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((Short description|English courtier and inventor, 1560–1612))
((Similar names|John Harrington (disambiguation)))
((EngvarB|date=September 2013))
((Use dmy dates|date=September 2013))
((Infobox person
| name               = Sir John Harington
| image              = Sir John Harington by Hieronimo Custodis.jpg
| caption            = Portrait by [[Hieronimo Custodis]], ((circa| 1590–1593))
| birth_place        = [[Kelston]], [[Somerset]], England
| baptised           = 4 August 1560
| death_date         = ((death date and age|1612|11|20|1560|08|df=y))
| death_place        = Kelston, Somerset, England
| education          = [[Eton College]]
| alma_mater         = [[King's College, Cambridge]]
| occupation         = ((flatlist|
*author
*translator
*inventor
))
| known_for          = Modern flush toilet
| spouse             = Mary Rogers
| father             = [[John Harington (treasurer)|John Harington]]
| mother             = [[Isabella Markham]]
))
'''Sir John Harington''' (4 August 1560 – 20 November 1612), of [[Kelston]], [[Somerset]], England, but born in London, was an English courtier, author and translator popularly known as the inventor of the [[flush toilet]].<ref>Jason Scott-Warren: [http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/12326 "Harington, Sir John (bap. 1560, d. 1612)"], ''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography'' (Oxford University Press, 2004) Retrieved 17 August 2015.</ref> He became prominent at [[Elizabeth I of England|Queen Elizabeth I]]'s court, and was known as her "saucy Godson", but his poetry and other writings caused him to fall in and out of favour with the Queen. He was the author of the description of a flush-toilet forerunner installed in his Kelston house appears in ''A New Discourse of a Stale Subject, called the Metamorphosis of Ajax'' (1596), a political allegory and coded attack on the monarchy, which is nowadays his best-known work.

==Early life and family==
[[File:Marcus Gheeraerts IIs Portrait of Mary Rogers, Lady Harington.jpg|thumb|[[Marcus Gheeraerts the Younger]]'s portrait of (probably) Mary Rogers, Lady Harington<ref name=tate>((Cite web |last=Tate |title='Portrait of Mary Rogers, Lady Harington', Marcus Gheeraerts II, 1592 |url=https://www.tate.org.uk/art/artworks/gheeraerts-portrait-of-mary-rogers-lady-harington-t01872 |access-date=2021-05-07 |website=Tate |language=en-GB))</ref>]]
Harington was born in [[Kelston]], Somerset, England, the son of [[John Harington (treasurer)|John Harington]] of Kelston, a poet, and his second wife [[Isabella Markham]], a [[gentlewoman]] of [[Queen regnant|Queen]] Elizabeth I's [[privy chamber]]. He was honoured as a [[Godparent|godson]] of the childless Elizabeth, one of 102.<ref name=mcdonald>((Cite journal |last1=McDonald |first1=D. |title=Sir John Harington: Queen Elizabeth's Godson |journal=History Today |date=November 1956 |volume=6 |issue=11 |url=http://www.historytoday.com/d-mcdonald/sir-john-harington-queen-elizabeths-godson |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140405015152/http://www.historytoday.com/d-mcdonald/sir-john-harington-queen-elizabeths-godson |archive-date=5 April 2014))</ref>

He was educated at [[Eton College|Eton]] and [[King's College, Cambridge]].<ref>((acad|id=HRNN576J|name=Harington, John))</ref>

Harington married Mary Rogers,<ref name=tate/> daughter of George Rogers of Cannington (son of [[Edward Rogers (comptroller)|Sir Edward Rogers]]) and Jane Winter, on 6 September 1583.

==Courtier under Elizabeth I==
Although he had studied the law, Harington was attracted early in life to the [[royal court]], where his free-spoken attitude and poetry gained Elizabeth's attention. Elizabeth encouraged his writing, but Harington was inclined to overstep the mark in his somewhat [[François Rabelais|Rabelaisian]] and occasionally risqué pieces.<ref>((Cite web |title=The Throne of Sir John Harrington |url=http://www.historic-uk.com/CultureUK/The-Throne-of-Sir-John-Harrington/ |publisher=Historic UK |access-date=9 May 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170216015904/http://www.historic-uk.com/CultureUK/The-Throne-of-Sir-John-Harrington/ |archive-date=16 February 2017))</ref>

