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((Short description|American politician (1928–2018)))
((Infobox officeholder
| name                = John Hall Buchanan Jr.
| image name          = John Hall Buchanan, Jr.jpg
| birth_date          = ((birth date|1928|03|19))
| birth_place         = [[Paris, Tennessee]], U.S.
| death_date          = ((death date and age|2018|3|5|1928|3|19))
| death_place         = [[Rockville, Maryland]]
| resting_place       = 
| state               = [[Alabama]]
| district            = [[Alabama's 6th congressional district|6th]]
| term_start          = January 3, 1965
| term_end            = January 3, 1981
| preceded            = [[George Huddleston Jr.]]
| succeeded           = [[Albert L. Smith Jr.]]
| party               = [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]]
| spouse              = Betty Buchanan
| children            = 2
| religion            = 
| residence           = [[Birmingham, Alabama]] (1965–1981)<br />[[Bethesda, Maryland]] (1981–2018)
| branch              = ((navy|United States))
| serviceyears        = 1945–1946
| alma_mater          = [[Samford University]]<br>[[University of Virginia]]<br>[[Southern Baptist Theological Seminary]]
| otherparty          = [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]
))

[[File:Johnbuchananjr.jpg|thumb|right|A more recent photo of Buchanan]]
'''John Hall Buchanan Jr.''' (March 19, 1928 &ndash; March 5, 2018) was an American politician who served as a [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] in the [[U.S. House of Representatives]] from 1965 to 1981, representing [[Alabama's 6th congressional district]].

==Background==
A native of [[Paris, Tennessee]], Buchanan served in the [[United States Navy]] from 1945 to 1946 and then relocated to [[Alabama]] to attend [[Samford University]] in [[Birmingham, Alabama|Birmingham]]. After his graduation, Buchanan did graduate work at the [[University of Virginia]] at [[Charlottesville, Virginia|Charlottesville]], before he transferred to the [[Southern Baptist Theological Seminary]] in [[Louisville, Kentucky|Louisville]], [[Kentucky]]. In 1957, he graduated from the seminary and served as pastor of churches in Tennessee, Alabama, and [[Virginia (U.S. state)|Virginia]].<ref name="bioguide.congress.gov">[http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=B001008 Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, as of April 10, 2007]</ref>

==Early political campaigns==
In 1962, Buchanan, while still an active pastor in Birmingham, was one of three unsuccessful Republican candidates for Congress. The U.S. House candidates that year ran statewide. Because state law required that voters support eight candidates for their ballot to count, the Republicans had to back five [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrats]], who were technically their at-large opponents, or to write in the names of five Republicans who were not official candidates, a process that proved too burdensome to overcome.<ref>''[[The Huntsville Times]]'', October 2, 3, 5, 6, 1962; ''[[The New York Times]]'', January 29, 1962, p. 14</ref> The congressional race corresponded with the controversial admission of [[James Meredith]], who became the first African American in history to graduate from the [[University of Mississippi]] in neighboring [[Mississippi]]. Buchanan said that the Alabama congressional delegation had responded to the desegregation crisis "only after intense pressure from the home folks. ... they nodded their heads 'yes' when the [[John F. Kennedy|Kennedys]] asked them to, and have come back home and denied they were national Democrats."<ref>''[[The Mobile Register]]'', October 23, 24, 26, and November 1, 1962</ref> Buchanan led the three-candidate field in 1962 with 141,202 votes but failed to dislodge the eighth-place  Democratic candidate, Representative [[Carl Elliott]] of [[Jasper, Alabama|Jasper]].

Buchanan was also the finance director for the resurgent [[Alabama Republican Party]]. In 1964, he was handily elected to Congress from the Birmingham-based 6th district, having unseated the 10-year incumbent Democrat, [[George Huddleston Jr.]], by a staggering 21-point margin.  This was particularly shocking since the Republican Party had been more or less nonexistent in Alabama for the better part of 80 years.  Indeed, most of the 6th's living residents had never been represented by a Republican before.  However, Alabama voters turned against the Democrats after [[Lyndon Johnson]] signed the [[Civil Rights Act of 1964]] into law.  Partly as a result, [[Barry Goldwater]] easily carried the district en route to winning 69 percent of Alabama's popular vote.

