Judah ben David Hayyuj (Hebrew: יְהוּדָה בֶּן דָּוִד חַיּוּג׳, romanized: Yəhuḏā ben Dawiḏ Ḥayyuj, Arabic: أبو زكريا يحيى بن داؤد حيوج, romanized: Abū Zakariyya Yahyá ibn Dawūd Ḥayyūj) was a Maghrebi Jew of Al-Andalus born in North Africa. He was a linguist and is regarded as the father of the scientific grammar of the Hebrew.

Judah was born in Fez, then part of the Fatimid Caliphate, about 945. At an early age, he went to Córdoba during the Golden age of Jewish culture in Spain, where he seems to have remained till his death about 1000. He was the first to propose that Hebrew words stem from triconsonantalcroots.

Career

Hayyuj was a pupil of Menahem ben Saruq, whom he later helped to defend against the attacks of Dunash ben Labrat and his followers. Later in life, Hayyuj developed his theories about Hebrew grammar and was obliged to step forward as an opponent of the grammatical theories of his teacher. His thorough knowledge of Arabic grammatical literature led him to apply to the Hebrew grammar the theories elaborated by Arabic grammarians and thus to become the founder of the scientific study of that discipline.

Preceding scholars had found the greatest difficulty in accounting, by the laws of Hebrew morphology, for the divergences existing between the so-called "strong" and "weak" verbs. Much ingenuity was spent in endeavoring to discover the principles that controlled the conjugation of the verbs. The weakness of Menahem's assertion that there are stems in Hebrew containing three letters, two letters, and one letter respectively was pointed out by Dunash; but, although the latter was on the road to a solution of the problem, it was left to Ḥayyuj to find the key.

His works

Main article: Semitic root

Hayyuj announced that all Hebrew stems consist of three letters, and maintained that when one of those letters was a "vowel letter," such a letter could be regarded as "concealed" in diverse ways in the various verbal forms. To substantiate his theory he wrote the treatise upon which his reputation chiefly rests, the Kitab al-Af'al Dhawat Huruf al-Lin "The Book of Verbs Containing Weak Letters". The treatise is in three parts: the first is devoted to verbs whose first radical is a weak letter; the second to verbs whose second radical is weak; and the third to verbs whose third radical is weak. Within each division he furnishes what he considers a complete list of the verbs belonging to the class in question, enumerates various forms of the verb, and, when necessary, adds brief comments and explanations. Preceding each division the principles underlying the formation of the stems belonging to the division are systematically outlined in a series of introductory chapters.

As a supplement to this treatise he wrote a second, which he called the Kitab al-Af'al Dhawat al-Mathalain "The Book of Verbs Containing Double Letters", and in which he points out the principles governing the verbs whose second and third radicals are alike. He furnishes a list of these verbs, together with their various forms occurring in the Bible. Besides the two treatises on verbs, Hayyuj wrote Kitab al-Tanqit "The Book of Punctuation". This work, probably written before his two chief treatises, is an attempt to set forth the features underlying the Masoretic use of the vowels and tone. In this work, he deals chiefly with nouns, and its purpose is more of a practical than of a theoretical character.

A fourth work, the Kitab al-Natf "The Book of Extracts", is known to have been written by Hayyuj, but only a fragment, unpublished as of the beginning of the 20th century, and a few quotations by later authors have survived. This was a supplement to his two grammatical works on the verb, and in it he noted the verbs omitted by him in the former treatises. In doing this he anticipated in a measure Jonah ibn Janāḥ's Mustalhaq, which was devoted to this very purpose. He arranged and discussed the verbal stems in question, not alphabetically, but in the order in which they occur in the Hebrew Bible.

Influence

Hayyuj exerted an immense influence on succeeding generations. All later Hebrew grammarians up to the present day base their works on his; and the technical terms still employed in current Hebrew grammars are most of them simply translations of the Arabic terms employed by Hayyuj. His first three works were twice translated into Hebrew, first by Moses ibn Gikatilla and later by Abraham ibn Ezra. The following modern editions of his works have appeared:

Editions

Bibliography

References

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