Johnnie Ray
Ray c. 1952
Background information
Birth name	John Alvin Ray
Born	(1927-01-10)January 10, 1927 Dallas, Oregon, U.S.
Died	February 24, 1990(1990-02-24) (aged 63) Los Angeles, California, U.S.
Genres	Jazz blues rock and roll traditional pop
Occupation(s)	Singer songwriter pianist
Instrument(s)	Vocals piano
Years active	1942–1989
Labels	Okeh Columbia

John Alvin Ray (January 10, 1927 – February 24, 1990) was an American singer, songwriter, and pianist. Highly popular for most of the 1950s, Ray has been cited by critics as a major precursor to what became rock and roll, for his jazz and blues-influenced music, and his animated stage personality.^[1] Tony Bennett called Ray the "father of rock and roll",^[2] and historians have noted him as a pioneering figure in the development of the genre.^[3]

Born and raised in Dallas, Oregon, Ray, who was partially deaf, began singing professionally at age 15 on Portland radio stations. He gained a local following singing at small, predominantly African-American nightclubs in Detroit, where he was discovered in 1949 and subsequently signed to Okeh Records, a subsidiary of Columbia Records. He rose quickly from obscurity in the United States with the release of his debut album Johnnie Ray (1952), as well as with a 78 rpm single, both of whose sides reached the Billboard magazine's Top Hot 100 chart, "Cry" and "The Little White Cloud That Cried".^[4]

In 1954, Ray made his first film, There's No Business Like Show Business as part of an ensemble cast that included Ethel Merman and Marilyn Monroe. His career in the music business in his native United States began to decline in 1957, and his American record label dropped him in 1960.^[5] He never regained a strong following there and rarely appeared on American television after 1973.^[6] His fanbases in the United Kingdom and Australia, however, remained strong until his death in 1990 of complications from liver failure.^[7]

British Hit Singles & Albums noted that Ray was "a sensation in the 1950s; the heart-wrenching vocal delivery of 'Cry' ... influenced many acts including Elvis, and was the prime target for teen hysteria in the pre-Presley days."^[8] Ray's dramatic stage performances and melancholic songs have been credited by music historians as precursory to later performers ranging from Leonard Cohen to Morrissey.^[9]

Early life

Johnnie Ray was born on January 10, 1927, in Dallas, Oregon, to Hazel (née Simkins) and Elmer Ray.^[10] Along with older sister Elma, Ray spent part of his childhood on a farm and attended grade school in Dallas. Ray began playing the piano at age three, and beginning at age 12 sang in the local church choir.^[11] After the United States entered World War II, the family moved to Portland, Oregon, where Ray attended Franklin High School.^[12]

At age 13, Ray became deaf in his left ear following a mishap that occurred during a Boy Scout ritual called a "blanket toss". In later years, Ray performed wearing a hearing aid. Surgery performed in 1958 left him almost completely deaf in both ears, although hearing aids helped his condition. Ray credited his deafness as pivotal to his career and performance style, saying, "My need for sincerity traces back to when I was a child and lost my hearing. I became withdrawn. I had an emotional need to develop a relationship to other people."^[7] After graduating from high school, Ray worked as a soda jerk, a bus boy, and a mill worker in Salem.^[13] In the interim, he did jobs playing piano at clubs in Salem and Portland.^[13]

Career

Early career and success

Inspired by rhythm singers like Kay Starr, LaVern Baker, and Ivory Joe Hunter, Ray developed a unique rhythm-based singing style described as alternating between pre-rock rhythm and blues and a more conventional classic pop approach.^[1] He began singing professionally on a Portland, Oregon, radio station at age 15,^[14] sharing billing with Jane Powell, then a local young singer.^[13]

He later performed in comedy shows and theatrical productions in Seattle, Washington^[11] before relocating to Detroit, Michigan. In Detroit, Ray regularly performed at the Flame Show Bar Talent Club, an African-American nightclub, where he developed a local following.^[7] While performing at the Flame, Ray attracted the attention of song plugger Bernie Lang, who saw him perform with local DJ Robin Seymour of WKMH. Lang went to New York to sell the singer to Danny Kessler of the Okeh Records label. Kessler came over from New York, and he, Lang, and Seymour went to the Flame. According to Seymour, Kessler's reaction was, "Well, I don't know. This kid looks well on the stand, but he will never go on records."

