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((short description|Judicial system in Indonesia))
((EngvarB|date=September 2015))
((Use dmy dates|date=September 2015))
((more citations needed|date=December 2013))

[[File:Gedung Mahkamah Agung RI.JPG|thumb|The Supreme Court building in Jakarta]]

((Politics of Indonesia))

The '''Judiciary of Indonesia''' constitutionally consists of the '''[[Supreme Court of Indonesia]]''' (''Mahkamah Agung Republik Indonesia,'' abbreviated into '''MA'''), the '''[[Constitutional Court of Indonesia]]''' (''Mahkamah Konstitusi Republik Indonesia'', abbreviated into '''MK'''), and the lesser court system under the Supreme Court. These lesser courts are categorically subdivided into the '''public courts''' (''Peradilan Umum''), '''religious courts''' (''Peradilan Agama''), '''state administrative courts''' (''Peradilan Tata Usaha Negara''), and '''military courts''' (''Peradilan Militer'').<ref>((Cite web|title=UU No. 2 Tahun 1986 tentang Peradilan Umum [JDIH BPK RI]|url=https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Home/Details/46874/uu-no-2-tahun-1986|access-date=2021-12-18|website=peraturan.bpk.go.id))</ref>

The [[Public Prosecution Service (Indonesia)|Public Prosecution Service]] (''Kejaksaan Republik Indonesia''), headed by the [[Attorney General's Office of Indonesia|Attorney General]], is not part of the judiciary; they are part of the executive branch of the government, with the state prosecutors themselves as civil servants, and the Attorney General themselves only answers to the [[President of Indonesia]].

== Law ==
((Main|Law of Indonesia))
[[Law of Indonesia|Indonesian law]] is a continuation and improvement of the [[Law of the Netherlands|Dutch]] colonial laws, [[Sharia|Islamic family laws]], and aspects of [[Adat|''Adat'' laws]] (unwritten, traditional rules still observed in the Indonesian society). The highest law of the land is the [[Constitution of Indonesia|1945 Constitution]], amended four times from 1999 to 2002 during the early ''[[Post-Suharto era in Indonesia|Reformasi]]'' period. Under the current rules on Indonesian lawmaking, the type of laws enacted by the government are hierarchically structured as:

# '''The 1945 Constitution''' (''Undang-Undang Dasar Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 1945'')
# '''Resolutions of the People's Consultative Assembly''' (''Ketetapan Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat'')
# '''Acts''' (''Undang-Undang'') and '''Government Regulations in-lieu-of Acts''' (''Peraturan Pemerintah Pengganti Undang-Undang'')
# '''Government Regulations''' (''Peraturan Pemerintah'')
# '''Presidential Regulations''' (''Peraturan Presiden'')
# '''Provincial Ordinances''' (''Peraturan Daerah Provinsi'')
# '''City Ordinances or Regency Ordinances''' (''Peraturan Daerah Kota'' or ''Peraturan Daerah Kabupaten'')

Indonesian law ascribed to [[Civil law (legal system)|civil law system]], inherited from the Dutch implementation of the Roman legal system ([[Roman-Dutch law]]), as well as the [[Napoleonic Code]]. The judicial system is [[Inquisitorial system|inquisitorial]] in nature, where the court of law actively pursue the facts of the case and dispute, working closely with other elements of the Indonesian law enforcement agencies. The judges reach a verdict after examining the evidences, and prefer applying statutory laws: ''[[Precedent|Stare decisis]]'' is not widely used. [[Jury trial|Trials by jury]] system is not implemented.

Indonesia is a decentralized, unitary state, and thus there is no separation between central and regional judiciary system; All judicial system is set on a hierarchical, but contiguous top-down chain of command.

