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((refimprove|date=May 2012))
((Infobox settlement
|official_name          = Jodenbuurt
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))
The '''Jodenbuurt''' ([[Dutch language|Dutch]]: ''Jewish neighbourhood'') is a neighbourhood of [[Amsterdam]], [[Netherlands]]. For centuries before [[World War II]], it was the center of the [[History of the Jews in the Netherlands|Dutch Jews]] of Amsterdam — hence, its name (literally ''[[Jewish quarter (diaspora)|Jewish quarter]]''). It is best known as the birthplace of [[Baruch Spinoza]], the home of [[Rembrandt]], and the Jewish [[Ghettos in Nazi-occupied Europe|ghetto]] of [[Nazi occupation of the Netherlands]].

== Boundaries ==
Traditionally, the boundaries of the Jodenbuurt, east of the city center, are the [[Amstel]] River in the southwest, the [[Zwanenburgwal]] "Swans City Wall" and [[Oudeschans, Amsterdam|Oudeschans]] "Old Rampart" canals in the northwest, [[Rapenburg (Amsterdam)|Rapenburg]], a street in the northeast and the [[Nieuwe Herengracht]] "New Patricians Canal" in the southeast.  But it grew to include parts of [[Nieuwmarkt]] "New Market", [[Sint Antoniesbreestraat]] "St. Anthony's Broad Street", the [[Plantage]] "Plantation", and [[Weesperzijde (Amsterdam)|Weesperzijde]] "Weesp Side", especially after 1882, when two canals, the [[Leprozengracht]] "Lepers Canal" and the [[Houtgracht]] "Wood Canal", were filled in.

== History ==
[[Image:Beschrijving Gezicht van de Portugeesche Jooden-Kerk, van de Breestraat te zien, tot Amsterdam ets2.jpg|left|thumb|The [[Portuguese Synagogue (Amsterdam)|Portuguese Synagogue]] in the middle of the former ''Jodenbuurt'' in an engraving from the ''Fouquet-Atlas'' ( 1760-1783 ). Photo: bma.amsterdam.nl.]]
The first Jews to settle in Amsterdam were the [[Sephardi Jews|Sephardim]], who had been expelled from [[Portugal]] and [[Spain]] in 1493.  They were joined in the following decades by the Ashkenazi from Central and Eastern Europe, the first of whom had come from [[Germany]] in 1600.  In those years, the only available land for them was at the outskirts of the eastern side of the [[Amsterdam-Centrum|Centrum]] — the island of [[Vlooienburg]], surrounded by the Amstel River and the canals — so they settled along the island's main street, Breestraat, which quickly became known as ''[[Jodenbreestraat]]'' [ "Jewish Broad Street" ].  ( The nearby square, ''[[Waterlooplein]]'' [ "Waterloo Square" ], would not be created until 1882, when the Leprozengracht and the Houtgracht were drained. )  By 1612, the population was about 500 people but it doubled to about 1,000 in 1620 and again to 2,500 in 1672.  The Jews gave their new home, Amsterdam, its Hebrew name, ''Mokum'' ( "place" )<ref>((in lang|nl)) "''[http://amsterdam.mokumevents.nl/rondleidingen/joods-amsterdam-jodenbuurt-tour-rondleiding/ Mokum-Events]''", ''MokumEvents.nl'', retrieved 28 December 2013.</ref> to show that they had finally felt at home in the city.

This was because, with the [[Union of Utrecht]] in 1579, all the residents of the [[Dutch Republic]] were to be given religious freedom, the first time a European country had ever established and enshrined the freedom of religion as the law of the land.<ref>Jeanette Loeb, "[http://jewishhistoryamsterdam.com/the-jewish-history-of-amsterdam/ The Jewish History of Amsterdam]", ''Jewish History Amsterdam – Guided Tours in Jewish Amsterdam'', retrieved 28 December 2013.</ref> So the Jews were allowed to build their own [[synagogue]]s.  The first of them was the Beth Jakob, built between 1602 and 1610, followed by the second synagogue, Neve Shalom, constructed between 1608 and 1612, and the third, Beth Israel, founded in 1618.  They were all Sephardic.  They were all hidden and therefore not visible from the streets.

But the Jews were not alone in the ''Jodenbuurt''.  They were joined by several Christians.  One of them was the artist [[Rembrandt]], who was fascinated by the "Biblical" faces of his new neighbors.  In 1641, a group of [[Franciscans]] also came to establish a [[Catholic Church|Catholic]] [[clandestine church]] in a house called "[[Moses]]", out of the reach of the [[Protestant]] authorities of Amsterdam.  Known as the "Jewish Church", it began as the ''Sint-Anthoniuskerk'' [ "St. [[Anthony of Padua]] Church" ] but it grew into the ''[[Mozes en Aäronkerk (Amsterdam)|Mozes en Aäronkerk]]'' [ "Moses and [[Aaron]] Church" ].  It is still standing today at the Waterlooplein.