It was Seymour and Lowell Worley of the local office of Columbia Records who persuaded Kessler to have a test record made of Ray. Worley arranged for a record to be cut at United Sound Studios in Detroit. Seymour told reporter Dick Osgood that there was a verbal agreement that he would be cut in on the three-way deal in the management of Ray. However, the deal mysteriously evaporated, and so did Seymour's friendship with Kessler.^[15]

Ray's first record for the race label Okeh, the self-penned R&B number "Whiskey and Gin", was a minor hit in 1951. When executives at Okeh's parent Columbia Records realized that the Caucasian Ray had developed a fan base of Caucasian listeners, he was moved over to the Columbia label.^[16] In 1952, he dominated the American popular music charts with the double-sided hit single of "Cry" and "The Little White Cloud That Cried".^[10] Selling over two million copies of the 78 rpm single,^[17] Ray's delivery struck a chord with teenagers and he quickly became a teen idol.^[18]

The live television broadcast of Toast of the Town on January 6, 1952, included the first of his several appearances on the widely-seen program that officially changed its title in 1955 to The Ed Sullivan Show.^[19]

Ray's performing style included theatrics later associated with rock and roll, including tearing at his hair, falling to the floor, and crying on stage.^[7] Ray quickly earned the nicknames "Mr. Emotion", "The Nabob of Sob", "The Prince of Wails",^[10] and several others.^[20] One source states that Ray "opened the way for Elvis and the overt sexual energy of rock and roll ... [and] is credited by the Beatles, Bob Dylan, and Elton John as being a formative influence on their artistic styles".^[21] As well, Ray's manager said that Elvis Presley often watched Johnnie's concerts.^[22]

20th Century Fox executives included him in the ensemble cast of the film There's No Business Like Show Business (1954) alongside Ethel Merman as his mother, Dan Dailey as his father, Donald O'Connor as his brother, Mitzi Gaynor as his sister, and Marilyn Monroe as his sister-in-law. His second and final film role was a cameo as a police officer in Rogue's Gallery, which was intended for release to cinemas in 1968 but was withdrawn. It wasn't seen publicly until NBC telecast it in 1972,^[23] and it never was distributed to theaters. In the 1980s when Ray was asked why he never had made another widely seen film after There's No Business Like Show Business, he replied, "I was never asked."^[6]

In the 1950s, after both sides of the single "Cry"/"The Little White Cloud That Cried" ran their course, more hit songs followed. They included "Please, Mr. Sun", "Such a Night", "Walkin' My Baby Back Home", "A Sinner Am I", and "Yes, Tonight Josephine". He scored a number-one hit in the United Kingdom with "Just Walkin' in the Rain" (which he initially disliked)^[10] during the Christmas season in 1956. He hit again in 1957 with "You Don't Owe Me a Thing", which reached number 10 on the Billboard charts in the United States. Though his American popularity was declining in 1957, he remained popular in the United Kingdom, breaking the attendance record at the London Palladium formerly set by fellow Columbia Records artist Frankie Laine. In later years, he retained a loyal fan base overseas, particularly in Australia.^[24]

Later career

Ray had a close relationship with journalist and television game show panelist Dorothy Kilgallen. They became acquainted soon after his sudden rise to stardom in the United States. They remained close as his American career declined.

Two months before Kilgallen's death in 1965, her newspaper column plugged Ray's engagements at the Latin Quarter in New York and the Tropicana Resort & Casino in Las Vegas, Nevada.^[25] He began his gig at the Latin Quarter immediately after an eight-month vacation in Spain, during which he and new manager Bill Franklin had extricated themselves from contracts with Bernie Lang, who had managed Ray from 1951 to 1963.^[6] Ray and Franklin believed that a dishonest Lang had been responsible for the end of Ray's stardom in the United States and for large debts that he owed the Internal Revenue Service.^[6]

In 1969, Ray headlined a European concert tour with Judy Garland.^[26] He served as the best man at her wedding to her last husband, nightclub manager Mickey Deans, in London on March 15, 1969.^[27] Denmark and Sweden were among the countries where Ray and Garland performed together; they played in Stockholm on March 19.^[26]

