John Henry Devereux (John Henry Delorey)
ca. 1902
Born	(1840-07-26)26 July 1840 County Wexford, Ireland
Died	16 March 1920(1920-03-16) (aged 79)[1] Charleston County, South Carolina, United States St. Lawrence Cemetery[1] 32°48'53"N 79°56'37"W
Occupation	Architect
Practice	postbellum Civil War Charleston architecture
Buildings	United States Post Office and Courthouse (Charleston, SC) St. Matthew's German Evangelical Lutheran Church
Projects	Stella Maris Church Stevens-Lathers House Devereux Mansion
Design	Second Empire architecture

John Henry Devereux (26 July 1840 – 16 March 1920), also called John Delorey before 1860,^[2][A] was an American architect and builder best known for his designs in Charleston, South Carolina. According to the National Park Service, he was the "most prolific architect of the post-Civil War era" in the Charleston area.^[3] His works are listed on the U.S. National Register of Historic Places. His Charleston Post Office and Courthouse has been designated as a U.S. National Historic Landmark.

In his career, Devereux also designed a theatre, a synagogue, a Masonic hall, and Catholic, African Methodist Episcopal (AME) church, and Lutheran churches. One of the latter was the tallest building in South Carolina for over a hundred years. He blended and mixed architectural influences and styles.

Early life and family

Devereux was born on 26 July 1840 into a Catholic family in County Wexford, Ireland. His parents were Nicholas and Dorothy Delorey (as they were recorded in the United States.) In 1843, when he was three years old, his family immigrated to the United States. They settled in Charleston, South Carolina.^[4] He had an older brother James and a younger brother Nicholas, Jr. born after his family was in Charleston. In the 1860 census, all three sons were still living at home: James, 22, Devereux, 20, and Nicholas, Jr., 16.^[2]

In 1863 Devereux married Agatha Eulalie Brandt, an immigrant from France.^[4] The 1870 Census shows Dorothy Devereux (John's mother), age 70, living with the young couple in Charleston. The household included their son John H. D. Devereux, 5, and daughter Eulalie, 3 years old. She was born in 1867, the same year that Devereux's wife died.^[5]

In the 1880 census, Devereux was listed as widowed. His widowed mother Dorothy "Dolly" continued to live in his household. He was listed as a "Builder".^[6]

The 1900 Census of Moultrieville, Charleston, South Carolina, shows him as divorced, which may have been an error.^[7] The 1880 and 1910 Censuses recorded him as widowed.^[6] Devereux's death certificate also said that he was a widower.^[1]

Career

An immigrant from Ireland as a young child, Devereux grew up in Charleston. He started work as a plasterer.^[8] After studying architecture under Edward C. Jones,^[3][8] a well-known Charleston architect and builder,^[4] Devereux became a noted architect of South Carolina's Lowcountry public buildings and churches.^[8][9]

He designed and built St. Matthew's German Evangelical Lutheran Church in the period 1867–1872.^[4] As a bonus, the church gave him a sterling silver tea set.^[4] At 255 feet, St. Matthews was the tallest building in South Carolina until 1973.

Much of Devereux's work in Charleston is proximate to the corner of Meeting and Broad streets, an area locally known as the "Four Corners of Law." The federal post office and courthouse, which he designed, exemplifies the importance of federal influence. Church and local government are additional components of the metaphor.^[8][10] During British colonial rule, the future US courthouse site was the location of the gallows for public executions.

In 1885, Devereux was appointed as Superintendent of Construction and Repairs of the U.S. Treasury Department, which handled public buildings. While in that position, he designed the U.S. Post Office and Courthouse in Charleston. His choice of Second Renaissance Revival architecture expressed the nobility popularly "associated with public architecture" during that epoch.^[8] Congress authorized funds in 1887 for construction of the Post Office and Courthouse building. Devereux, as the architect, started the design in 1890 and finished construction of the building in 1896.^[8] The building was a lengthy project, completed in 1896 and costing $500,000.^[8]

Military

During the American Civil War, Devereux was commissioned as a captain in the Confederate Army in 1864; he was taken prisoner on 25 February 1865. He was imprisoned in Fortress Monroe, Virginia in Casement no. 6. He was paroled 10 May 1865, a month after General Robert E. Lee's surrender at Appomattox Court House.

