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((Short description|Swiss jurist and philologist (1815–1887)))
((Use dmy dates|date=October 2023))
((Infobox scientist
| name              = J. J. Bachofen
| image             = Johann Jacob Bachofen.jpg
| image_size        = 150px
| caption           = J. J. Bachofen
| birth_date        = 22 December 1815
| birth_place       = [[Basel]], Switzerland
| death_date        = 25 November 1887 (aged 71)
| death_place       = Basel, Switzerland
| field             = [[Roman law]], [[anthropology]]
| work_institutions =
| alma_mater        = 
| doctoral_advisor  = 
| doctoral_students = 
| known_for         = 
| author_abbrev_bot = 
| author_abbrev_zoo = 
| prizes            = 
| footnotes         = 
| signature         = 
| spouse            = [[Louise Bachofen-Burckhardt]] 
))
'''Johann Jakob Bachofen''' (22 December 1815 &ndash; 25 November 1887) was a Swiss [[antiquarian]], [[jurist]], [[philologist]], [[anthropologist]], and professor of [[Roman law]] at the [[University of Basel]] from 1841 to 1844.<ref>((cite book|title=Gentlemen and Amazons: The Myth of Matriarchal Prehistory, 1861–1900|last=Eller|first=Cynthia|year=2011|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=9780520266766|url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Gentlemen_and_Amazons/NdyqUVJyS2EC?gbpv=1|pages=37-38))</ref>

Bachofen is most often connected with his theories surrounding prehistoric [[matriarchy]], or ''Das Mutterrecht'', the title of his seminal 1861 book ''Mother Right: an investigation of the religious and juridical character of matriarchy in the Ancient World.'' Bachofen assembled documentation demonstrating that [[motherhood]] is the source of human society, religion, morality, and decorum. He postulated an archaic "mother-right" within the context of a primeval [[Matriarchal religion]] or ''[[Urreligion]]''.

Bachofen became an important precursor of 20th-century theories of matriarchy, such as the [[Old Europe (archaeology)|Old European culture]] postulated by [[Marija Gimbutas]] from the 1950s, and the field of [[feminist theology]] and "[[Matriarchal Studies|matriarchal studies]]" in [[second-wave feminism|1970s feminism]].

== Biography ==
Born into a wealthy [[Basel]] family active in the silk industry<ref name=":0" /> and attended the service of the [[Reformed Church of France|French Reformed Church]] in Basel.<ref name=":3">Stagl, Justin (1990).p.21</ref> After having attended the [[Gymnasium (school)|Gymnasium]],<ref name=":3" /> Bachofen studied in Basel and in Berlin<ref name=":0">((Cite journal |last=Stagl |first=Justin |date=1990 |title=Johann Jakob Bachofen, "Das Mutterrecht" und die Folgen |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40462111 |journal=Anthropos |volume=85 |issue=1/3 |pages=11–37 |jstor=40462111 |issn=0257-9774))</ref> under [[August Böckh|August Boeckh]], [[Karl Ferdinand Ranke]] and [[Friedrich Carl von Savigny]]<ref>Stagl, Justin (1990).p.15</ref> as well as in Göttingen. After completing his doctorate in Basel, he studied for another two years in Paris, London and Cambridge. He was called to the Basel chair for [[Roman law]] in 1841. In 1842 he travelled to [[Rome]] accompanied by his father to, according to him, see his spiritual homeland with his own eyes.<ref name=":0" /> Having returned to Basel, he was called to the appellate court and his next book on roman law received the acclaim of the academics.<ref name=":0" /> He would also become elected into the [[Grand Council of Basel-Stadt|Grand Council of Basel]].<ref name=":0" /> He retired from his professorship in 1844, after in the local press it was suggested the wealth of his family would have helped him assume the job at the university.<ref name=":1">Stagl, Justin (1990).p.12</ref> In 1845 he also quit from the Grand Council.<ref name=":1" /> As a judge he would stay for twenty-five years and resign after his marriage to [[Louise Bachofen-Burckhardt]].<ref name=":1" /> In 1848 he undertook a second journey to Rome in which he witnessed the [[Revolutions of 1848 in the Italian states|Roman revolution]], changed his research focus from the [[classical antiquity]] but the early antiquity.<ref name=":2">Stagl, Justin (1990).p.13</ref> In 1851–1852 he travelled to Greece, [[Magna Graecia]], and [[Etruria]].<ref name=":2" /> He published most of his works as a private scholar.