[[Image:Eduard Alexander Hilverdink - Jodenbuurt in Amsterdam.jpg|thumb|''Jodenbuurt in Amsterdam'', 1889, [[:nl:Eduard Alexander Hilverdink|Eduard Alexander Hilverdink]].]]
On 8 November 1616, the Jews were made legal citizens by the City of Amsterdam.  But they were still not allowed to enter certain occupations; they were not permitted by the guilds of Amsterdam.  So they were limited to street trading,<ref>"[http://www.jhm.nl/culture-and-history/amsterdam/the-market-on-waterlooplein The market on Waterlooplein:  Waterlooplein]", ''Joods Historisch Museum / Jewish Historical Museum'', retrieved 28 December 2013.</ref> financing, book printing and diamond cutting — the only occupations that were open to them.  From 1622, the synagogues began to cooperate for the good of the ''Jodenbuurt''.  On 3 April 1693, they merged their districts into a single municipality under the name of ''[[Talmud]] [[Torah]]''.   In that year, they also opened the first synagogue that was visible from the streets.  It stood on the Houtgracht, at the present Waterlooplein.  Next to the new synagogue on ''Nieuwe Amstelstraat'' [ "New Amstel Street" ] was a meat market, where the residents of the neighborhood could buy their [[kosher]] meat.

The Sephardi did not have proper knowledge about [[Judaism]].  They were not allowed to be Jews in Portugal and Spain but they were allowed to live as the so-called ''[[Marrano]]s'' or fake Christians.  So in Amsterdam they sent for the [[rabbi]]s to come out of [[Italy]], [[North Africa]], and the [[Ottoman Empire]] to teach them the ways of Judaism in the ''Jodenbuurt''.  The first Ashkenazi ''[[shul]]'', the Great Synagogue ( now the [[Joods Historisch Museum|Jewish Historical Museum]] ), and the fifth Sephardi ''shul'', the [[Portuguese Synagogue (Amsterdam)|Portuguese-Israelite Synagogue]], were opened in 1671 and 1675, respectively, immortalized by the [[engraving]]s of the Dutchman, [[Romeyn de Hooghe]] ( 1645–1708 ).  The Portuguese Synagogue was the place where Spinoza was placed under the ban by the Sephardic Jewish community in 1656.

Because of their knowledge of [[Spanish language|Spanish]] and [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]], many of the Sephardim were involved with trade and plantations in the Spanish and Portuguese colonies in [[South America]].  Several Jews, such as [[Isaac de Pinto]] and his father David, had a great influence on the national government of the [[Dutch Republic|Republic of the Seven United Provinces]] but they came under heavy criticism from the ''[[:nl:Doelisten|Doelisten]]'', a political coalition of [[Orangism (Netherlands)|Orangists]], moderates, radicals and democrats.  In the days of the [[Batavian Republic]], several residents of the ''Jodenbuurt'', including [[Jonas Daniel Meijer]] ( 1780–1834 ), the first Jewish lawyer in the Netherlands, and Carel Asser ( 1780–1836 ),<ref>Carel Asser was the great grandfather of [[Tobias Asser]] ( 1838–1913 ), one of the winners of the 1911 [[Nobel Prize for Peace]].</ref> a judge, were admitted to the bar, the civil societies and even municipal politics but they came in conflict with the ''parnassiem'', the religious leaders of their neighborhood.

=== 19th and early 20th centuries ===

The achievements of [[Isaac da Costa]], [[Abraham Capadose]] and other Jews were made possible by the emancipation of the Jews around 1825.  In the 19th century, many Jews were active in processing, cutting and trading diamonds, leading to the first trade union in the Netherlands – the ''Algemene Nederlandse Diamantbewerkersbond'' [ "[[General Dutch Diamond Workers' Union]]" ], chaired by [[Henri Polak]].  Its headquarters, the ''[[Beurs van Berlage]]'' [ "Berlage Exchange" ], named in honor of its architect [[Hendrik Petrus Berlage]], was in the Plantage.

