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((refimprove|date=June 2016))

((Infobox military person
| name          =Juan Bautista Azopardo (((lang-mt|Ġann Patist Azzopardi)))
| image         =Juan Bautista Azopardo.jpg
| caption       =Juan Bautista Azopardo, Naval Museum - Tigre
| birth_date          =((Birth date|1772|02|19|df=yes))
| death_date          =((Death date and age|1848|10|23|1772|02|20|df=yes))
| placeofburial_label = 
| placeofburial =
| birth_place  =[[Senglea]], [[Hospitaller Malta]]
| death_place  =[[Buenos Aires]]
| nickname      =
| allegiance    =((ARG))
| branch        =[[Argentine Navy]]
| serviceyears  =1804 - 1827
| rank          =[[Colonel]]
| unit          =
| commands      =
| battles       =[[British invasions of the Río de la Plata]], [[Argentine War of Independence]], [[Cisplatine War]]
| awards        =
| relations     =
| laterwork     =
))

'''Juan Bautista Azopardo''' (((lang-mt|Ġann Patist Azzopardi)); 19 February 1772&nbsp;– 23 October 1848) was a [[Malta|Maltese]] [[privateer]] and military man who fought under the flags of the [[Netherlands]], [[Spain]], and [[Argentina]].

== Early life ==
Juan Bautista Azopardo was born in [[Senglea]], Malta, the son of Rosina (née Romano) and Salvatore Azopardo.<ref name=senglea>((cite web |url=http://www.islalocalcouncil.com/promseng.htm#juan_b |title=Senglea |author=Senglea Council |date= |publisher= |accessdate=27 July 2010))</ref>  As a young man he studied naval architecture at the French arsenal in [[Toulon]].

== Privateer ==
Azopardo served with the French and the British fleets, the latter under the command of Admiral [[John Jervis, 1st Earl of St Vincent|John Jervis]]. He captained the [[tartane]]s ''San Antonio'' and ''Anime del Porgatorio''.<ref name=senglea/> He later served as a privateer with a [[Letter of marque]] from the Netherlands, and then with a [[letter of marque]] from Spain against [[England]].

Azopardo arrived in the [[Río de La Plata]] area in the first years of the 19th century.

During the war between England and the [[Batavian Republic]] (the Netherlands), he served on the [[schooner]] ''De Hoop'' and took part in the capture of the ship ''Neptune''. ''Neptune'' arrived at the port of [[Montevideo]] as a prize on 21 January 1804; she was carrying 256 slaves. The prize master was the [[France|Frenchman]] Hipólite Mordeille.((efn|''Neptune'', of 343 tons (bm), was under the command of James Phillips. She had sailed from England on 21 July 1803. British records indicate that she had embarked 357 slaves and had arrived at Montevideo with 349.<ref>[https://www.slavevoyages.org/voyage/82924/variables Trans Atlantic Slave Trade Database – ''Neptune'' voyage #82924.]</ref> As of February 2023, the reason for the discrepancy in the number of slaves is obscure.)) 

Next, Azopardo served as second in command of the privateer ''Dromedario''. ''Dromedario'', with Mordeille, master, sailed with a [[letter of marque]] from Montevideo. She was armed with 22 guns and had a crew of 350 men under the command of Hipólito Mordeille, with Azorpardo as second captain.

Spanish records report that in June 1805, Viceroy [[Rafael de Sobremonte, 3rd Marquis of Sobremonte|Sobremonte]] issued two letters of marque, one for ''Dolores'' (24 guns), Currand, master, and Berro y Errasquin, owner, and one for ''Dromedario'' (20 guns), Hippolito Mordel, master, and Canuerso y Masini, owner. The two sailed for the African coast, looking to capture enslaving ships. In three months of cruising ''Dolores'' captured three ships and one brig, carrying a total 600 enslaved people. ''Dromedario'' captured five ships, carrying a total of 500 enslaved people.((sfnp|Anon.|1864|p=19))

=== British Invasions of Buenos Aires (1806 - 1807) ===
The ship ''Dromedario'' transported some of the troops which fought against the first [[British invasions of the Río de la Plata|British Invasion]] (1806) of Buenos Aires. Along with his captain and the rest of the ''Dromedario'' crew, they fought in the final assault on the British position in Buenos Aires where the remnants of the British forces under general [[William Carr Beresford|Beresford]] were.<ref>Los marinos en las invasiones inglesas, by Laurio Hedelvio Destéfani. Pag 373</ref> During the second British invasion (1807) of Buenos Aires they transported artillery pieces on the [[Paraná River]] for the city's defense. For his valor and gallantry, the Spanish Royal government made him a Lieutenant Colonel of the urban militias.