== Personal life ==
[[File:Johann Jakob Bachofen 1815-1887.jpg|thumb|upright|Tomb of the Bachofen family in the Wolfgottesacker. The statue was sculptured by [[Richard Kissling]]]]
His mother Valeria Merian Bachofen died in 1856 but he kept living in the same house as his father.<ref name=":4">Stagl, Justin (1990).p.14</ref> It was the same house which would become the seat of the [[Civil registration|Civil Register]] of Basel between 1962 and 1983 and part of the [[Antikenmuseum Basel und Sammlung Ludwig]] in the 1980s.<ref>((Cite book |last1=Huber |first1=Dorothee |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VUJNAAAAYAAJ |title=Die Gebäude des Antikenmuseums |last2=Schmidt |first2=Margot |publisher=Antikenmuseum Basel und Sammlung Ludwig and Architekturmuseum in Basel |year=1992 |isbn=978-3-905057-07-2 |page=18 |language=de))</ref> In 1865, he married the at the time twenty five-years old Louise Bachofen-Burckhardt from a noble family of Basel.<ref name=":4" /> He would buy a house at the square before the [[Basel Minster|Minster of Basel]] and a son was born.<ref name=":4" /> Louise Bachofen Burckhardt would live in the house at the Minster Square after her husband would die in 1877.<ref>((Cite web |last=Balzer |first=Mathias |title=Kunstmuseum Basel – Die visionäre Sammlerin Louise Bachofen-Burckhardt |url=https://www.bzbasel.ch/basel/basel-stadt/die-visionare-sammlerin-louise-bachofen-burckhardt-ld.1393070 |access-date=2022-09-21 |website=bz Basel |language=de))</ref> Johann Jakob Bachofen is buried at the ''Wolfgottesacker'' cemetery in Basel.<ref name=":5">((Cite web |last=Trog |first=Hans |date=1908 |title=Richard Kissling |url=https://www.e-periodica.ch/cntmng?pid=dis-001%3A1904%3A8%3A%3A984 |website=[[E-Periodica]] |page=395))</ref> The tomb was sculptured by [[Richard Kissling]].<ref name=":5" />

== ''Das Mutterrecht'' ==
((Unreferenced section|date=September 2022))
Bachofen's 1861 ''Das Mutterrecht'' proposed four phases of cultural evolution which absorbed each other:
# Hetaerism: a wild nomadic 'tellurian' [= [[chthonic]] or earth-centered] phase, characterised by him as communistic and [[polyamorous]], whose dominant deity he believed to have been an earthy proto [[Aphrodite]].
# Das Mutterecht: a matriarchal 'lunar' phase based on agriculture, characterised by him by the emergence of [[chthonic]] [[mystery cult]]s and law. Its dominant deity was an early [[Demeter]].
# The Dionysian: a transitional phase when earlier traditions were masculinised as patriarchy began to emerge. Its dominant deity was the original [[Dionysos]].
# The Apollonian: the patriarchal 'solar' phase, in which all trace of the Matriarchal and Dionysian past was eradicated and modern civilisation emerged.

=== Reception ===
((main|Matriarchy))
There was little initial reaction to Bachofen's theory of cultural evolution, largely because of his impenetrable literary style, but eventually, along with furious criticism, the book inspired several generations of ethnologists, social philosophers, and even writers: [[Lewis Henry Morgan]]; [[Friedrich Engels]], who drew on Bachofen for ''[[The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State]]''; [[Thomas Mann]]; [[Jane Ellen Harrison]], who was inspired by Bachofen to devote her career to [[mythology]]; [[Walter Benjamin]]; [[Carl Jung]]; [[Erich Fromm]]; [[Robert Graves]]; [[Rainer Maria Rilke]]; [[Joseph Campbell]]; [[Otto Gross]]; [[Erich Neumann (psychologist)|Erich Neumann]] and opponents such as [[Julius Evola]].((Citation needed|date=September 2022))  In 1930s his work was acclaimed by several prominent academics in the German speaking world.<ref>((Cite journal |last=Eller |first=Cynthia |date=2013 |title=Matriarchy and the Volk |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23357881 |journal=Journal of the American Academy of Religion |volume=81 |issue=1 |pages=188–221 |doi=10.1093/jaarel/lfs105 |jstor=23357881 |issn=0002-7189))</ref>

