The Honourable Sir John Downer | |
|---|---|
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| 16th Premier of South Australia | |
| In office 16 June 1885 – 11 June 1887 | |
| Monarch | Victoria |
| Governor | Sir William Robinson |
| Preceded by | John Colton |
| Succeeded by | Thomas Playford II |
| In office 15 October 1892 – 16 June 1893 | |
| Monarch | Victoria |
| Governor | Earl of Kintore |
| Preceded by | Frederick Holder |
| Succeeded by | Charles Kingston |
| 3rd Leader of the Opposition (SA) | |
| In office 1885–1885 | |
| Preceded by | John Cox Bray |
| Succeeded by | Jenkin Coles |
| In office 1887–1889 | |
| Preceded by | Thomas Playford II |
| Succeeded by | John Cockburn |
| In office 1893–1895 | |
| Preceded by | Frederick Holder |
| Succeeded by | William Copley |
| In office 1897–1899 | |
| Preceded by | William Copley |
| Succeeded by | Vaiben Louis Solomon |
| Senator for South Australia | |
| In office 30 March 1901 – 31 December 1903 | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | John William Downer 6 July 1843 Adelaide, South Australia |
| Died | 2 August 1915 (aged 72) North Adelaide, South Australia |
| Political party | National Defence League Protectionist (1901–03) Liberal Union (1910–15) |
| Spouses | Elizabeth Henderson
(m. 1871–1896)Una Russell (m. 1899) |
| Relations | George Downer (brother) Henry Downer (brother) Alick Downer (son) Alexander Downer (grandson) |
Sir John William Downer, KCMG, KC (6 July 1843 – 2 August 1915) was an Australian politician who served two terms as Premier of South Australia, from 1885 to 1887 and again from 1892 to 1893. He later entered federal politics and served as a Senator for South Australia from 1901 to 1903. He was the first of four Australian politicians from the Downer family dynasty.
Born in Adelaide, John Downer (the son of Henry Downer who came to South Australia in 1838 and Jane Downer née Field) was educated on a scholarship at St Peter's College, Adelaide,.[1] On 23 March 1867 he was admitted to the bar, and soon won a reputation as being among Adelaide's most talented and eloquent lawyers.
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Downer became a Queen's Counsel in 1878, the same year in which he was elected to the House of Assembly for Barossa. He represented this constituency until 1901, leaving it only to enter federal politics.
In the House of Assembly he soon made his mark and became Attorney-General in John Cox Bray's cabinet on 24 June 1881. He endeavoured to bring in several law reforms, and though his married women's property bill was not passed, he succeeded in carrying bills allowing accused persons to give evidence on oath, and amending the insolvency and marriage acts. The government was defeated in June 1884, but a year later, on 16 June 1885, Downer himself became Premier for the first time, as well as being Attorney-General once again.
While Premier, Downer oversaw the construction of the first train line from Adelaide to Melbourne. He also made significant contributions to establishing irrigation settlements along the Murray River. Although this ministry lasted two years and passed a fair amount of legislation, it was often in difficulties, and in June 1886 had to be reconstructed.
At the Colonial Conference held in London during 1887, Downer represented South Australia, but during his return journey to Australia his government was defeated. This ministry was responsible for a tariff imposing increased protective duties. Downer was not in office again for several years, but in October 1892 again became Premier, taking also the portfolio of Chief Secretary. In May 1893 he exchanged this for the position of Treasurer of South Australia, but was ousted at the 1893 election by liberal Protectionist Kingston with the support of the new Labor Party led by John McPherson. Downer remarked of this party: 'They are very clever fellows. I have great respect for the way they use either side for their purposes with absolute impartiality'. For most of the period until 1899 Downer led the Opposition.
Downer was a strong federalist and had represented South Australia at the 1883 and 1891 conventions. At the latter meeting, he took an important part in protecting the interests of the smaller states, and was a member of the constitutional committee. He was elected one of the 10 representatives of South Australia at the Australasian Federal Convention of 1897-8, and sat, again, on the constitutional committee. He was the most senior and significant representative of the conservative portion of the Convention's ideological spectrum. In this period he formed a close personal bond with several leading Federationists. Robert Garran, an eminence grise of the Federalist cause, was the best man at Downer's wedding in 1898. Richard O'Connor and Edmund Barton were among the attendees. The bride and groom had first met at Barton's house, and in these years Barton would stay at Downer's house when in Adelaide.[2]
In the inaugural election of the parliament of the Commonwealth of Australia, Downer stood for the Senate, without party label, but campaigning closely with fellow candidate and conservative, Sir Richard Baker. On the hustings he declared he "was not a Free Trader, and not a Protectionist", but "a Fair Trader".[3] He won one of the six vacancies, but, badly disappointed in not being appointed to the High Court, he did not seek re-election in 1903. He entered the South Australian Legislative Council as a National Defence League (Liberal Union from 1910) representative of the southern district in 1905, and continued to be re-elected until his death on 2 August 1915.[4][5]
Alfred Deakin assessed Downer in the following terms: 'bull-headed, and rather thick-necked, ... with the dogged set of the mouth of a prize fighter' and 'smallish eyes'. Downer was regarded a first-rate barrister, and some of his speeches to juries were singled out by contemporaries as laudable examples of forensic art. He was equally successful in parliamentary debate; one of his colleagues called him the best debater in a house that contained Charles Kingston, Frederick Holder, John Cockburn, and John Jenkins.