== Courts System ==

=== Courts structure ===
Indonesian court system is set on basic three-level courts:<ref>((Cite web|last=Saragi|first=Marry Margaretha|date=21 June 2013|title=Mengapa Peradilan di Indonesia Bertingkat-tingkat?|url=https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/detail/ulasan/lt513fe5cf81751/mengapa-peradilan-di-indonesia-bertingkat-tingkat|access-date=19 December 2019|website=Hukumonline))</ref> 

* '''first-level courts''' (''Peradilan tingkat pertama'') based in the municipalities (city or regency), where the courts in this level have original jurisdiction to hear cases, resolve disputes, and reach a verdict;
* '''second-level courts''' (''Peradilan tingkat banding'') based in the provincial capital, where the courts in this level have appellate jurisdiction to hear appeals from the first-level courts; and
* '''third-level courts''' (''Peradilan tingkat kasasi'') based in the national capital [[Jakarta]], where the main court in this level, the Supreme Court, serve as the final court of appeals, although they also have original jurisdiction over certain matters. Meanwhile the Constitutional Court also have original jurisdiction over certain matters separate from the Supreme Court, but have no appellate jurisdiction.

===Supreme Court===
((main|Supreme Court of Indonesia))

'''''Mahkamah Agung Republik Indonesia''''', or the '''Supreme Court of the Republic of Indonesia''' is the highest court of law. It is the final court of appeal for criminal and civil verdicts made in the lesser courts, thus they are able to overrule lesser courts' verdicts. It resolves dispute on the matter of judicial jurisdiction, and hears request to review previous Supreme Court verdicts due to newly discovered evidence or due to judicial error. The latter legal action is known as ''Peninjauan Kembali'', abbreviated into PK.

Aside from administration of justice, the Supreme Court are tasked to nominate three people to fill the position for the justices of the Constitutional Court, reviews laws and regulations lower than Acts jointly enacted by the [[People's Representative Council|DPR]] and the [[President of Indonesia|President]] ([[Judicial review|Judicial Review]]), and provide opinions as a constitutional requirement for the President before granting executive [[pardon]] and legal rehabilitation of convicts.<ref>((Cite journal|last=Angkouw|first=Kevin|date=2014-05-30|title=FUNGSI MAHKAMAH AGUNG SEBAGAI PENGAWAS INTERNAL TUGAS HAKIM DALAM PROSES PERADILAN|url=https://ejournal.unsrat.ac.id/index.php/administratum/article/view/4746|journal=Lex Administratum|language=en|volume=2|issue=2|issn=2337-6074))</ref>

The Supreme Court is headed by the [[Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Indonesia]], currently by [[Muhammad Syarifuddin]].<ref>((cite news|last=Triyono|first=Agus|title=Hatta Ali Elected New Supreme Court Chief Justice|url=http://www.thejakartaglobe.com/archive/hatta-ali-elected-new-supreme-court-chief-justice/|newspaper=The Jakarta Globe|date=8 February 2012))</ref><ref name="BAMWUL981123">Bambang Waluyo (1992) pp. 98, 112-113</ref> 

===Constitutional Court===
((main|Constitutional Court of Indonesia))
[[File:IndonesianConstitutionalCourt.jpg|thumb|The Constitutional Court building in Jakarta]]
'''''Mahkamah Konstitusi Republik Indonesia''''', or the '''Constitutional Court of the Republic of Indonesia''' rules over disputes specified in Article 24C of the [[Constitution of Indonesia|1945 Constitution]], as well as other functions enshrined by Laws. It is formed in 2003 during the ''[[Post-Suharto era in Indonesia|Reformasi]]'' period, as the result of the Third Amendment of the Constitution. The Constitutional Court have jurisdiction over cases concerning:<ref>((Cite web|title=Kedudukan dan Kewenangan ((!)) Mahkamah Konstitusi Republik Indonesia|url=https://www.mkri.id/index.php?page=web.ProfilMK&id=3&menu=2|access-date=2021-12-19|website=www.mkri.id))</ref>

* [[Constitutional review|Constitutional review of a Law]];
* Disputes between state institutions regarding their constitutional competence and jurisdiction;
* Disputes arising from electoral results, both national, provincial, and municipal elections;
* Dissolution of political parties; and
* [[Impeachment]] process of the President and/or the Vice President, in which the Constitutional Court must rules whether the articles of impeachment submitted by the DPR to remove from office the President and/or the Vice President is proven or not proven, in order to proceed or not to proceed to the removal process.