Because of his theoretical commitment to [[Marxist historiography]], Friedrich Engels [[Marxism and religion|faulted]] Bachofen for regarding "religion as the main lever of the world's history" and therefore considered it a "troublesome and not always profitable task to work your way through [his] big volume [i.e. ''Das Mutterrecht'']". Nevertheless, he credited Bachofen with inaugurating research into the [[history of the family]].<ref>((cite book |last=Engels |first=Friedrich |date=1902 |title=The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State |translator=[[Ernest Untermann]] |chapter=Author's Preface to the Fourth Edition, 1891 |url=https://archive.org/details/originoffamilypr00enge/ |chapter-url=https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1884/origin-family/preface2.htm |location=Chicago |publisher=[[Charles H. Kerr & Company]]| pp=14, 16))</ref> He summarized Bachofen's views as follows:<ref>((cite book|title=[[The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State]]|year=2010|first=Friedrich|last=Engels|publisher=Penguin UK|page=49))</ref>
:"(1) That [[Primitive promiscuity|originally man lived in a state of sexual promiscuity]], to describe which Bachofen uses the mistaken term "[[hetaerism]]";
:(2) that such promiscuity excludes any certainty of paternity, and that descent could therefore be reckoned only in the female line, according to mother-right, and that this was originally the case amongst all the peoples of antiquity;
:(3) that since women, as mothers, were the only parents of the younger generation that were known with certainty, they held a position of such high respect and honor that it became the foundation, in Bachofen's conception, of a regular rule of women (gynaecocracy);
:(4) that the transition to monogamy, where the woman belonged to one man exclusively, involved a violation of a primitive religious law (that is, actually a violation of the traditional right of the other men to this woman), and that in order to expiate this violation or to purchase indulgence for it the woman had to surrender herself for a limited period."  (Friedrich Engels, 1891: see link below)

[[Émile Durkheim|Emile Durkheim]] credited Bachofen with upsetting the "old conception" that the father must be "the essential element of the family". Before Bachofen, Durkheim claims that "no one had dreamed that there could be a family organization of which the paternal authority was not the keystone".<ref>((Cite book|title=The Elementary Forms of Religious Life|first=Emile|last=Durkheim|date=2013|publisher=Neeland Media LLC|isbn=9781420947731|oclc=1028943316))</ref>

In contrast to Engels and Durkheim, the American sociologist [[Carle Zimmerman]] criticized Bachofen's work for initiating a [[paradigm|research paradigm]] in [[sociology]] that "completely divorced" the study of the family from history, replacing the "constant struggle between [[familism]] and [[individualism]]" with "imagination".  He characterized Bachofen and the other members of this research paradigm, such as [[John Ferguson McLennan|J.F. McLennan]], [[Lewis H. Morgan|L.H. Morgan]], [[Edvard Westermarck|E.A. Westermark]], and others, as "evolutionary cultists" and considered them to have "destroyed history as a fundamental study in social science" during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.<ref>((cite book |last=Zimmerman |first=Carle C. |date=1947 |title=Family and Civilization |url=https://archive.org/details/familycivilizati0000zimm/ |location=New York |publisher=[[Harper & Brothers]] |pages=571-573))</ref>

Bachofen's actual writings are that matriarchy originated as a rebellion against promiscuity, because of the sexual strains it caused them, to institute matriarchy and monogamy.

As has been noted by [[Joseph Campbell]] in ''Occidental Mythology'' and others, Bachofen's theories stand in radical opposition to the Aryan origin theories of religion, culture and society, and both Campbell and writers such as Evola have suggested that Bachofen's theories only adequately explain the development of religion among the pre-Aryan cultures of the Mediterranean and the Levant, and possibly Southern Asia, but that a separate, patriarchal development existed among the Aryan tribes which conquered Europe and parts of Asia.((Citation needed|date=September 2022))

Engels said that Bachofen had proved his theory that Matriarchy was promiscuous, but Bachofen argued the opposite, that Matriarchy introduced monogamy.

