-access=registration))

((Authority control))

((DEFAULTSORT:Jo, Gwangjo))
[[Category:Neo-Confucian scholars]]
[[Category:1482 births]]
[[Category:1520 deaths]]
[[Category:16th-century Korean poets]]
[[Category:Korean Confucianists]]
[[Category:16th-century Korean philosophers]]
[[Category:Forced suicides]]
[[Category:People executed by poison]]

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