The jolthead porgy (Calamus bajonado) is an ocean-going species of fish in the familySparidae. In Bermuda, it is known as the blue bone porgy,[2] in the United States, it is also known by the Spanish name bojanado, in Jamaica, it is one of the species known by the name, porgi grunt.[3]
Taxonomy and naming
Marcus Elieser BlochJohann Gottlob Schneider
Credit for describing the Jolthead porgy goes to Marcus Elieser Bloch and Johann Gottlob Schneider.[4] Though Bloch died in 1799,[5] Schneider edited and republished several of Bloch's papers in a book called Systema Ichthyologiae iconibus cx illustratum in 1801. It was originally placed in the genus Sparus, which now contains only one species, but has since been moved into Calamus. The Genus name comes from the mythologicalCalamus, or Kalamos. It was so named because the Calamus of myth allowed himself to drown in a river, after the death of his lover, and transform into aquatic plants[6] that some members of the genus make their homes in. The species name, bojonado, comes from the Spanish words bojo and nado, which mean "low swimming". Its common name is thought to come from its feeding behavior- that Jolthead porgies feed by joltingmollusks from rocks.[7]
The Jolthead porgy has five known synonyms, placing it in the genera Pagrus, Pagellus, Sparus, and Calamus.[8] The holotypes of Calamus macrops, and C. plumatula were reviewed in 1966 and found to be synonyms.[8]Sparus bojanado is a senior synonym, it was the name originally given by Bloch and Schneider, but is no longer the accepted name.
Description
The Jolthead porgy usually has 12 rays on the dorsal fin, 10 on the anal fin. They have 15 pectoral rays, though they can sometimes vary from 14 to 16. The lateral line can have from 50 to 57 scales.[9] It differs from similar poriges it that most members of the genus has 45–49 scales on their lateral lines. It also differs from Calamus pennatula in that it has more pectoral rays.[10] Jolthead porgies have a blue line under each eye, and their mouths are rimmed in orange.[11] The fish's overall color is a brassy silver with occasional blue/green iridescence,[8] making it one of the dullest-colored member of its genus.[12]
The largest recorded Jolthead porgy was 76 cm,[13] while they commonly grow up to 54 cm.[14] Though they normally grow to around 8 lb,[7] The heaviest weighed 23.36 lb.[15]
Distribution and habitat
Known only from the western Atlantic Ocean, Jolthead porgies are found from Rhode Island and Bermuda south to Brazil.[16] They are abundant in the northern Gulf of Mexico and the West Indies.[16] They have been collected from beds of seagrass,[17] and commonly swim in clear, shallow water up to 150 feet,[9] (though there have been reports of them as deep as 180[18] and 200 m[11]) where they are normally solitary, but sometimes appear in schools near reefs.[19] They are thought to spawn in July and August.[20]
There is some debate over the Jolthead porgy's diet. Some sources consider it omnivorous,[7] while others state at its eats mainly other animals such as sea urchins (especially of the genus Diadema[9]), mollusks and crustaceans.[10]
Relationship with humans
Considered to be an excellent food fish,[10] Jolt head porgies can easily be caught with a hook and line on the bottom and by means of fish traps.[10][20] They are considered to be a game fish and are of minor commercial importance,[21] though there have been reports of ciguatera poisoning due to red tide associated with them.[18]
^Zaneveld, J.S. 1983 Caribbean Fish Life. Index to the local and scientific names of the marine fishes and fishlike invertebrates of the Caribbean area (Tropical Western Central Atlantic Ocean) E.J. Brill / Dr. W. Backhuys, Leiden, 163p.
^Pollnac, R.B. 1998 Aspects of the human ecology of the coral reefs of Discovery Bay. p. 141–199. In R.B. Pollnac (ed.) Rapid assessment of management parameters for coral reefs. Coastal Resources Center, University of Rhode Island. CMR 2205, ICLARM 1445.
^Systema ichthyologiae iconibus CX illustratum.
Marcus Elieser Bloch, Johann Gottlob Schneider, Johann Friedrich Hennig.1801
^Nonnos, Dionysiaca, translated by le Comte de Marcellus in 1856. Eglinton 1964: 474.
^ abcBreeder, Charles M. Field Book of Marine Fishes of the Atlantic Coast, From Labrador to Texas. New York. Charles Putnam's Sons. Pg. 183.
^ abcRandall, John E. David K. Caldwell. A Review of the Sparid Fish Genus Calamus, with Descriptions of Four New Species. Bulletin of the Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History. Science: No. 2. 5 May 1966. Pg. 28
^ abcRandall, John E. Caribbean Reef Fishes. 1968, Jersey City, New Jersey, T.H.F. Publications. 145
^ abcdBohlke, James E. Charles C. G. Chaplin. Fishes of the Bahamas and Adjacent Tropical Waters. 2nd edition. Austin, UP of Texas. 386.
^ abSmith, C.L. 1997 National Audubon Society field guide to tropical marine fishes of the Caribbean, the Gulf of Mexico, Florida, the Bahamas, and Bermuda. Alfred A. Knopf, Inc., New York. 720 p.
^Jordan, David Starr. Fishes. New York. 1905. pg. 560.
^IGFA 2001 Database of IGFA angling records until 2001. IGFA, Fort Lauderdale, USA.
^ Randall, J.E. and R. Vergara R. 1978 Sparidae. In W. Fischer (ed.) FAO species identification sheets for fishery purposes. Western Central Atlantic (Fishing Area 31). FAO, Rome. Vol. 5. pag.var.
^ International Game Fish Association 1991 World record game fishes. International Game Fish Association, Florida, USA.
^ ab Cervigón, F. 1993 Los peces marinos de Venezuela. Volume 2. Fundación Científica Los Roques, Caracas,Venezuela. 497 p.
^ abLieske, E. and R. Myers 1994 Collins Pocket Guide. Coral reef fishes. Indo-Pacific & Caribbean including the Red Sea. Harper Collins Publishers, 400 p.
^Ackerman, Bill. Handbook of Fishes of the Atlantic Seaborad. The American Publishing Company. Washington D. C. pp. 58
^ abJordan, David. Barton Evermann. American Food and Game Fishes. New York. Doubleday, Page & Company. 1923. pg. 440