== Works ==
* ''De legis actionibus de formulis et de condictione''. Dissertation Basel. Dieterich, Göttingen 1840.
* ''Das Naturrecht und das geschichtliche Recht in ihren Gegensätzen.'' Basel 1841. reprint: Off. Librorum, Lauterbach 1995, ((ISBN|3-928406-19-1))
* ''Römisches Pfandrecht.'' Schweighauser, Basel 1847. reprint: Keip, Goldbach 1997, ((ISBN|3-8051-0688-2))
* ''Ausgewählte Lehren des römischen Civilrechts.'' Leipzig 1848. reprint: Keip, Goldbach 1997, ((ISBN|3-8051-0689-0))
* ''Versuch über die Gräbersymbolik der Alten.'' Basel 1859
* ''Oknos der Seilflechter : ein Grabbild : Erlösungsgedanken antiker Gräbersymbolik.'' Basel 1859. reprint: Beck, München 1923
* ''Das Mutterrecht: eine Untersuchung über die Gynaikokratie der alten Welt nach ihrer religiösen und rechtlichen Natur''. Stuttgart: Verlag von Krais und Hoffmann, 1861 ([https://archive.org/details/dasmutterrechte00goog <!-- quote=Johann Jakob Bachofen. --> Internet Archive link])
** abbreviated edition, ed.  Hans-Jürgen Heinrichs. (Suhrkamp Taschenbücher Wissenschaft; Nr.135.) Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp, 1975 ((ISBN|3-518-27735-9))
** excerpts edited as ''Mutterrecht und Urreligion: eine Auswahl'', ed. Rudolf Marx. (Kröners Taschenausgabe; Band 52) Leipzig: A. Kröner, 1927; Stuttgart, 1954; 6th ed. 1984 ((ISBN|978-3-520-05206-3)).
* ''Antiquarische Briefe vornemlich zur Kenntniss der ältesten Verwandtschaftsbegriffe.'' 2 vols. Trübner, Strassburg 1880 & 1886.
* ''Römische Grablampen nebst einigen andern Grabdenkmälern vorzugsweise eigener Sammlung.'' Basel 1890
* ''Gesammelte Werke'' (collected works) ed.  Karl Meuli. Basel: B. Schwabe, 1943–1967, in 8 volumes (I-IV, VI-VIII and X)
** I. Antrittsrede; politische Betrachtungen
** II. Das Mutterecht, erste Hälfte
** III. Das Mutterecht, zweite Hälfte
** IV. Die Sage von Tanaquil
** VII. Die Unsterblichkeitslehre der orphanischen Theologie: Römische Grablampen
** VIII. Antiquarische Briefe
** X. Briefe
* ''Myth, Religion and Mother Right'' Princeton University Press, translated by Ralph Manheim, 1967 ((ISBN|978-0-691-01797-6)) 
* ''An English Translation of Bachofen's Mutterrecht (Mother Right) (1861): A Study of the Religious and Juridical Aspects of Gynecocracy in the Ancient World'' Volumes 1-5:
** ''Vol 1. "Lycia," "Crete," and "Athens"'' Lewiston, NY: Edwin Mellen, translated by David Partenheimer, 30 January 2008 ((ISBN|9780773451865)) 
** ''Vol 2. "Lemnos" and "Egypt"'' Lewiston, NY: Edwin Mellen, translated by David Partenheimer, 1 April 2007 ((ISBN|9780773454798))
** ''Vol 3. Orchomenus And the Minyan's And India And Central Asia'' Lewiston, NY: Edwin Mellen, translated by David Partenheimer, 30 June 2006 ((ISBN|9780975995389))
** ''Vol 4. "Elis", "The Epizephyrian Locrians", and "Lesbos"'' Lewiston, NY: Edwin Mellen, translated by David Partenheimer, 1 June 2005, ((ISBN|9780773462984)) ((ISBN|978-0779919031))
** ''Vol 5. Mantinea; Pythagoreanism and Subsequent Doctrines; The Cantabri;'' Lewiston, NY: Edwin Mellen, translated by David Partenheimer, 1 January 2003 ((ISBN|978-0779919048))

