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((Short description|American physician))
((about||the Irish doctor|Joseph Barnes (Irish doctor)))
((Multiple issues|
((more citations needed|date=March 2013))
((More footnotes|date=July 2014))
))

((Infobox military person
|name          = Joseph K. Barnes
|image         = General Joseph K. Barnes.jpg
|image_size    = 200
|caption       = Maj. Gen. Joseph K. Barnes
|birth_name    =
|birth_date    = ((birth date|1817|7|21))
|birth_place   = [[Philadelphia]], [[Pennsylvania]], U.S.
|death_date    = ((death date and age|1883|4|5|1817|7|21))
|death_place   = [[Washington, D.C.]], U.S.
|placeofburial = [[Oak Hill Cemetery (Washington, D.C.)|Oak Hill Cemetery]]<br />[[Georgetown (Washington, D.C.)|Georgetown, Washington, D.C.]]
|placeofburial_label= Place of burial
|nickname      =
|allegiance    = [[United States of America]]<br>[[Union (American Civil War)|Union]]
|branch        = [[United States Army]]<br>[[Union Army]]
|serviceyears  = 1840–1882
|rank          = [[File:Union Army brigadier general rank insignia.svg|35px]] [[Brigadier general (United States)|Brigadier General]]<br>[[File:Union Army major general rank insignia.svg|35px]] [[Brevet (military)|Brevet]] [[Major general (United States)|Major General]]
|commands      = [[Surgeon General of the U.S. Army]]
|unit          =
|battles       = [[Second Seminole War]]<br>[[Mexican–American War]]<br>[[American Civil War]]
|awards        =
|laterwork     =
))
'''Joseph K. Barnes''' (July 21, 1817 – April 5, 1883) was an American [[physician]] and the 12th [[Surgeon General of the United States Army]] (1864–1882).

==Biography==

===Career and early life===
Born in Philadelphia, [[Pennsylvania]], to a prosperous Federal judge, Barnes studied medicine at [[Harvard University]], but left before finishing his studies due to ill health. He later studied medicine with [[Surgeon General of the United States Navy|Surgeon General]] [[Thomas Harris]] of the [[United States Navy]], and received his medical degree from the [[University of Pennsylvania]] in 1838. After graduation, he served a year as resident physician at Blockley Hospital and for another year as visiting physician for the northwestern district of [[Philadelphia, Pennsylvania|Philadelphia]].

====Florida====
((main|Seminole Wars))
Barnes appeared before an army examining board which was meeting at the time in Philadelphia and, pursuant to its recommendation, he was commissioned an assistant surgeon on June 15, 1840. He was assigned for his first duty to the [[United States Military Academy]]. After only a few months of duty, he was ordered to accompany a detachment of recruits to [[Florida]], where hostilities were in progress against the [[Seminole]] Indians. For the two following years, he served successively at eight posts in that state, much of the time giving professional service to two or more posts at the same time, owing to the shortage of medical officers.  Notable in his field service of this period was his accompanying [[Brigadier general (United States)|Brigadier General]] [[Willam Harney]]'s expedition through the [[Everglades]] during the [[Second Seminole War]].

====War with Mexico====
((main|Mexican–American War))
[[File:Mary Thurston Fauntleroy Barnes.jpg|thumb|Mary Thurston Fauntleroy Barnes, portrait by [[Leopold Paul Unger]]]]
In 1842, Barnes was assigned to Fort Jesup, Louisiana, where he remained until 1846 when with the beginning of the [[Mexican–American War]], he joined the 2nd U.S. Dragoons en route to [[Corpus Christi, Texas|Corpus Christi]] to join the army being mobilized for the invasion of Mexico from the north. He served with the [[cavalry]] column of [[Major general (United States)|Major General]] [[Zachary Taylor]]'s army during its advance to Monterey.  Later transferred to [[Lieutenant general (United States)|Lieutenant General]] [[Winfield Scott]]'s forces before [[Veracruz, Veracruz|Veracruz]], he served with Major General [[William J. Worth]]'s [[division (military)|division]] during the siege and capture of that city. During the advance upon [[Mexico City]], he was chief surgeon of the cavalry brigade and participated in the battles of [[Battle of Cerro Gordo|Cerro Gordo]], [[Battle of Contreras|Contreras]], [[Battle of Churubusco|Churubusco]], and [[Battle of Molino del Rey|Molina del Rey]], in the storming of [[Chapultepec]] and the capture of the capital.