The current [[Chief Justice of the Constitutional Court of Indonesia]] is [[Anwar Usman]], who have headed the Constitutional Court since 2015. 

=== Lesser Courts ===
The four subdivisions of the lesser courts hear its final appeal in the Supreme Court.

====Public Courts====
[[File:Pengadilan Negeri Pangkalpinang.jpg|thumb|Pangkalpinang District Court building]]
'''''Peradilan Umum''''' or the '''Public Courts''' consists of the first-level '''District Court''' (''Pengadilan Negeri'') and the second-level '''High Courts''' (''Pengadilan Tinggi''), after which further appeals go to the Supreme Court. They hear criminal and civil cases involving Indonesian citizens or foreign citizens in Indonesia, as well as Indonesian and foreign legal entities who are based in Indonesia or if they chose to have their case heard in Indonesian court.

District Courts have original jurisdiction to hear cases within the [[cities of Indonesia|city]] and [[regencies of Indonesia|regency]], while High Courts have appellate jurisdiction at the [[Provinces of Indonesia|provincial]] level, based in the provincial capital.<ref name="BAMWUL151634">((harvp|Waluyo|1992|pages=15-16, 34))</ref>

There are specialized courts formed within the system of first-level public courts, such as: 

* '''Juvenile courts''' (''Pengadilan Anak''), which function under special juvenile criminal procedural system;
* '''Human rights courts''' (''Pengadilan Hak Asasi Manusia'' or ''Pengadilan HAM''), which hear cases of human rights violation conducted by the government or government officials;
* '''Industrial relations courts''' (''Pengadilan Hubungan Industrial''), which hear cases of industrial relations dispute, industrial conflict of interests, prejudiced termination of employment, and resolving dispute between unions in the same workplace;
* '''Commercial courts''' (''Pengadilan Niaga'') which hear cases of corporate bankruptcy, debt suspension, intellectual property disputes, and bank liquidation;
* '''Fishery courts''' (''Pengadilan Perikanan'') which hear cases of fishery crime – that is, illegal, unregulated, and unreported fishing; and 
* '''Anti-corruption courts''' (''Pengadilan Tindak Pidana Korupsi'' or ''Pengadilan Tipikor'') which hear [[corruption in Indonesia|cases of corruption]], graft, bribery, money laundering, and other acts considered to be corruption crime.

====Religious Courts====
[[File:Pengadilan Tinggi Agama Ambon.jpg|thumb|Ambon High Religious Court building]]
'''''Peradilan Agama''''' or the '''Religious Courts''' are for [[Islam|Muslim]] citizens to resolve civil matters, such as marriage, inheritance, and property donated for religious purposes (''[[waqf]]'').<ref name="BAMWUL42">Bambang Waluyo (1992) p42</ref> They are the first-level '''Religious Court''' (''Pengadilan Agama'') and the second-level '''Religious High Court''' (''Pengadilan Tinggi Agama''). Despite the name, they do not hear cases concerning religions other that Islamic cases; Cases concerning civil cases of other religions are heard in the public courts.

