John Harvard | |
|---|---|
 The John Harvard statue, by Daniel Chester French (1884) | |
| Born | 29 November 1607 (baptised)[1] |
| Died | 14 September 1638 (aged 30) |
| Cause of death | Tuberculosis |
| Alma mater | Emmanuel College, Cambridge (BA, MA) |
| Occupation | Pastor |
| Known for | A founder of Harvard College |
| Spouse | Ann Sadler |
| Children | None |
| Signature | |
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John Harvard (1607–1638) was an English dissenting minister in colonial New England whose deathbed[2] bequest to the "schoale or colledge" founded two years earlier by the Massachusetts Bay Colony was so gratefully received that it was consequently ordered "that the Colledge agreed upon formerly to be built at Cambridge shalbee called Harvard Colledge."[3] John Harvard was born in Southwark, England. A graduate of Emmanuel College of the University of Cambridge, he emigrated to New England in 1637. Harvard University considers him the most honored of its founders—those whose efforts and contributions in its early days "ensure[d] its permanence"—and a statue in his honor is a prominent feature of Harvard Yard.
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Harvard was born and raised in Southwark, Surrey, England, (now part of London), the fourth of nine children of Robert Harvard (1562–1625), a butcher and tavern owner, and his wife Katherine Rogers (1584–1635), a native of Stratford-upon-Avon. Her father, Thomas Rogers (1540–1611), served on the borough corporation's council with John Shakespeare.[citation needed] Harvard was baptised in St Saviour's Church (now Southwark Cathedral)[4] and attended St Saviour's Grammar School, where his father was a member of the governing body and a warden of the parish church. His grandparents' house in Stratford-upon-Avon, largely rebuilt after a fire of 1595, survives as 'Harvard House'.[5]
In 1625, bubonic plague reduced the immediate family to only John, his brother Thomas, and Katherine. Katherine was soon remarried—firstly in 1626 to John Elletson (1580–1626), who died within a few months, then (1627) to Richard Yearwood (1580–1632). She died in 1635, Thomas in 1637.
Left with some property, Harvard's mother was able to send him to the University of Cambridge,[6] He was admitted as a pensioner to Emmanuel College, Cambridge, on 19 December 1627; he was awarded his B.A. in 1632 and M.A. in 1635.[7] He subsequently ministered in the church at Charlestown, Massachusetts, though it is not known whether he was ever episcopally ordained.[8]
On 19 April of either 1636 or 1637, Harvard married Ann Sadler (1614–55) of Patcham in East Sussex, sister of his college contemporary John Sadler, at St Michael the Archangel Church, in the parish of South Malling, Lewes.[9][10]
In the spring or summer of 1637, the couple emigrated to the New England Colonies, where Harvard became a freeman of Massachusetts[6] and, settling in Charlestown, a teaching elder of the First Church there[11] and an assistant preacher.[8] In 1638, a tract of land was deeded[clarification needed] to him there, and he was appointed that same year to a committee "to consider of some things tending toward a body of laws."[6][clarification needed]
He built his house on Country Road (later Market Street and now Main Street), next to Gravel Lane, a site that is now John Harvard Mall. His orchard extended up the hill behind his house.[12]
Two years before Harvard's death the Great and General Court of the Massachusetts Bay Colony—desiring to "advance learning and perpetuate it to posterity: dreading to leave an illiterate ministry to the churches, when our present ministers shall lie in the dust"—appropriated £400 toward a "schoale or colledge"[3] at what was then called Newtowne.[13] In an oral will spoken to his wife[14] the childless Harvard, who had inherited considerable sums from his father, mother, and brother,[15] bequeathed to the school £780—half of his monetary estate (equivalent to £128,807.65 today) —with the remainder to his wife.[4] This bequest was roughly equal to the Massachusetts Bay Colony's annual tax receipts.[16]
Perhaps more importantly[17] he also gave his scholar's library comprising some 329 titles (totaling 400 volumes, some titles being multivolume works).[18]: 192 In gratitude, it was subsequently ordered "that the Colledge agreed upon formerly to bee built at Cambridg shalbee called Harvard Colledge." [3] (Even before Harvard's death, Newtowne had been renamed[3] Cambridge, after the English university attended by many early colonists, including Harvard himself.)[19]
On 14 September 1638, Harvard died of tuberculosis and was buried at Charlestown's Phipps Street Burying Ground. In 1828, Harvard University alumni erected a granite monument to his memory there,[6][20] his original stone having disappeared during the American Revolution.[11]
Harvard's widow, Ann, is thought to have married Thomas Allen, his successor as the teacher of the Charlestown church. Allen acted as administrator in the execution of Harvard's estate and paid his bequests.[21]
The Harvard College undergraduate newspaper, The Harvard Crimson,[22] as well as what Harvard Magazine calls "smartass" tour guides,[23][24] commonly assert that John Harvard does not merit the honorific founder, because the Colony's vote creating the institution occurred two years prior to Harvard's bequest. But as detailed in a 1934 letter by Jerome Davis Greene, Secretary of the Harvard Corporation, the founding of Harvard College was not the act of one but the work of many; John Harvard is therefore considered not the founder, but rather a founder,[25][26] of the school—though the timeliness and generosity of his contribution have made him the most honored of these:
The quibble over the question whether John Harvard was entitled to be called the Founder of Harvard College seems to me one of the least profitable. The destruction of myths is a legitimate sport, but its only justification is the establishment of truth in place of error.
If the founding of a university must be dated to a split second of time, then the founding of Harvard should perhaps be fixed by the fall of the president's gavel in announcing the passage of the vote of 28 October, 1636. But if the founding is to be regarded as a process rather than as a single event [then John Harvard, by virtue of his bequest "at the very threshold of the College's existence and going further than any other contribution made up to that time to ensure its permanence"] is clearly entitled to be considered a founder. The General Court ... acknowledged the fact by bestowing his name on the College. This was almost two years before the first President took office and four years before the first students were graduated.
These are all familiar facts and it is well that they should be understood by the sons of Harvard. There is no myth to be destroyed.[27]
A statue in Harvard's honor—not, however, a 'likeness' of him, there being nothing to indicate what he had looked like[8]—is a prominent feature of Harvard Yard (see John Harvard statue) and was featured on a 1986 stamp, part of the United States Postal Service's Great Americans series.[28] A figure representing him also appears in a stained-glass window in the chapel of Emmanuel College, Cambridge.[8][6]
The John Harvard Library in Southwark, London, is named in Harvard's honor, as is the Harvard Bridge that connects Boston to Cambridge.[29]
In Southwark Cathedral, the Harvard Chapel in the north transept was rebuilt with donations from Harvard graduates and dedicated in 1907. The stained-glass window was designed by the American artist, John La Farge and given by the US Ambassador, Joseph Choate.[30]