During the thirteen years that intervened between this time and the Civil War, Barnes served in a succession of posts in widely separated parts of the country.  He served at Fort Croghan and other posts in Texas, in the plains country at Fort Scott, [[Fort Leavenworth]], and Camp Center (now [[Fort Riley]]), on the Pacific coast at [[San Francisco]], Fort Vancouver and the Cascades, while between times he saw tours of duty at [[Baltimore]], [[Fort McHenry]], Philadelphia, and West Point. He was promoted to major and surgeon on August 29, 1856.

Marriage at Fort Leavenworth, KS to Mary(7)Thurston Fauntleroy b. 1825 d. 1911, dau of Col. Thomas Turner Fauntleroy b. 1795 d. 1883 (later of the 1st Cavalry out of Fort Union, New Mexico Terr. 1851–1861)and Ann Magill b. 1792 d. 1862, dau Col. Charles Magill of Winchester, VA.

===Civil War===
((main|American Civil War))
In April 1861, Barnes was stationed at the Army's [[Vancouver Barracks|Fort Vancouver]] in Washington Territory, the second-ranking officer behind future Union general [[Edward Ord]]. On June 4, he was ordered east and departed Fort Vancouver on June 24, 1861.<ref>((cite book|title=U.S. Returns From Military Posts, Vancouver Barracks [Fort Vancouver], April–June 1861.))</ref>  He soon served successively as medical director of the forces under [[Major general (United States)|Major General]] [[David Hunter]], medical director of the Western Department, and medical director of the Department of Kansas.  On May 2, 1862, he was ordered to report to the [[Surgeon General of the United States Army|Surgeon General]] in Washington and upon reporting was assigned to duty as attending surgeon for the city.  While on this duty he formed the acquaintance of [[U.S. Secretary of War]] [[Edwin M. Stanton]], who quickly gained a highly favorable impression of him.

On February 9, 1863, Barnes was appointed a medical inspector with the rank of [[Lieutenant colonel (United States)|lieutenant colonel]], stationed in Washington. On August 10, 1863, he was further advanced to the position of medical inspector general with the grade of [[Colonel (United States)|colonel]].  It was but a few weeks after this advancement that the difficulties between Stanton and Surgeon General [[William Alexander Hammond]] culminated in the detachment of the latter from his office.  On September 3, 1863, Barnes was by a special order of the War Department "empowered to take charge of the bureau of the Medical Department of the army and to perform the duties of Surgeon General during the absence of that officer." He assumed the office of acting Surgeon General the following day thus beginning one of the longest and most eventful administrations in the history of the office.

On August 22, 1864, he was advanced to the position of Surgeon General, with the grade of [[Brigadier general (United States)|brigadier general]] and on March 13, 1865, he received the brevet of major general for faithful and meritorious service during the war. As principal assistant, Barnes brought to his office [[Major (United States)|Major]] [[Charles H. Crane|Charles Henry Crane]], who continued in the capacity throughout the eighteen years of his term and succeeded to the office upon the retirement of his chief.

====Lincoln assassination====
((main|Abraham Lincoln Assassination))
On April 14, 1865, at the time of the [[Abraham Lincoln Assassination|assassination of United States President Lincoln]] and the attempted assassination of [[United States Secretary of State|Secretary of State]] [[William H. Seward]], Barnes attended the death bed of Lincoln and ministered to the successful restoration of Seward.

The morning after Abraham Lincoln's death, three Army Medical Museum pathologists entered the White House to perform an [[autopsy]] on Lincoln's body. Overseen by Barnes, the autopsy was conducted by Colonel [[Joseph Janvier Woodward|Joseph Woodward]] and Major Edward Curtis.  The autopsy began at 11 a.m. on April 15, 1865.

====Medical museum====
((main|National Museum of Health and Medicine))
The work of collecting material for the [[National Museum of Health and Medicine|Army Medical Museum]] and for the ''[[Medical and Surgical History of the War of the Rebellion]]'' was pushed vigorously during the years 1863 and 1864.  The question of the military control of general hospitals was a vexing one from the beginning of the war. A War Department order of April 7, 1862, placed them under the supervision of the Surgeon General, but was not sufficiently explicit in its provisions regarding the right of command of the medical officers in charge of these hospitals.  It was not until December 27, 1864, that the question was finally settled by General Order No. 306, confirming the medical officer's right to command in his own sphere of action. The good will of Secretary Stanton was again shown by an order of February 8, 1865, giving to the medical department entire control of hospital transports and hospital boats.