==Congressional tenure==
((Unreferenced section|date=August 2015))
During the beginning of his career in the House of Representatives, Buchanan was a conservative Republican, opposing the creation of [[Medicare (United States)|Medicare]], the [[Voting Rights Act of 1965]] and the [[Civil Rights Act of 1968]], but also worked with Democratic Congressman and fellow Southerner [[Charles Weltner]] to spearhead an investigation of the [[Ku Klux Klan]]. Along with Weltner, the FBI credited Buchanan for bringing KKK membership to its lowest level since [[World War II]].<ref>((cite web|url=https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/89-1965/h87|title=TO PASS H.R. 6400, THE 1965 VOTING RIGHTS ACT.))</ref><ref>((cite web|url=https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/89-1965/h35|title= TO PASS H.R. 6675, A BILL TO PROVIDE A HOSPITAL INSURANCE PROGRAM FOR THE AGED UNDER THE SOCIAL SECURITY ACT.))</ref><ref>((cite web|url=https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/90-1967/h113|title=TO PASS H.R. 2516, A BILL TO ESTABLISH PENALTIES FOR INTERFERENCE WITH CIVIL RIGHTS. INTERFERENCE WITH A PERSON ENGAGED IN ONE OF THE 8 ACTIVITIES PROTECTED UNDER THIS BILL MUST BE RACIALLY MOTIVATED TO INCUR THE BILL'S PENALTIES.))</ref>

However, Buchanan's social views would begin to change due to attending church services in Riverside Baptist Church, an integrated church in southwest [[Washington D.C.]]. In an interview with the Washington Post in 1976, Buchanan explained his change on social views: "When you’re deeply involved in a biracial entity, you think of people as brothers and sisters." Buchanan would also hire African-Americans for his staff and was the first member of the Alabama congressional delegation to nominate African-American candidates to the military service academies.

As a senior member of the House Committee on Education and Labor, Buchanan helped lead the fight in 1972 in the House for enactment of the [[Title IX|Education Act, Title IX]], which requires equality for women in the programs of American colleges and universities, including athletics. He served as ranking Republican on the Equal Rights Subcommittee and the subcommittee with jurisdiction over the arts. For fourteen years, he was a member of the Foreign Affairs Committee, where he championed the rights of people behind the [[Iron Curtain]], especially [[Jew]]ish and Christian dissidents, as well as the black majorities in [[Southern Rhodesia]] and [[South Africa]].  As ranking minority member of the House Committee on Foreign Affairs Subcommittee on International Operations, he was one of the principal authors of the Foreign Service Act of 1980.  In that year he received the Honor Award, Women's Action Organization (State Department, ICA, AID) and the Honor Award "for commitment to the advancement of women in the Foreign Service community". Originally opposed to busing during the Nixon administration, Buchanan would eventually come to support it in order to combat desegregation in the Carter administration, as well as a woman's right to choose what to do with their bodies. Buchanan, alongside fellow centrist Republicans [[Alphonzo E. Bell Jr.]] and [[John B. Anderson]], also supported the creation of a [[Martin Luther King, Jr.]] statue in the Capitol.<ref>((cite web|url=https://www.congress.gov/bill/93rd-congress/house-concurrent-resolution/464/cosponsors?r=462&s=8&q=%7B%22party%22%3A%22Republican%22%7D|title=H.Con.Res.464 - Concurrent resolution authorizing a bust or statute of Martin Luther King, Jr. to be place in the Capitol.))</ref>

He served as a member of the U. S. delegation to the 28th United Nations General Assembly, and to the Sixth Special Assembly, having [[ambassador]]ial rank with each appointment. He was a member of the U. S. delegation to the U. N. Human Rights Commission (1978–1980), was ranking Republican to the Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe, and was a member of the U.S. Delegation to the Belgrade Conference on the [[Helsinki Accords]]. Largely due to his liberal record and support of civil rights, Buchanan became very popular in his district, even though Democrats continued to hold most local offices in the district well into the 1980s. He was reelected seven times, rarely facing serious opposition. In 1978, however, he was challenged in the primary by a considerably more conservative Republican, [[Albert L. Smith Jr.]], a longtime party activist in the Birmingham area. Buchanan fended him off but was defeated in a rematch in 1980.

[[Auburn University]] historian [[Wayne Flynt]] described Buchanan as a "centrist in an age where centrism was beginning to be challenged and would finally result in the polarization of American politics into left and right." Despite being to his right, [[Barry Goldwater]] would support Buchanan in his reelection campaigns during the 1970s, and referred to Buchanan as a "fine progressive Republican." His daughter Lynn noted that in his later years, Buchanan did not relate to modern-day Republican values, and had switched to the [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party]].<ref>((cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/03/12/obituaries/john-h-buchanan-jr-deep-south-centrist-dies-at-89.html|title=John Buchanan, Once a Deep South Centrist in Congress, Dies at 89|work=The New York Times |date=12 March 2018 |last1=Roberts |first1=Sam ))</ref><ref>((cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/obituaries/john-h-buchanan-jr-alabama-gop-congressman-who-later-joined-liberal-lobbying-group-dies-at-89/2018/03/07/c008a666-215b-11e8-94da-ebf9d112159c_story.html|title=John H. Buchanan Jr., Alabama GOP congressman who later joined liberal lobbying group, dies at 89|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] ))</ref>