His attempt at a translation of [[Ariosto]]'s ''[[Orlando Furioso]]'' caused his banishment from court for some years. Angered by the raciness of his translations, Elizabeth told Harington that he was to leave and not return until he had translated the entire poem. She chose this punishment rather than actually banishing him, but she considered the task so difficult that it was assumed Harington would not bother to comply. Harington, however, chose to follow through with the request and completed the translation in 1591. It received great praise, and is one of the translations still read by English speakers today.<ref>[http://www.historic-uk.com/CultureUK/TheLoo.htm Culture UK&nbsp;– The invention of the indoor closet or the lavatory, toilet or loo as it is known today<!-- Bot generated title -->] ((webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061019002154/http://www.historic-uk.com/CultureUK/TheLoo.htm |date=19 October 2006))</ref>

One of his epigrams is widely quoted:
: Treason doth never prosper? What's the reason?
: for if it prosper, none dare call it treason.<ref>''The most elegant and witty epigrams of Sir Iohn Harrington, Knight digested into foure bookes: three vvhereof neuer before published''(1618), ed. John Budge, http://name.umdl.umich.edu/A02647.0001.001, Book IV, [https://quod.lib.umich.edu/e/eebo/A02647.0001.001/1:7.5?rgn=div2;view=fulltext Epistle 5].</ref>

((anchor|Invention of the modern toilet))Around that time, Harington also devised England's first [[flushing toilet]] – called the Ajax (i.e., a "jakes", then a slang word for toilet). It was installed at his manor in [[Kelston]]. This forerunner to the modern flush toilet had a flush valve to let water out of the tank, and a wash-down design to empty the bowl. What it lacked was an [[Trap (plumbing)|S-bend]] or U-bend to curb noxious smells, which was later invented by [[Alexander Cumming]]. Many toilet manufacturers have had the name ''John'' as part of the company's title,<ref>((Cite web |url=https://www.rutlandwaterworks.com/get-in-touch/news/page:3/story/1/The_History_of_the_Flush_Toilet/. |title=The History of the Flush Toilet))</ref> and there is dispute over whether the current American term "john"<ref>((Cite web |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/john |title=Definition of JOHN))</ref> has any connection with Harington as its inventor.<ref>((Citation |author=Kinghorn, Jonathan |title=A Privvie in Perfection: Sir John Harrington's Water Closet |journal=Bath History |volume=1 |year=1986 |pages=173–188)) ((ISBN|0-86299-294-X)). Kinghorn supervised a reconstruction in 1981, based on an illustrated account by Harington's assistant, Thomas Coombe, in the ''New Discourse''.</ref><ref>((Cite web |title=The Throne of Sir John Harrington |url=http://www.historic-uk.com/CultureUK/The-Throne-of-Sir-John-Harrington/ |publisher=Historic UK |access-date=6 September 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160916121025/http://www.historic-uk.com/CultureUK/The-Throne-of-Sir-John-Harrington/ |archive-date=16 September 2016))</ref><ref>((Cite web |title=Why is a bathroom sometimes called a "john"? |url=http://english.stackexchange.com/questions/41021/why-is-a-bathroom-sometimes-called-a-john |publisher=English Language and Usage |access-date=6 September 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160916120338/http://english.stackexchange.com/questions/41021/why-is-a-bathroom-sometimes-called-a-john |archive-date=16 September 2016))</ref> 

In 1596, Harington, under the pseudonym Misacmos, wrote a book called ''A New Discourse upon a Stale Subject: The Metamorphosis of Ajax'' about his invention.<ref>Kinghorn (1986)</ref><ref>((Cite web |last1=Jørgensen|first1=Dolly |title=The Metamorphosis of Ajax, jakes, and early modern urban sanitation |url=https://www.uta.edu/english/ees/pdf/jorgensen3.pdf |publisher=University of Texas Arlington |access-date=9 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170808201146/https://www.uta.edu/english/ees/pdf/jorgensen3.pdf|archive-date=August 8, 2017))</ref> The book made political allusions to the [[Robert Dudley, 1st Earl of Leicester|Earl of Leicester]], which angered Elizabeth. It was a coded attack on the ''stercus'' or excrement that was poisoning society with torture and state-sponsored "libels" against his relatives Thomas Markham and Ralph Sheldon. After its publication, he was again banished from the court. Elizabeth's mixed feelings for him may have been the only thing that saved Harington from being tried at the [[Star Chamber]].

