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Joan Beaufort
Countess of Westmorland
Image of Joan Beaufort in the Neville Book of Hours
Bornc. 1377
Died13 November 1440 (aged 62–63)
Howden, Yorkshire, Kingdom of England
BuriedLincoln Cathedral, Lincolnshire
FamilyBeaufort
Spouse(s)
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(m. 1391; died 1396)​
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(m. 1396; died 1425)​
Issue
more...
FatherJohn of Gaunt
MotherKatherine Swynford
Arms of the Beaufort family, legitimised descendants of John of Gaunt: Royal arms of King Edward III within a bordure compony argent and azure

Joan Beaufort (c. 1377 – 13 November 1440) was the youngest of the four legitimised children and only daughter of John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster (third surviving son of King Edward III), by his mistress, later wife, Katherine Swynford.[1] She married Ralph de Neville, 1st Earl of Westmorland and in her widowhood became a powerful landowner in the north of England.

Early life

The year and place of Joan's birth is unknown. She may have been born at Kettlethorpe in Lincolnshire, the seat of the Swynford family, or at Pleshey in Essex, the home of Joan Fitzalan, Countess of Hereford.[2] The usual date given for Joan's birth is 1379, as wine was ordered by John of Gaunt to be sent with all speed to Kettlethorpe in that year and he dated a couple of documents at that time from Kettlethorpe; thus, Joan's father may have been present for her birth or arrived shortly thereafter. Alison Weir, however, believes 1377 may be more accurate.[2][3] Joan may have been named after Joan of Kent, at the time of her birth Dowager Princess of Wales.[2] In September 1396 she, together with her siblings, the children of John of Gaunt and Katherine Swynford, were legitimised by papal bull.[1]

Marriages and issue

First marriage

In 1386 her father arranged for her to be betrothed to Robert Ferrers, 5th Baron Boteler of Wem[1] (d. c. 1395). The marriage took place in 1391/2 at Beaufort-en-Vallée, Anjou and the couple remained in the household of her father.[2] Ferrers died only three years after the marriage, having had two daughters by Joan:[1]

Second marriage

Arms of Neville: Gules, a saltire argent. Borne by Joan's progeny but with difference a of label three points compony of Beaufort (i.e. compony argent and azure)
Richard Neville, 5th Earl of Salisbury, who displays the arms of Neville (tinctures transposed in error) with a label compony of Beaufort for difference. Salisbury Roll of Arms

In November 1396 Joan married, secondly, to the recently widowed Ralph Neville, 1st Earl of Westmorland (d. 1425),[2] who had twelve children by his first wife and fathered a further fourteen by Joan.[2] On the marriage her father settled on the couple for life an annuity of £206 13s 4d.[2] The couple's primary residence was the ancient Neville seat of Raby Castle in the county of Durham.[5] Joan Beaufort and Ralph Neville had the following 14 children:[6]

Joan Beaufort and mother Katherine Swynford's tomb – 1809 drawing

Life

In 1399 Joan was made a Lady of the Order of the Garter by King Richard II.[7] Although that king had created Ralph as the first Earl of Westmorland, Ralph sided with Joan's half-brother Henry Bolingbroke, who deposed Richard in 1399 and assumed the throne as King Henry IV.[8][9][10] Joan and Ralph were granted numerous offices, lands, wardships and pensions under Henry IV.[9][10] Joan was named in royal grants as "the King's sister."[5]

Ralph and Joan used their relationship with Henry IV to seek out the best marriages for their children, often purchasing the wardships and marriages of children orphaned by aristocratic rebellions.[1] For example, in 1423, Ralph purchased the wardship of Richard of York, 3rd Duke of York who lived with the family at Raby Castle[10] and was accordingly later married to Cecily Neville, one of the daughters of Richard and Joan. J. R. Lander called these machinations "the most amazing series of child marriages in English history."[1][11] By the time of her death, Joan was the mother of an earl, three barons, a countess, three duchesses and a bishop.[11]

In about 1413 Joan invited the mystic Margery Kempe to the family home[1] and it is likely that she helped to fund Margery's pilgrimage to Jerusalem.[1] In 1422 Joan acquired an indult permitting her to stay with any order of nuns attended by "eight honest women."[1]

Later life and death

After Ralph's death in 1425, the title Earl of Westmorland passed to Ralph's eldest grandson from his first marriage but many of the Neville lands were transferred to Joan's eldest son Richard Neville, 5th Earl of Salisbury.[9] This sparked the Neville–Neville feud between the two lines descended from Ralph, which continued into the Wars of the Roses.

During her widowhood Joan became a patron of literature.[6] In about 1430 Joan and her family were depicted by Pol de Limbourg in the Neville Book of Hours.[5] In 1428 Joan undertook a religious pilgrimage and joined the Sisterhood of the Abbey of St. Alban's.[1] At some point during her widowhood Joan swore a vow of chastity.[1]

Death and burial

Joan died on 13 November 1440 at Howden in Yorkshire[12] and was buried beside her mother in Lincoln Cathedral.[5][12]

Descendants

Joan Beaufort was the mother of Cecily, Duchess of York, and thus was a grandmother of kings Edward IV and Richard III. The latter was defeated in 1485 at the Battle of Bosworth by Henry VII who replaced him as king. Henry then married Elizabeth of York, daughter of Edward IV, and their second son later became King Henry VIII. Henry VIII's sixth wife, Catherine Parr, was also a descendant of Joan through her eldest son Richard Neville, 5th Earl of Salisbury, thus Henry's third cousin. The 5th Earl of Salisbury was father to Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick, "the Kingmaker" (father of queen consort Anne Neville and Isabel Neville, Duchess of Clarence).

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y Laynesmith, J. L. (13 July 2017). Cecily Duchess of York. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 9781474272261.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g Weir, Alison (6 October 2009). Mistress of the Monarchy: The Life of Katherine Swynford, Duchess of Lancaster. McClelland & Stewart. ISBN 9781551993201.
  3. ^ Weir, Alison (2007). Katherine Swynford: The Story of John of Gaunt and his Scandalous Duchess. London: Jonathan Cape. p. 144. ISBN 978-0-224-06321-0.
  4. ^ Kennedy, Maev; Team, Greyfriars Research; Foxhall, Lin (27 April 2015). The Bones of a King: Richard III Rediscovered. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 9781118783146.
  5. ^ a b c d Licence, Amy (7 March 2016). Red Roses: Blanche of Gaunt to Margaret Beaufort. The History Press. ISBN 9780750968683.
  6. ^ a b McCash, June Hall (1996). The Cultural Patronage of Medieval Women. University of Georgia Press. ISBN 9780820317021.
  7. ^ Collins, Hugh E. L. (2000). The Order of the Garter, 1348-1461: Chivalry and Politics in Late Medieval England. Clarendon Press. ISBN 9780198208174.
  8. ^ Press, Cambridge University (5 December 2002). The Cambridge Companion to Shakespeare's History Plays. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521775397.
  9. ^ a b c Fritze, Ronald H.; Robison, William Baxter (2002). Historical Dictionary of Late Medieval England, 1272-1485. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 9780313291241.
  10. ^ a b c Dean, Kristie (15 March 2016). On the Trail of the Yorks. Amberley Publishing Limited. ISBN 9781445647142.
  11. ^ a b Clark, K. L. (7 September 2016). Nevills of Middleham: England's Most Powerful Family in the Wars of the Roses. The History Press. ISBN 9780750969550.
  12. ^ a b Weir, Alison (18 April 2011). Britain's Royal Families: The Complete Genealogy. Random House. ISBN 9781446449110.

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