===Post-war career===
The ''Medical and Surgical History of the War of the Rebellion'' was first suggested by Surgeon General Hammond in a circular to medical officers inviting cooperation in the collection of material.  In 1865 there was issued by the Surgeon General a report upon the extent and nature of the material available for its preparation.  Four of the six monumental volumes were completed under General Barnes' administration and the other two were far advanced at the time of his retirement.  His regime was further notable for the interest he took in the development of the Army Medical Library.  During his term of office, the library, under the supervision of Major John S. Billings, was expanded from a small collection of text-books to first rank among medical libraries of the country. In 1871, General Barnes co-founded the [[Philosophical Society of Washington]], a scientific organization, which met for some time in the annex of the Surgeon General's office before moving to Ford's Theater.

====Garfield assassination and retirement====
((main|James A. Garfield assassination))
In 1881, during the long struggle of President [[James A. Garfield]] to live after being shot, Barnes was one of the surgeons who for weeks served in the chamber of the dying president.  The protracted service and anxiety incident to the care of the latter took a heavy toll on Barnes' health.  An Act of Congress passed June 30, 1882 (22 Stat. 118),  providing for compulsory retirement for age, found Barnes nearly a year past the statutory age and he was retired on June 30, 1882.

===Death===
A chronic [[nephritis]], of which Barnes was a subject for some time, caused his death at his home in Washington on April 5, 1883.((citation needed |date=August 2022)) He was interred at [[Oak Hill Cemetery (Washington, D.C.)|Oak Hill Cemetery]] in Washington, D.C.<ref>((Cite web |url=https://www.oakhillcemeterydc.org/app/themes/oakhill/assets/records/628.pdf |title=Oak Hill Cemetery, Georgetown, D.C. (Chapel Hill) - Lot 628 |website=oakhillcemeterydc.org |access-date=2022-08-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220302053135/https://www.oakhillcemeterydc.org/app/themes/oakhill/assets/records/628.pdf |archive-date=2022-03-02 |url-status=live))</ref>

==See also==
((Portal|American Civil War))
* [[List of American Civil War generals (Union)]]
* [[Abraham Lincoln Assassination]]
((clear))

==References==
((reflist))
* H. E. Brown, ''Medical Department of the U S. Army from 1775 to 1873'' (1873)
* P. M. Ashburn, ''History of the Medical Department of the U. S. Army''  (1929)
* J. E. Pilcher, ''Surgeon Generals of the Army'' (1905)
* Kelly and Burrage, ''American Medical Biographies'' (1920)
* G. V. Henry,  ''Military Records of Civilian Appointments'' (1873)

<!--Extracted from "Chiefs of the Medical Department, U..S. Army 1775-1940, Biographical Sketches,"  Army Medical Bulletin, no. 52, April 1940, pp. 47-51, compiled by James M. Phalen, Colonel, Medical Corps, U.S. Army retired]-->

==External links==
* [http://history.amedd.army.mil/surgeongenerals/J_Barnes.html Official Biography of Surgeon General Barnes] ((Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101203042952/http://history.amedd.army.mil/surgeongenerals/J_Barnes.html |date=2010-12-03 )) (visited November 19, 2009)

((s-start))
((succession box|title=[[Surgeon General of the United States Army]]|before=[[William A. Hammond]]|after=[[Charles H. Crane]]|years=1864–1882))
((s-end))

((Authority control))

((DEFAULTSORT:Barnes, Joseph K.))
[[Category:1817 births]]
[[Category:1883 deaths]]
[[Category:American military personnel of the Mexican–American War]]
[[Category:American people of the Seminole Wars]]
[[Category:Deaths from nephritis]]
[[Category:Harvard Medical School alumni]]
[[Category:People associated with the assassination of Abraham Lincoln]]
[[Category:People of Pennsylvania in the American Civil War]]
[[Category:Surgeons General of the United States Army]]
[[Category:Union Army generals]]
[[Category:Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania alumni]]
[[Category:Fauntleroy family of Virginia]]
[[Category:Burials at Oak Hill Cemetery (Washington, D.C.)]]

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