===Campaigns in Ireland===
In 1599, Elizabeth sent an [[Essex in Ireland|army]], led by [[Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex]], to Ireland during the [[Nine Years War (Ireland)|Nine Years War]] (1594–1603), to subdue a major rebellion by the Gaelic chieftains, led by [[Hugh O'Neill, Earl of Tyrone]]. After her strong recommendation that Essex include him in his army, Harington was put in command of horsemen under [[Henry Wriothesley, 3rd Earl of Southampton]]. Harington's legacy from this campaign was his letters and journal, which served to give Elizabeth good intelligence about the progress of the campaign and its politics. Harington wrote: "I have informed myself reasonably well of the whole state of the country, by observation and conference: so I count the knowledge I have gotten here worth more than half the three hundred pounds this journey hath cost me." During the campaign, Essex conferred a [[knighthood]] on Harington for his services.<ref name=mcdonald/> Essex fell into disfavour with Elizabeth for concluding the campaign by making a truce with Tyrone, which amounted to a virtual capitulation to the Irish rebels – she snapped at Essex: "if I had meant to abandon Ireland, it had been superfluous to send you there" – and for the large number of knighthoods he awarded.<ref>((Cite book |last1=Kane |first1=Brendan |last2=McGowan-Doyle |first2=Valerie|title=Elizabeth I and Ireland |date=2014 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9781316194683 |page=185 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OJMZBQAAQBAJ&q=John+Harington+knighthood+Essex&pg=PA185))</ref>

Harington, present at the truce negotiations, accompanied Essex back to court to account to Elizabeth, but met with royal wrath: "Tell my witty godson to get him home ... it is no season to fool it here!" However, his wit and charm soon secured forgiveness: despite his closeness to Essex, he survived his downfall with his own reputation more or less unsullied. During what proved to be the Queen's last Christmas, he tried to lighten her mounting moods of melancholy by reading from his comic verses. Elizabeth thanked him, but said sadly, "When thou dost feel creeping time at thy gate, these fooleries will please thee less – I am past my relish for such matters".<ref>((Cite book |last1=Schmidgall |first1=Gary |title=Shakespeare and the Poet's Life |date=2015 |publisher=University Press of Kentucky |isbn=9780813157252 |page=95 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w7seBgAAQBAJ&q=John+Harington+When+thou+dost+feel+creeping+time+at+thy+gate%2C+these+fooleries+shall+please+thee+less+%E2%80%93+I+am+past+relish+for+such+matters&pg=PA95))</ref>

==Courtier under James I==
After the Queen's death, Harington's fortunes faltered at the court of the new King, [[James I of England|James I]]. He had stood surety for his cousin Sir [[Griffin Markham]]'s debts of £4000, when Markham had become involved in the [[Bye Plot|Bye]] and [[Main Plot]]s. Not able to meet his cousin's debts without selling his own lands, and unwilling to languish in gaol, he escaped from custody in October 1603. However, James I had already recognised his loyalty and granted him the properties forfeited on Markham's exile.<ref>((Cite web |title=Sir John Harington |date=27 April 2016|url=http://www.historynaked.com/sir-john-harington/|publisher=Just History |access-date=9 May 2017))</ref>

He claimed to be unhappy at James's Court, owing specifically to the heavy drinking by both sexes, but in fact, he seems to have derived amusement from the antics of the courtiers. He left a description of a disastrous attempt by [[Sir Robert Cecil]] to stage a [[The Entertainment of the Kings of Great Britain and Denmark|masque at Theobalds]] in honour of a visit by the King's brother-in-law, [[Christian IV of Denmark]] in 1606, when some of the players were too drunk to stand up: "The entertainment and show went forward, and most of the presenters went backward, or fell down, wine did so occupy their upper chambers."<ref>((Cite book |last1=Nichols |first1=John |title=The Progresses, Processions, and Magnificent Festivities, of King James the First, His Royal Consort, Family, and Court |date=1828 |publisher=Nichols/AMS Press |page=73 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aLUvAQAAMAAJ&q=John+Harington+the+entertainment+and+show+went+forward%2C+and+most+of+the+presenters+went+backward&pg=PA73))</ref>