After the defeat of the British army, the Royal Navy enforced a blockade on the River Plate. This moved the Viceroyalty authorities to resort to privateers in order to harass British shipping. On 17 November 1806, in Buenos Aires, [[Santiago de Liniers]] gave him a [[letter of marque]] for ''La Mosca de Buenos Aires'', of four guns and 60 men, built by Anselmo Saénz Valiente.<ref name=":0">((Cite book |last1=Rodríguez |first1=Horacio |title=El Corso Rioplatense |last2=Arguindeguy |first2=Pablo E. |publisher=Instituto browniano |year=1996 |isbn=987-95160-4-4 |pages=38 |language=es))</ref> 

On 1 June 1807, the ''Mosca de Buenos Aires'' outran the brigs ((HMS|Staunch|1804|6)) and ((HMS|Protector|1805|2)) as they chased her upriver. Later, two boats from the British warships attempted to seize ''Mosca de Buenos Aires'' in shallow waters. They failed, although they did manage to capture an enemy sloop.((sfnp|Hughes|2013|p=150))

The letter of marque expired in 1808 whereupon Azopardo retired from privateering for the Spanish crown.<ref name=":0" />

== Argentine service ==
=== War of independence ===
Azopardo joined the revolutionary forces on the [[May Revolution]] of 1810. He was given back the rank the Spanish viceroy had taken from him.

After the poor results of the [[Paraguay]] campaign, [[Manuel Belgrano]] requested reinforcements from Buenos Aires in order to maintain his fight in the region. The Junta could not send them by land through [[Province of Entre Ríos|Entre Ríos Province]], as the rivers were controlled by the royalist navy under [[Gaspar de Vigodet]]. At the end of 1810 the government gave Lieutenant Colonel Azopardo, command of the first national navy, comprising three vessels, whose mission was to protect the advance of the reinforcements to Belgrano's force. The ships of this small squadron were the schooner ''Invencible'', the [[brigantine]] ''25 de Mayo'' and the [[sloop]] ''América''. His second in command was captain [[Hipólito Bouchard]].

[[Image:Combate de San Nicolás.jpg|thumb|250px|right|Battle of San Nicolás.]]

At the [[Battle of San Nicolás]], on 2 March 1811, he was forced to confront a superior royalist navy with seven ships to his three. Azopardo was wounded and made prisoner, with his ships being captured. Belgrano would have to do without reinforcements and be forced to sign a document abandoning Paraguay.

Imprisoned by the Spaniards, Azopardo was moved to [[Ceuta]], where he shared a prison cell with the [[Inca]] [[Juan Bautista Túpac Amaru]]. The revolution of General Riego (1820) ended with the liberals taking power in Spain, and ordering the freedom of all political prisoners. Azopardo returned to Argentina, where he was received as a hero. He was given the post of Buenos Aires Harbor Master.<ref name=senglea />

=== War with Brazil ===
Returning to Buenos Aires he was given command of the brigantine ''General Belgrano'', as second in command to admiral [[Guillermo Brown]], to fight against the naval forces of [[Pedro I of Brazil]], who had [[Cisplatine War|declared war on Argentina]] at the end of 1825.

=== Final service ===
He returned to the post of Buenos Aires Harbor Master until 1826. On 3 February 1827 he requested and obtained his retirement.

== Last years ==
He spent his last years with his wife Maria Sandalia Perez Rico and his son Luis Alberto. Juan Bautista Azopardo died on 23 October 1848 in Buenos Aires.