Death

According to his death certificate, "Colonel" Devereux died from general arteriosclerosis with a contributing preexisting factor of "paralysis from Cerebral hemorrhage".^[1] He was buried in Devereux Chapel in Charleston's Saint Lawrence Cemetery. This building was razed. A large sarcophagus with Devereux's name stands at the former site of the chapel.

Selected architectural works

The National Park Service has recognized Devereux as Charleston's "most prolific architect of the post-Civil War era."^[3] A partial listing follows:

Charleston, South Carolina – United States Post Office and Courthouse

This Charleston building was completed by Devereux in 1896. The building was individually listed in the National Register of Historic Places in 1974, and is also within the boundaries of the National Register and National Historic Landmark Charleston Historic District. Today, the building continues to operate as a post office and courthouse.^[8]

Emanuel African Methodist Episcopal Church

Devereux designed the large, Gothic church for its black congregation; it was erected starting in spring 1891 and completed in 1892. The AME Church was the first independent black congregation in the United States, founded in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. After the Civil War, its missionaries planted many new congregations in the South, including in Charleston. ^[11]

St Matthew's German Evangelical Lutheran Church

Responding to the needs of a growing ethnic German community after a new wave of immigration following the 1848 revolutions, the German Lutherans purchased land on King Street on which to build a new church in 1867–72. They selected Devereux as the architect.^[12] Devereux chose a Gothic Revival design.

The original facade was stucco, scored to resemble stonework and painted in different colors, using paint that was mixed with sand, simulating the look of stonework using different colors of stone. This "polychrome" effect reflected a motif for church architecture popularized at the time in The Stones of Venice by John Ruskin.^[3] As originally conceived, the black and white Ablaq facade was striking, although it has since been covered over.^[13]

The church's steeple is the tallest in South Carolina, and for 101 years (until 1973) the church was the state's tallest building. Its height was not surpassed until 1973, when the Tower at 1301 Gervais was built.^{[14][15][16][17][18]}

In the cyclone of 1885, the steeple fell. Its wrought iron spiral and finial built by Christopher Werner was destroyed, and not replaced due to cost. A fire in 1965 caused the steeple to topple; it fell to the ground, impaling the spire eighteen feet deep, where it remains embedded to this day. The church's stained glass was not affected. The church was restored after the fire.^[12]

Stella Maris Church

Devereux designed the Stella Maris Church and supervised its construction on Sullivan's Island in Charleston.^[19][20][21]

20 South Battery (aka the Stevens-Lathers House or Battery Carriage House Inn)

This house was originally built in 1843 for Samuel S. Stevens. Devereux was hired after the Civil War by its next owner, Colonel Richard Lathers, a Southerner who fought for the Union Army.^[22] He wanted the house at 20 South Battery^[9] to be remodeled in the popular Second Empire style. Devereux also added a library, with a mansard roof.

He constructed a "ballroom", which Lathers used as a conference room, for meetings with his wealthy Yankee connections. His associations were unpopular and the townspeople forced him out of Charleston. According to the current owner, who operates the house as a bed and breakfast: "Charlestonians eventually told Lathers he was unwelcome so he took his Yankee blood money with him and left."^[23][24]

Lathers used his conference room to meet with such notables as New York Governor and Presidential Candidates John H. Seymour and William Cullen Bryant, seeking sectional reconciliation. "[A]fter attempting for four years to restore good will between men of the North and the South, Lathers sold the house and returned to New York."^[25] In New York, Lathers was a patron of architect Alexander Jackson Davis, who created "Lathers' Hill" and associated gothic cottages for him.^[B]

24 South Battery c.1790?

The western half of this 18th-century double tenement (the eastern half was demolished) was remodeled in 1870 for George S. Cook, the noted photographer — he has been called "the Southern Mathew Brady". Devereux was the architect.^[23][26]

225–227 King St. — Academy of Music/Riviera Theatre

In 1830 on this site was Kerrison's Department Store (see List of defunct department stores of the United States), which was reputed to be "the South's oldest department store still in operation." When the store was destroyed in the great fire of 1838, it was rebuilt by Kerrison. In 1852 it was purchased by Browning & Leman, dry goods merchants, and a new store was designed by Charleston architect Edward C. Jones.