Towards the end of his life, Harington tutored [[Henry Frederick, Prince of Wales]]. He annotated for him a copy of [[Francis Godwin]]'s ''De praesulibus Angliae'' (Of the rulers of England). Harington's grandson, John Chetwind published these annotations in 1653 under the title ''A Briefe View of the State of the Church''. While tutoring the Prince, Harington also translated from Italian to English verse ''[[Regimen sanitatis Salernitanum]]'' (Health regimen of the School of Salernum), a medieval collection of health tips. The translation was published in 1607 in London.<ref>((Cite web |url=http://www.godecookery.com/regimen/regimen.htm |title=A Salernitan Regimen of Health |publisher=Gode Cookery |access-date=25 January 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130115194121/http://www.godecookery.com/regimen/regimen.htm |archive-date=15 January 2013))</ref>

Harington fell ill in May 1612 and died on 20 November 1612 at the age of 52, soon after Henry Frederick, who had died on 6 November. He was buried in Kelston.<ref name=odnb>((Cite ODNB |url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/12326?docPos=4 |access-date=16 April 2012 |title=Harington, Sir John |author=Scott-Warren, Jason|year=2004 |doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/12326 ))</ref>

==In popular culture==
In the television series ''[[South Park]]'', Harington appears as a ghost in the episode "[[Reverse Cowgirl (South Park)|Reverse Cowgirl]]". He explains how to use his invention, the toilet, properly.<ref>((Cite web |url=http://ign.com/articles/2012/03/15/south-park-reverse-cowgirl-review |title=South Park: "Reverse Cowgirl" Review |publisher=[[IGN]] |first=Max |last=Nicholson |date=2012-03-15 |access-date=2017-06-06))</ref>

In the TV series ''[[Sir Francis Drake (TV series)|Sir Francis Drake]]'', Harington is played by [[Michael Anderson Jr.]] and is the titular character in the episode "Boy Jack", where he has an adventure in Portugal with [[Sir Francis Drake]].

==References==
((Reflist|30em))

==Sources==
*((Cite book |author=Grimble, Ian |title=The Harington Family |url=https://archive.org/details/haringtonfamily00grim |publisher=Jonathon Cape, London |year=1957 ))
*((Cite book |author=Kilroy, Gerard |title=Edmund Campion: Memory and Transcription, 2005 |url=http://www.brlsi.org/proceed04/belief200312.htm |access-date=28 December 2005 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928154550/http://www.brlsi.org/proceed04/belief200312.htm |archive-date=28 September 2011 |url-status=dead))
*((Cite journal |author=Kinghorn, Jonathan |title=A Privvie in Perfection: Sir John Harrington's Water Closet |journal=Bath History |volume=1 |year=1986 |pages=173–188)) ((ISBN|0-86299-294-X))
*Thomas Park, ed., ''Nugae Antiquae by Sir John Harington, Knt'', 3 vols, London (1804)
*((Citation |last=Scott-Warren |first=Jason |contribution=Harington, Sir John (bap. 1560, d. 1612) |title=Oxford Dictionary of National Biography |publisher=Oxford University Press |place=Oxford |year= 2004–2007 |contribution-url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/12326))

==External links==
((Wikiquote|2=John Harington))
((EB1911 poster|Harington, Sir John))
*((Librivox author|id=7010))
*((OL author))
*((Internet Archive author|sname=John Harington|birth=1560|death=1612))
* [https://www.exclassics.com/ajax/ajaxintr.htm The Metamorphosis of Ajax] and [https://www.exclassics.com/nugae/nugaeintro.htm Nugaue Antiquae] at the Ex-Classics Web Site; Readable online or can be downloaded in different formats.
*[https://archive.org/details/McGillLibrary-osl_metamorphosis-ajax_h2815m1814-19673 ''The Metamorphosis of Ajax''] (1814)
((Authority control))

((DEFAULTSORT:Harington, John 1560))
[[Category:1560 births]]
[[Category:1612 deaths]]
[[Category:16th-century English male writers]]
[[Category:17th-century English male writers]]
[[Category:16th-century English translators]]
[[Category:17th-century English translators]]
[[Category:16th-century inventors]]
[[Category:Alumni of King's College, Cambridge]]
[[Category:English courtiers]]
[[Category:English inventors]]
[[Category:English knights]]
[[Category:Harington family|John 1560]]
[[Category:People educated at Eton College]]
[[Category:People from Bath and North East Somerset]]
[[Category:People of Elizabethan Ireland]]
[[Category:Court of Elizabeth I]]
[[Category:Italian–English translators]]

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