== See also ==
* [[List of important publications in anthropology]]
* [[James Frazer]]
* [[René Girard]]
* [[Robert Graves]]
* [[Matriarchal religion]]
* [[Margaret Murray]]
* [[Potnia theron]]

== References ==
((reflist))

== Further reading ==
* Lullies, Reinhard & Schiering, Wolfgang (1988) ''Archäologenbildnisse: Porträts und Kurzbiographien von Klassischen Archäologen deutscher Sprache''. Mainz: Verlag Philipp von Zabern; pp.&nbsp;41–42
* Gender-Killer, A. G. (ed.) (2005) ''Antisemitismus und Geschlecht: von „effeminierten Juden“, „maskulinisierten Jüdinnen“ und anderen Geschlechterbildern''. Münster: Unrast-Verlag ((ISBN|3-89771-439-6))
* Wesel, Uwe (1980) ''Der Mythos vom Matriarchat: über Bachofens Mutterrecht und die Stellung von Frauen in frühen Gesellschaften vor der Entstehung staatlicher Herrschaft''. Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp
* [[Lionel Gossman|Gossmann, Lionel]] (1984) "Basle, Bachofen and the Critique of Modernity in the Second Half of the Nineteenth Century", in: ''Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes''; 47, pp.&nbsp;136–185
* [[Lionel Gossman|Gossman, Lionel]]. "Orpheus Philologus: Bachofen versus Mommsen on the Study of Antiquity". American Philosophical Society, 1983. [http://dianepub.wordpress.com/2010/06/30/lionel-gossman-orpheus-philologus-bachofen-versus-mommsen-on-the-study-of-antiquity-american-philosophical-society-transactions-73-5-isbn-142237467x/] ((ISBN|1-4223-7467-X)).
* Lionel Gossman, ''Basel in the Age of Burckhardt: A Study in Unseasonable Ideas'' (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000), 109–200. ((ISBN|0-226-30498-1))
* Wiedemann, Felix (2007) ''Rassenmutter und Rebellin: Hexenbilder in Romantik, völkischer Bewegung, Neuheidentum und Feminismus''. Würzburg: Königshausen & Neumann ((ISBN|3-8260-3679-4)).
* Rattner, Josef & Danzer, Gerhard (2003) "Johann Jakob Bachofen und die Mutterrechtstheorie", pp.&nbsp;9–28 in: ''Europäische Kulturbeiträge im deutsch-schweizerischen Schrifttum von 1850–2000''. Würzburg: Königshausen & Neumann ((ISBN|3-8260-2541-5))
* Benjamin, Walter. "Johann Jakob Bachofen". In Benjamin, Walter; Eiland, Howard and Jennings, Michael W. (eds.), ''Selected writings. Volume 3: 1935 - 1938'', pp. 11-24. Translated by Edmund Jephcott, et al. Cambridge, Massachusetts. Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. 2006. ((ISBN|978-0-674-01981-2))
* Fromm, Erich. "The Theory of Mother Right and Its Relevance for Social Psychology". In Fromm, Erich, ''The Crisis of Psychoanalysis'', pp. 106–34. London. Jonathan Cape. 1971. (Originally published as "Die sozial-psychologische Bedeutung der Mutterrechtstheorie". ''Zeitschrift für Sozialforschung'', vol. II, no. 2, 1934). ((ISBN|0-224-00544-8))

== External links ==
* [http://www.myrine.at/Bachofen/bachofen_e.html Johann Jakob Bachofen Explorer of the Mother Right]

((Authority control))

((DEFAULTSORT:Bachofen, Johann Jakob))
[[Category:1815 births]]
[[Category:1887 deaths]]
[[Category:Swiss anthropologists]]
[[Category:Swiss sociologists]]
[[Category:Swiss philosophers]]
[[Category:Men and feminism]]
[[Category:Matriarchy]]

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Module:Pagetype/config (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/disambiguation (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/setindex (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/softredirect (view source) (protected)
Module:ParameterCount (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:SDcat (view source) (protected)
Module:Separated entries (view source) (protected)
Module:String (view source) (protected)
Module:TableTools (view source) (protected)
Module:Template wrapper (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Text (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Unsubst (view source) (protected)
Module:Wikitext Parsing (view source) (protected)
Module:Yesno (view source) (protected)

Return to Johann Jakob Bachofen.

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Jakob_Bachofen"