In the early 1970s, Ray's American career revived to a limited extent, as he had not released a record album or single in over a decade. He made network television appearances on The Andy Williams Show in 1970, and The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson three times during 1972 and 1973. His personal manager, Bill Franklin, resigned in 1976 and cut off contact with the singer a few years later. His American revival turned out to be short-lived, as his career had already begun to decline as the 1980s approached.^[28]

In 1981 Ray hired Alan Eichler as his manager and resumed performing with an instrumental trio rather than with the large orchestras to which he and his audiences had been accustomed for the first 25 years of his career. When Ray and the trio performed at a New York club called Marty's on Third Avenue and East 73rd Street in 1981,^[29] The New York Times stated, "The fact that Mr. Ray, in the years since his first blush of success, has been seen and heard so infrequently in the United States is somewhat ironic because it was his rhythm and blues style of singing that help[ed] lay the groundwork for the rock-and-roll that turned Mr. Ray's entertainment world around. Recently, Ringo Starr of the Beatles pointed out that the three singers that the Beatles listened to in their fledgling days were Chuck Berry, Little Richard and Johnnie Ray."^[29]

In 1986, Ray appeared as a Los Angeles taxicab driver^[30] in Billy Idol's "Don't Need a Gun" video, and is name-checked in the lyrics of the song.^[31] During this time period, Ray was generally playing small venues in the United States such as Citrus College in Los Angeles County, California.^[32] He performed there in 1987 "with a big-band group," according to a Los Angeles Times profile of him during that year.^[32] Other 1980s appearances included the Dunes Hotel in Las Vegas, Resorts International in Atlantic City,^[33] and the Vine St. Bar and Grill in Hollywood, where his show was broadcast live by KKJZ ("K-Jazz") radio. In February 1987, a high-school gym in Alexandria, Louisiana^[34] was the venue for a Big Band Gala of Stars that included short sets by Ray, Barbara McNair,^[34] and other aging singers.

In 1986, Ray and sitcom actress Marla Gibbs were among the notables who helped dedicate Billie Holiday's star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.^[35]

While Ray's popularity continued to wane in the United States throughout the 1980s, Australian, English and Scottish promoters booked him for large venues as late as 1989, his last year of performing.^[36]

Musical influences

Ray was significantly influenced by gospel music^[37] and numerous African American singers, specifically Billie Holiday,^[13] Little Miss Cornshucks and LaVern Baker, as well as Judy Garland and Kay Starr.^[38]

Personal life

Relationships and sexuality

In 1951, before Ray became well known, he was arrested in Detroit, Michigan, for soliciting and accosting an undercover male vice-squad police officer for sex in the restroom of the Stone Theatre, a burlesque house.^[6] When he appeared in court, he pled guilty to the charges, paid a fine, and was released.^[39] Detroit newspapers did not report the story because of his obscurity at the time.^[6] After his rise to fame the following year, rumors about his sexuality began to spread as a result of the incident.^[6]

Despite her knowledge of the solicitation arrest, Marilyn Morrison, daughter of the owner of the Mocambo nightclub, married Ray at the peak of his American fame.^[40] The wedding ceremony took place in New York a short time after he gave his first New York concert, which was at the Copacabana.^[41] The New York Daily News made the wedding its cover story for May 26, 1952, and it reported that guests included Mayor Vincent R. Impellitteri.^[42]

Aware of Ray's unorthodox sexuality, Morrison told a friend she would "straighten it out."^[39] The couple separated in 1953 and divorced in 1954.^[43][44] Several writers have noted that the Ray-Morrison marriage occurred under false pretenses,^[45] and that Ray had had a long-term relationship with his manager Bill Franklin.^[6][39] However, a biography of Ray points out that Franklin was 13 years younger than Ray, and that both their personal and business relationships began in 1963, many years after the Ray-Morrison divorce.^[6] In a 1953 newspaper interview with James Bacon, Ray blamed rumors about his sexuality for the breakup of his marriage to Morrison.^[46]

In 1959, Ray was arrested again in Detroit for soliciting an undercover officer at the Brass Rail, a bar that was described many years later by one biographer as a haven for musicians,^[6] and by another biographer as a gay bar.^[6] Ray went to trial following this second arrest and was found not guilty.^[39] Two years after his death, several friends shared with biographer Jonny Whiteside their knowledge that Ray was bisexual.^[a]