In politics Downer tended to be conservative without being obstinate. He described himself as a Tory, and partly on account of this he often found himself in a minority during his later years in parliament. Nevertheless, he consistently advocated the rights of married women to their own property, female suffrage, protection of local industries, and federation.
Historian Tony Roberts, in his 2005 award-winning book Frontier Justice: A History of the Gulf Country to 1900, described the nature of massacres and violent encounters with Aboriginal peoples in the Gulf Country as part of the Australian frontier wars. His research showed that senior colonial politicians, including premiers Downer and Sir John Colton, along with South Australian police, "masterminded, condoned or concealed... atrocities" in the NT Gulf Country, which led to the deaths of at least 600 Aboriginal people.[6][7][8][9][10][11] According to Henry Reynolds, Roberts concluded that Downer's name occurred with greater frequency than any of his colleagues, and he pointed out that Downer, as a trained lawyer, attorney-general between 1881 and 1884, and both premier and attorney-general 1885–1887, he must have deliberately ignored the Aboriginal rights which were embodied by law in the pastoral leases in that area. He also personally defended William Willshire, a policeman known for his brutality who was acquitted of the murder of a group of Aboriginal people in 1891[12] at Tempe Downs Station in the NT. Even at the time, there was outrage at the not guilty verdict, and questioning of the validity of the process, which took place in Port Augusta.[13]
Downer married twice: firstly in 1871 to Elizabeth Henderson (c. 1852 – 3 May 1896), daughter of the controversial Rev. James Henderson;[14] and secondly, in Sydney 29 November 1899 to Una Stella Haslingden Russell, daughter of Henry Edward Russell.[a] With Elizabeth he had three children, John Henry (born 1872), James Frederick (born 1874) and Harold Sydney (born in 1875 and died in infancy).[18] The son of his second marriage was Alexander Russell "Alick" Downer (born 1910), who served in the Menzies government, was knighted, and served as Australian High Commissioner in London, and whose son, Alexander Downer served as leader of the (Opposition) Liberal party in 1994 and Foreign Minister in the Howard government.
The home he purchased in 1880 at 42 Pennington Terrace, North Adelaide, is now St Mark's College and the original part of the building is known as Downer House. A draft of the Australian Constitution was prepared in the ballroom in 1897.[19]
A brother and partner in his business, Henry Edward Downer (1836–1905), entered the South Australian parliament in 1881 and was attorney-general in the John Cockburn ministry from May to August 1890. Another brother, A(lexander) George Downer (1839–1916) was his partner in the legal firm G & J Downer and a prominent businessman.[20]
In 1887, at the Imperial Conference in London (now the Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting), Downer was created KCMG, recommended to the Queen by the Marquis of Salisbury.[21] During retirement, he joined the Adelaide University Council and became president of the Commonwealth Club.[22]
The Canberra suburb of Downer, Australian Capital Territory, was named after him in 1960. On Garema Place, Canberra stands a commemorative sculpted fountain titled Father and Son and was presented by his son Sir Alick in 1964.[23]
| Election year | Electorate | Party | Votes | % | Result | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1878 | Barossa | Independent | unopposed | Elected | |||
| 1881 | Elected | ||||||
| 1884 | 502 | 24.0% |  n/a
|
Elected | |||
| 1887 | unopposed | Elected | |||||
| 1890 | 658 | 25.4% | n/a
|
Elected | |||
| 1893 | National Defence League | 1,008 | 30.3% |  4.9
|
Elected | ||
| 1896 | 1,549 | 24.5% |  5.8
|
Elected | |||
| 1899 | 1,786 | 33.8% | 9.3
|
Elected | |||
| Election year | Electorate | Party | Votes | % | Result | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1905 | Southern District | Independent | 3,800 | 28.3% | new
|
Elected | |
| 1912 | Liberal Union | 7,073 | 36.7% | 8.4
|
Elected | ||
| Election year | State | Party | Votes | % | Result | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1901 | South Australia | Protectionist | 30,493 | 60.6% | new
|
Elected (4th) | |