==Affiliations== 
((Unreferenced section|date=August 2015))
Upon leaving Congress in 1981, he was appointed by President [[Ronald W. Reagan]] as a member of the U.S. delegation to the [[United Nations]]. He has also served on the [[United Nations Human Rights Committee]].<ref name="bioguide.congress.gov"/> Buchanan was also on the board of directors of the [[Liberal (politics)|liberal]] group, [[People for the American Way]], founded by producer [[Norman Lear]]. For many years, he served as PFAW's national chairman. Buchanan supported Bill Clinton in the 1992 presidential election.<ref>((Cite web|url=https://www.ourcampaigns.com/CandidateDetail.html?CandidateID=15135|title=Buchanan Jr., John Hall))</ref>

In that capacity, he traveled extensively, participating in frequent debates with leaders of the Religious Right on radio, television, and various platforms throughout the United States. Appearances in the media included ''[[McNeil-Lehrer NewsHour]]'', ''[[Crossfire (U.S. TV program)|Crossfire]]'', ''[[Larry King Live]]'', Charlie Rose, and other news programs. He also spoke extensively for national organizations including the Council for the Advancement of Citizenship, the Kettering Foundation, and the Close-Up Foundation.((citation needed|date=August 2015))

Buchanan's numerous awards have included the National Council of Jewish Women Hannah G. Solomon Award, the Common Cause Public Service Achievement Award, the National Conference of Christians and Jews Brotherhood Award, and an award from the Self-Determination for D. C. National Coalition. He served on the [[Common Cause]] President's Council, the National Council of the U.S. United Nations Association, and the Board of Advisors and Speakers Bureau of the Close-Up Foundation. He also served as the board chairman of Fund-Balance, LLC<ref>((cite web|url=http://fund-balance.com/?page_id=212 |title=Our People |publisher=Fund Balance|access-date=2011-11-25))</ref> and the Nexus Holdings Group.

In 2010, Buchanan was inducted into the Alabama Academy of Honor for his congressional contributions to furthering the rights of women and African Americans. After his defeat, Buchanan never returned to Alabama and he lived in [[Bethesda, Maryland]]. He and his wife Betty have two daughters and three granddaughters.((citation needed|date=August 2015))

==Death==
Buchanan died on March 5, 2018, in an assisted living center in [[Rockville, Maryland]], from dementia.<ref>'John H. Buchanan Jr., Alabama GOP congressman who later join liberal lobbying group, dies at 89,' '''The Washington Post,''' Ellie Silverman, March 7, 2018</ref> [[Al Quie]], Republican representative and governor of Minnesota, who served with Buchanan, said of him: "There was a basic goodness, solidness, that didn't take long to recognize and respect."<ref>((cite web|url=https://www.al.com/news/birmingham/2018/03/former_alabama_congressman_ex-.html|title=Former Alabama congressman, Baptist minister dies))</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of members of the House Un-American Activities Committee]]

==References==
((Reflist))

==External links==
*((C-SPAN|5531))

((s-start))
((s-par|us-hs))
((US House succession box
| state=Alabama
| district=6
| before=[[George Huddleston Jr.]]
| after=[[Albert L. Smith Jr.]]
| years=1965–1981))
((s-end))
((USCongRep-start|congresses= 89th–96th [[United States Congress]]es |state=[[Alabama]]))
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((DEFAULTSORT:Buchanan, John Hall Jr.))
[[Category:1928 births]]
[[Category:2018 deaths]]
[[Category:American clergy]]
[[Category:Centrism in the United States]]
[[Category:Samford University alumni]]
[[Category:University of Virginia alumni]]
[[Category:Southern Baptist Theological Seminary alumni]]
[[Category:United States Navy personnel of World War II]]
[[Category:People from Paris, Tennessee]]
[[Category:Politicians from Birmingham, Alabama]]
[[Category:Politicians from Bethesda, Maryland]]
[[Category:Military personnel from Tennessee]]
[[Category:Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Alabama]]
[[Category:People for the American Way people]]
[[Category:Maryland Democrats]]
[[Category:Maryland Republicans]]
[[Category:Deaths from dementia in Maryland]]
[[Category:Religious leaders from Birmingham, Alabama]]
[[Category:Military personnel from Birmingham, Alabama]]
[[Category:American anti-racism activists]]

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