According to Ray's two biographers, Jonny Whiteside and Tad Mann, he did not have a close relationship with a man or a woman during the 13 years he lived after Bill Franklin stopped interacting with him and phoning him. Ray did maintain a loyal friendship with his road manager Tad Mann, who was married with five children.^[48] When Ray gave parties at his Los Angeles home in the late 1970s and throughout the 1980s, frequent guests included Mann (real name Harold Gaze Mann III),^[49] and actress Jane Withers.^[50]

According to lawyer and researcher Mark Shaw, Ray's relationship with Dorothy Kilgallen produced her youngest child Kerry Kollmar, whom her husband Richard Kollmar disowned after Kilgallen's death in 1965.^[51] In two books that Shaw has authored, he claims that Kilgallen remained faithful to her husband for 13 years, ignoring rumors of his extramarital affairs because she did not witness evidence of any of them during that time frame.^[51] After years of infidelity, Kollmar became careless, to the extent that in 1953 he brought a male lover into the third-floor master bedroom of his and Dorothy's new home, a five-story townhouse on Manhattan's East 68th Street.^[51] After Kilgallen caught the two men in a compromising position, she and Kollmar decided to stay married strictly for business. Their business included a talk radio show they broadcast from home every day that brought them large salaries and that promoted Broadway shows produced by Kollmar.^[51] "Dorothy and Dick", as their radio listeners knew them, discussed Ray's singing style on their program, according to a profile of Ray in the Saturday Evening Post edition dated July 26, 1952.^[52]

In 1954, Kilgallen gave birth to a baby boy who was photographed for magazines and newspapers with her holding him, never with a father.^[51] Decades later, Ray often mentioned Kilgallen to his manager Alan Eichler and remained devastated by her unexpected death in 1965. According to Eichler, Ray never spoke about or acknowledged the rumors that he fathered Kilgallen's third child.^[51] Throughout the 1980s when Eichler managed Ray, historians of popular music did not consider Ray important enough to research his private life, so Eichler was not familiar with the eyewitness accounts that Mark Shaw discovered years later, and Eichler did not ask Ray about possible fatherhood.^[51]

Health problems

Ray suffered from alcoholism throughout his life, though during the 1950s at the height of his fame, newspaper and magazine pieces about Ray did not disclose the extent of his drinking problem.^[5] On September 2, 1952, Ray was arrested in Boston for public intoxication, but was released four hours later.^[53] According to biographer Jonny Whiteside, he drank heavily then. In 1960, he was hospitalized for tuberculosis.^[39] Shortly after his recovery, he quit drinking, according to Whiteside.^[6] His music was not available for sale, and he did not appear on American television during the first half of the 1960s.^[6] Consequently, American newspapers ran display ads for his concerts but reported nothing about his life, such as marital status, offstage behavior, or health issues.^[6]

It was not until December 1966 that Ray returned to American television, and even then it was only in a program telecast locally in Chicago, but not elsewhere, titled An Evening with Johnnie Ray.^[6] Video footage of this performance was reviewed by Whiteside in the early 1990s, and he wrote in his biography that Ray appeared emaciated and unhealthy.^[6]

In 1969, shortly after Ray returned to the United States from a European tour with Judy Garland, an American doctor informed him that he was well enough to drink an occasional glass of wine. He instead resumed drinking heavily, and his health began to decline. Despite this, in the early 1970s he appeared several times on prime-time network television in the United States. After the offers for television stopped, he continued touring, attracting major media attention outside the United States, until he gave his final concert, a benefit for the Grand Theater in Salem, Oregon on October 6, 1989.^[16][7] Ray performed for many years after the National Enquirer began investigating and reporting celebrity substance abuse, but it made no mention of him during his lifetime.^[16]

Death

In early 1990, poor health forced Ray to check into Cedars-Sinai Medical Center near his home in Los Angeles.^[54] He was confined there for more than two weeks without the knowledge of journalists or talk radio personalities who had interviewed him in various countries throughout the 1980s.^[6]

On February 24, 1990, he died of hepatic encephalopathy resulting from liver failure at Cedars-Sinai.^[18][54][b] Kay Starr was among those who spoke at a public memorial service held at Forest Lawn Memorial Park in the Hollywood Hills neighborhood of Los Angeles.^[38] He is buried at Hopewell Cemetery near Hopewell, Oregon.^[56]