With the increase of their wealth in the late 19th century and the early 20th century, many of the residents moved out of the ''Jodenbuurt'' for the newer neighborhoods, such as the ''[[Transvaalbuurt (Amsterdam)|Transvaalbuurt]]'', the ''[[Watergraafsmeer]]'' [ "Water Count's Lake" ] and the ''[[Rivierenbuurt (Amsterdam)|Rivierenbuurt]]'' [ "Rivers Neighborhood" ].  After the Leprozengracht and Houtgracht were filled in 1882, the ''Jodenbuurt'' market was moved from Jodensbreestraat to the new square, Waterlooplein, and became a popular Sunday attraction for the rest of Amsterdam.  The [[Trams in Amsterdam|Amsterdam Tram 8 Alliance]] began in 1906 to run its lines from the [[Amsterdam Centraal railway station|Central Station]] through Nieuwmarkt, Waterlooplein, [[Weesperplein metro station|Weesperplein]] to Van Woustraat and later the ''Rivierenbuurt''.  But Line 8 died in the summer of 1942 after the German occupiers forbade the Jews to ride the trams.

In the 1930s, with the rise of [[Adolf Hitler]], many German Jews fled from the persecutions of the [[Nazi]]s to the Netherlands but the Dutch government would accept them only if they were in "direct danger of life".  In 1933, it also decided that the state would not be responsible for the financial expenses of resettling the Jewish refugees.<ref>((in lang|nl)) ''[http://geheugenvanplanzuid.nl/archief/tijdtijn/index.htm Oorlog, vervolging, verzet, honger en bevrijding in Plan Zuid]'' [ ''War, Persecution, Resistance, Hunger and Liberation in South Plan'' ], retrieved 28 December 2013.</ref><ref>((in lang|nl)) "''[http://www.geheugenvanplanzuid.nl/index.php/plan-zuid-en-de-oorlog Plan Zuid en de oorlog]'' [ South Plan in the War" ]", ''Geheugen van [[Plan Zuid]]'' [ ''Memories of South Plan'' ], retrieved 28 December 2013.</ref>

=== World War II ===

During the Second World War, the Germans invaded the Netherlands in May 1940 and stayed until May 1945.  In 1941, the ''Jodenbuurt'' was declared by the Nazis to be the Jewish Ghetto and subjected to ever-increasing restrictions.  A big fence was erected around the entire quarter and many bridges were placed under permanent guard to control the comings and goings of the residents.  Many other Jews were warehoused in the Transvaalbuurt.  On 10 January 1941, all the Jewish citizens had to register with the Nazis.  On 6 July 1942, they were not allowed to make any phone calls and receive Gentile visitors.  On 23 October 1942, they were prohibited from driving cars and trucks.  Three major raids took place in Amsterdam, including the ''Jodenbuurt'', in May, June and September 1943,<ref>((in lang|nl)) "''[http://geheugenvanplanzuid.nl/archief/tijdtijn/razzia's.htm Razzia's en andere anti-Joodse maatregelen in Amsterdam-Zuid / Rivierenbuurt]'' [ Raids and other anti-Jewish Measures in South Amsterdam / Rivierenbuurt ]", ''Oorlog, vervolging, verzet, honger en bevrijding in Plan Zuid'' [ ''War, Persecution, Resistance, Hunger and Liberation in South Plan'' ], retrieved 28 December 2013.</ref> and from these raids hundreds of Jews were deported to "the East".  But many more of them went into hiding with the help of their Christian neighbors and friends and survived the war.

So the ''Jodenbuurt'' was virtually empty and it would stay that way until the end of the war.  Then came the [[Dutch famine of 1944|Hunger Winter of 1944-1945]].  Many buildings of the ''Jodenbuurt'' were demolished by the cold and starving people of Amsterdam to feed their stoves and fireplaces for the cooking and heating.  The four Ashkenazi synagogues on the Jonas Daniel Meijer Square were not spared.  They were stripped of almost all wood, from the galleries and even three of the four sacred [[Ark (synagogue)|Arks]] ( ''[[Torah ark|aron hakodesh]]'', the cabinets for housing the scrolls of the [[Torah]] ).  Only the Holy Ark of the Great Synagogue was left alone because it was made of marble, not wood.

The war decimated the Jewish population of Amsterdam.  Before the Germans came, there were 80,000 Jews in the whole city but, after they left, there were only 5,000 left.<ref>Geert Mak, author, and Philipp Bloom, translator, ''Amsterdam:  A Brief Life of the City'' ([[London]]:  Vintage Press, 2001), ((ISBN|978-1860467899)), [https://books.google.com/books?id=YFXrynNBj_0C&pg=PA264 page 264].</ref> They were the ones who returned from the death camps in Germany and [[The Holocaust in Poland|German-occupied Poland]].<ref>[[Lucy Dawidowicz|Lucy S[childkret]. Dawidowicz]], ''[[The War Against the Jews]], 1933–1945'' (New York City:  Open Read Integrated Media, 2010), 
[https://books.google.com/books?id=lLaoQr-yhwYC&pg=PT447 page 447].</ref>  Some of the Dutch saved many more of the Jews in their homes, cloisters and orphanages.