== Legacy and honors ==
[[File:Columna con los restos de Juan Bautista Azopardo.jpg|thumb|200px|Monument to Azopardo (detail) in San Nicolás de los Arroyos]]
[[File:Malta - Senglea - Ix-Xatt Juan B. Azzopardo - Azzopardo 01 ies.jpg|thumb|Monument to Azopardo in his hometown [[Senglea]]]]

=== Azopardo Monument ===
In the city of [[San Nicolás de los Arroyos]], an [[obelisk]] with a height of ((convert|26|m|ft)), covered in [[marble]], was made with federal funds to pay homage to the [[Battle of San Nicolás|Naval Battle of San Nicolás]]. Azopardo's remains are buried there.((citation needed|date=December 2016))

=== Other memorials ===
'''Argentina'''
* Several vessels of the [[Argentine Navy]] and [[Argentine Coast Guard]] carried his name: [[ARA Azopardo (1884)|Transport / Tug Boat (1884)]], [[ARA Azopardo (1922)|Tug Boat (1923)]], [[ARA Azopardo (P-35)|Frigate (1955)]], [[Juan B. Azopardo (GC 11)|Coast Guard Cutter (1962)]], [[PNA Azopardo (GC-25)|Coast Guard Cutter GC-25 (1983)]].
* A [[Azopardo Naval Base|naval base]] (((in lang|es)) ''Arsenal Naval Azopardo'') in Azul, Buenos Aires province, is named after him.<ref>((cite web |url=http://www.diarioeltiempo.com.ar/aniversario-del-arsenal-naval-azopardo-2.html |title=Aniversario del Arsenal Naval Azopardo |publisher=Diario El Tiempo de Azul |date=9 January 2015 |accessdate=18 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304054719/http://www.diarioeltiempo.com.ar/aniversario-del-arsenal-naval-azopardo-2.html |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=dead ))</ref>
* A street in Buenos Aires is named after him.
* Several schools in Argentina are named Azopardo.
* [[Azopardo Point]], in [[Santa Cruz Province, Argentina]].
** [[Azopardo Lighthouse]], in Azopardo Point, Santa Cruz, Argentina.
* [[Azopardo Rock]], in [[Chubut Province]], Argentina.
'''Malta'''
* On 16 June 2001 a bust commemorating Azopardo was unveiled on Senglea's waterfront.<ref name=senglea />
* Part of the Senglea Marina was also named after him.<ref name=senglea />

== See also ==
* [http://www.islalocalcouncil.com/promseng.htm#juan_b Azopardo biography in his native city's website]
*((in lang|es)) [https://web.archive.org/web/20131205055349/http://www.ara.mil.ar/pag.asp?idItem=46 Azopardo biography at Argentina's Navy website]

==Notes==
((notelist))
== Citations ==
((Reflist))

== References ==
* ((cite journal |last=Anon. |title=History of the Argentine Republic: First English invasions, 1804–1806 |journal=River Plate Magazine |publisher=Buenos Aires Typographical Society |year=1864 |volume=2 |pages=17–21)) 
* ((Cite book |last=Hughes |first=Ben |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2Oh7BAAAQBAJ&dq=%22commanded+by+juan+bautista+azopardo%22&pg=PT197 |title=The British Invasion of the River Plate, 1806–1807: How the Redcoats were Humbled and a Nation was Born |date=2013 |publisher=Pen and Sword |isbn=978-1-4738-2992-3 |language=en))

==See also==
* ((cite book |last=Azopardo |first=Mercedes G. |title=Biografías Navales Argentinas |chapter=Coronel de Marina Juan Bautista Azopardo |editor1=Piccirilli, Ricardo|editor2=Gianello, Leoncio |publisher=Secretaría de Estado de Marina |year=1963 ))
* ((cite journal|last=Darmanin |first=Denis A. |date=20 October 1995 |title='The Gallant officer - turned rebel' Part 1 |journal=Malta Independent))
* ((cite journal|last=Darmanin |first=Denis A. |date=27 October 1995 |title=V |journal=Malta Independent))

((DEFAULTSORT:Azopardo, Juan Bautista))
[[Category:1772 births]]
[[Category:1847 deaths]]
[[Category:Argentine Navy officers]]
[[Category:People of the Argentine War of Independence]]
[[Category:People of the Cisplatine War]]
[[Category:People from Senglea]]
[[Category:Maltese military personnel]]
[[Category:Maltese expatriates]]
[[Category:Dutch military personnel of the French Revolutionary Wars]]
[[Category:Spanish military personnel of the Napoleonic Wars]]
[[Category:Expatriates in Argentina]]

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