Legacy

For his contribution to the recording industry, Johnnie Ray was honored with a star in 1960 on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 6201 Hollywood Boulevard.^[57]

In 1999, Bear Family Records issued two five-CD sets of his entire body of work, each containing an 84-page book on his career.^[58] Companies including Sony Music Entertainment (the parent company of Columbia Records) and Collectables have kept his large catalogue of recordings in continual release worldwide.^[59]

Music journalist Robert A. Rodriguez noted Ray's contemporary obscurity in his 2006 book The 1950s' Most Wanted: The Top 10 Book of Rock & Roll Rebels, Cold War Crises, and All American Oddities, writing:

Though barely remembered today, to the fifties record buying public Ray was something of a former-day Leonard Cohen or a Morrissey, creating a body of work that was the very definition of depressionfest. With titles like "What's the Use", "Oh, What a Sad, Sad Day", and "Here I Am Broken Hearted", coupled with a stage show that was as emotionally draining as a revival meeting, Ray dominated the pre-rock & roll charts.^[9]

Scholar Cheryl Herr notes the impact of Ray's deafness on his unique performing style and vocals, writing, "[Ray was] a singer whose hearing range appears literally to have defined the contour of his performance, the nature of his short-lived popularity, and his enduring iconic status in pre-rock and proto-rock."^[60]

In popular culture

Archival footage of Ray arriving at London Heathrow Airport in 1954 was featured in the 1982 music video for Dexys Midnight Runners' hit single "Come On Eileen". The lyrics of the song also mention him: "Poor old Johnnie Ray sounded sad upon the radio/Moved a million hearts in mono."^[49]

Ray is mentioned in the lyrics of Billy Idol's 1986 hit "Don't Need a Gun", and appears in the video.

Multiple elements of Ray's self-composed hit "I'll Never Fall in Love again" are sampled in Portishead's 1994 song "Biscuit".^[61]

He is mentioned in the lyrics of Van Morrison's 1997 song "Sometimes We Cry" from his album The Healing Game, a song that features the backing vocals of Brian Kennedy and Georgie Fame.

Ray is one of the cultural touchstones mentioned in the first verse (concerning events from the late 1940s and early 1950s) of Billy Joel's 1989 hit single "We Didn't Start the Fire", between Red China and South Pacific.^[62]

He is mentioned in the lyrics of Jimmy Ray's 1997 song "Are You Jimmy Ray?"

Ray was also referred to in two Eartha Kitt songs: "Monotonous" from New Faces of 1952 ("I even made Johnnie Ray smile for me"), and "I Want to Be Evil" ("I want to sing songs like the guy who cries").^{[citation needed]}

A fictionalized version of him appears in James Ellroy's 2021 novel Widespread Panic.^[63]

Bob Dylan has spoken about his very early influences, before he had ever listened to a rock'n'roll record or Hank Williams. Dylan was quoted as saying, "Before that, Johnny [sic] Ray. He was the first singer whose voice and style, I guess, I totally fell in love with. There was just something about the way he sang 'When Your Sweetheart Sends A Letter'...that just knocked me out. I loved his style, wanted to dress like him too."^[64]

Selected discography

Chart hits

Studio albums

• Johnnie Ray (Columbia, 1952)
• I Cry For You (Columbia, 1955)
• The Big Beat (Columbia, 1957)
• Till Morning (Columbia, 1958)
• On The Trail (Columbia, 1959)
• A Sinner Am I (Philips Records, United Kingdom, 1959)
• Johnnie Ray (aka Till the Clouds Roll By) (Liberty Records, 1962)
• Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow (Celebrity Records, United Kingdom, 1976)
• Remembering (K-Tel Records, stereo re-recordings of his hits)

Live albums

• Johnnie Ray At The London Palladium (Philips Records, United Kingdom and other overseas territories, 1954)
• Johnnie Ray in Las Vegas (Columbia Records, United States, 1958)

Compilations

• Johnny Ray's Greatest Hits (Columbia Records CL 1227)
• 20 Golden Greats (Columbia Records & Warwick Records, UK PR 5065 - 1979)
• High Drama: The Real Johnnie Ray (Columbia/Legacy, 1997)
• Cry (Bear Family Records, 1999)
• Yes Tonight, Josephine (Bear Family Records, 1999)

Songs

Filmography