In 1869, architect John Henry Devereux remodeled the building, which became known as the Academy of Music. The theatre opened on 1 December 1869 with a 1200-seat capacity, and it would often have sold-out houses.^[27] The acoustics were first rate. It had a "Sun burner" gas-light chandelier illumination system, set in a faux "starlit sky" ceiling, and a proscenium arch "supported by gilded columns and moldings."^[27] For seven decades it was "one of America's best known theatres . . . patterned after European opera houses" with excellent acoustics. Performers included Oscar Wilde,^[28] Sarah Bernhardt, Fanny Brice, Billie Burke, Eddie Foy, Lily Langtry, Lillian Russell, John Philip Sousa and his band, the Ziegfeld Follies^[27] and others of similar international acclaim. Important movies opened there.^[27] The building's aura faded, and it was demolished and replaced by a new building.^{[27][29][30][31]}

In 1939 the Academy of Music was replaced by an Art Deco building called the Riviera Theatre.^[32][C] Architect Charles C. Benton described his new design as "classic modern."^[33] It operated until 1977.^[D]

249 King St.

In 1875, Susan Wood contracted for a three-story brick building designed and built by Devereux, replacing an earlier structure destroyed by fire that year. Although the Italianate facade was remodeled early in the 20th century, its architectural integrity remains. In order, it housed a dry goods merchant, J.R. Read & Co., and then a studio and residence of George Bernard.^[31][34]

270 King Street — Masonic Temple

In order to undertake this contract to build a Masonic Temple and defuse any criticism that it was designed by someone not a Mason, Devereux, who was a Roman Catholic, took the Entered Apprentice Degree of Masonry. He fashioned his design in the Tudor Gothic style,^[12] and it was constructed of brick and stucco.^[35] Though remodeled several times, its original 1872 beauty persists to a degree.^[31][36][37] In a 1984 renovation, the "Gothic-arched storefronts were restored."^[38] See pic at Flickr.

134 Broad Street — John Klinck House

Designed for wealthy Charleston grocery store owner John Klinch, the house was constructed in 1872. It is a combination of Gothic Revival and Italianate stylings, an upright-and-wing structure with a prominent two-story porch across the wing.^[39]

152 Broad St. c.1885

John Henry Devereux was the architect for William M. Bird, who was a partner with H.F. Welch. Their company was William M. Bird & Co., "wholesale dealers in paints, oils, glass, naval stores and ship chandlery." Bird never resided there, and in 1889 sold it to Otto Tiedeman, a wholesale grocer. Architectural detail mimicks features on the house at 24 South Battery. "Similarities include the prominent two tiered bay window, window treatment, piazza collonettes and railings, and other decorations. The house is faced with novelty siding typical of the period and the foundation is of Stoney Landing brick, made locally in the 1880s."^[40]

68 St. Philip St. — Brith Sholom Synagogue

The Orthodox Jewish congregation had its synagogue there in 1874–75. Abrahams & Seyle, architects designed the Classic Revival building, and Devereux was both an architect and contractor. In 1955–56. the building's interior was reconstructed inside the Brith Sholom Beth Israel Synagogue at 182 Rutledge Ave.^[41][42] See History of the Jews in Charleston, South Carolina.

50 St. Philip St. — Charleston Female Seminary

What is a now a parking lot includes the site of the Charleston Female Seminary, which was founded by Henrietta Aiken Kelley in 1870. "Miss Kelley's School", as it was called, was one of the South's leading girls' schools. Constructed in 1871, Devereux used "mixed Roman" or Italianate architecture, and "an arcaded and pedimented facade."^[41][43][44]

1914 Middle Street, Sullivan's Island — Devereux Mansion

Devereux's personal mansion, built by himself in 1875, was expansive and opulent. The elaborate gate house and massive main "once dwarfed all others on the island".^[45] Devereux took up residence in Charleston and spent his summers on Sullivan's Island.^[4] His mansion gateway had whale's jawbones,^[E] and the garden contained a ship's wooden figurehead of a lady.^[4] All that remains today is the Gatehouse that was restored in 2005 under the direction of C. Jennings Smith of Sullivan's Island, SC

Camden, South Carolina – Opera House

This building was designed by Devereux in 1885.^[46][47]

Blackville, South Carolina - St. Matthew's

The plans for St. Matthew's were drawn in 1884.^[48]