=== After World War II ===
[[Image:Mikwe1.jpg|left|thumb|[[Joods Historisch Museum]] (Jewish Historical Museum)]]
After the war, what was once a bustling, thriving neighborhood was largely abandoned and neglected. In 1953 the municipal government made plans for a major renovation, including a large expansion to Weesperstraat and Prins Hendrikkade and the construction of the so-called 'oostlijn' expansion to the [[Amsterdam Metro]]. Many houses were demolished and replaced with large apartment blocks and office buildings, including the [[Maupoleum]], built by and named for the Jewish real estate developer [[Maup Caransa]], who had survived the war in the neighborhood and acquired much of it.<ref name="Kuper">((cite book|last=Kuper|first=Simon|title=Ajax, the Dutch, the War: The Strange Tale of Soccer During Europe's Darkest Hour|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ik79OnN0BpMC&pg=PA193|year=2012|publisher=Nation Books|isbn=9781568587233|page=193))</ref>

Today, little remains of the once-thriving Jewish neighborhood that once existed in the Jodenbuurt; however there are a few surviving monuments from Amsterdam's Jewish history. These include the [[Joods Historisch Museum|Jewish Historical Museum]] and the [[Portuguese Synagogue (Amsterdam)|Portuguese Synagogue]]. Saved from nearly being demolished in 1975, the ''[[Huis de Pinto]]'' is a mansion in Sint Antoniesbreestraat that once belonged to a wealthy Portuguese Sephardic family often referred to as the [[Rothschild family]] of the [[Dutch Golden Age]].

==See also==
*[[Sephardic Jews in the Netherlands]]

==Gallery==
<gallery>
Image:Max Liebermann Amsterdam Judenstrasse.jpg|''Judenstraße in Amsterdam'' by [[Max Liebermann]] (1906)
Image:JHM 1550 Deventer Houmarkt.jpg|Former 'Deventer Houtmarkt' - now the J.D. Meijerplein - in 1861, painting by Willem Hekking.
Image:Mozes-Aaron-Church-Amsterdam-1880.jpg|The Leprozengracht (Lepers' canal, since filled in) and in the background the [[:nl:Mozes en Aäronkerk (Amsterdam)|Mozes en Aäronkerk]], in the heart of the Jodenbuurt. Painting by  J. Lamers from 1895, copied from an original work by Cornelis Christiaan Dommershuizen (1842-1928).
Image:Snoge.jpg|[[Portuguese Synagogue (Amsterdam)|Portuguese Synagogue]] on Mr. Visserplein square
File:Joods historisch museum.jpg|[[Joods Historisch Museum]]
</gallery>

== References ==
((reflist|30em))

== Bibliography ==
* ((in lang|nl)) Ab Caransa, ''Verzamelen op het Transvaalplein. Ter nagedachtenis van het joodse proletariaat van Amsterdam''  [ ''Gathering on the Transvaal Square:  In Memory of the Jewish Proletariat of Amsterdam'' ] (Amsterdam:  Bosch & Keuning, 1984), ((ISBN|90-246-4523-9)).
* ((in lang|nl)) Flip ten Cate, ''Dit volckje seer verwoet: een geschiedenis van de Sint Antoniesbreestraat'' (Amsterdam: Uitgeverij Pantheon, 1988), ((ISBN|90-72653-01-7)).
* [[:nl:Selma Leydesdorff|Selma Leydesdorff]], author, Frank Heny, translator, ''We Lived With Dignity:  The Jewish Proletariat of Amsterdam 1900-1940'' ([[Detroit]]:  [[Wayne State University]] Press, 1994), ((ISBN|0-8143-2338-3))
*  Steven Nadler, ''Rembrandt's Jews'' ([[Chicago]]:  [[University of Chicago]] Press, 2003), ((ISBN|0-226-56736-2))
* ((in lang|de)) Barbara Beuys, „''Leben mit dem Feind''“. ''Amsterdam unter deutscher Besatzung 1940-1945'' [ "''Living with the Enemy''", ''Amsterdam under German Occupation 1940-1945'' ] ([[Munich]]:  Carl Hanser Verlag, 2012), ((ISBN|9783446240711))

((Neighborhoods of Amsterdam))

((coord|52|22|09|N|4|54|09|E|region:NL-NH_type:city_source:kolossus-dewiki|display=title))

[[Category:Neighbourhoods of Amsterdam]]
[[Category:Jewish Dutch history]]
[[Category:Jews and Judaism in Amsterdam]]
[[Category:Sephardi Jewish culture in the Netherlands]]
[[Category:Holocaust locations in the Netherlands]]

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