((Main|Islamic criminal law in Aceh))

In [[Aceh]], special first-level '''Sharia Court''' (''Mahkamah Syar'iyah'') and second-level '''Provincial Sharia Court of Aceh''' (''Mahkamah Syar'iyah Provinsi Aceh'') are vested with special authority, owing to Aceh's special status within Indonesia. These special courts, in addition to basic religious courts' authority, have jurisdiction over Islamic morality criminal cases (''[[Islamic criminal jurisprudence|Jinayat]]'') regulated by local ordinances (''[[Qanun (law)|Qanun]]''), such as public drunkenness, sales of alcoholic beverages, gambling, and other moral crimes incompatible with Islamic values. Under this system, the courts are also empowered to deliver punishments not available under Indonesian laws, such as whipping.<ref>((cite web|last=Lindsey & Sumner|title=Courting reform: Indonesia's Islamic Courts and Justice for the Poor|url=http://lowyinstitute.cachefly.net/files/pubfiles/Sumner_and_Lindsey%2C_Courting_reform.pdf|access-date=30 August 2012|archive-date=10 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200310145124/http://lowyinstitute.cachefly.net/files/pubfiles/Sumner_and_Lindsey,_Courting_reform.pdf|url-status=dead))</ref><ref>((cite web|title=Indonesia|url=http://www.freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2012/indonesia|work=Freedom in the World 2012|publisher=Freedom House|access-date=23 February 2013))</ref>

====State Administrative Courts====
'''''Peradilan Tata Usaha Negara''''' or the '''State''' '''Administrative Courts''' were established in 1986 as a result of a Law intended to ensure that people would not be treated arbitrarily by government officials or institutions. Initially formed in 1981 as a specialized court under the public courts system, the State Administrative Courts were formalized under Law No. 5/1986 ('State Administrative Courts Act').<ref>((Cite web|title=Sejarah Pengadilan ((!)) Pengadilan Tata Usaha Negara Jakarta|url=https://ptun-jakarta.go.id/?page_id=14|access-date=2021-12-19|language=en))</ref> They rule in disputes involving the state officials or bodies, both within central and regional officials or institutions.<ref name="BAMWUL6568">Bambang Waluyo (1992) pp. 65, 68</ref> The object of all state administrative proceedings are actions – proven with the issuance of a decision (''Surat Keputusan'' or ''Beschikking'') – or lack of actions by the government, considered harmful against the interest of the citizens. The courts also hear cases which include civil servants against their superiors of the internal bureaucracy of the government itself.<ref>((Cite journal|last=Lotulung|first=Paulus Effendi|date=1991-12-06|title=Peradilan Tata Usaha Negara|url=http://jhp.ui.ac.id/index.php/home/article/view/997|journal=Jurnal Hukum & Pembangunan|language=en-US|volume=21|issue=6|pages=579–587|doi=10.21143/jhp.vol21.no6.997|issn=2503-1465))</ref>

The state administrative courts are the first-level '''State Administrative Court''' (((Lang|id|Pengadilan Tata Usaha Negara))) with original jurisdiction to hear state administrative disputes, and the second-level '''State Administrative High Court''' (((Lang|id|Pengadilan Tinggi Tata Usaha Negara))) with appellate jurisdiction from cases heard in the first-level court. The Supreme Court serves as the final court of appeal.

There is one specialized court created within the system of the administrative courts – the '''Tax Court''' (''Pengadilan Pajak'').

====Military Courts====
'''''Peradilan Militer''''', or the '''Military Courts''' deal with criminal and military administrative cases involving members of the [[Indonesian National Armed Forces]].<ref name="BAMWUL88">Bambang Waluyo (1992) p88</ref> They are the first-level '''Military Court''' (''Pengadilan Militer'', abbreviated into ''Dilmi'') with original jurisdiction over cases regarding military personnel whose ranks are no higher than a captain, and the second-level '''High Military Court''' (''Pengadilan Militer Tinggi'', abbreviated into ''Dilmilti'') hear appeals against decisions of the first-level courts, as well as having original jurisdiction over cases involving military personnel with ranks of a major and above.<ref name=":0">((Cite web|title=SEJARAH PERADILAN MILITER DI INDONESIA|url=http://www.dilmilti-jakarta.go.id/main/index.php/sejarah-peradilan-militer-di-indonesia.html|access-date=2021-12-19|website=www.dilmilti-jakarta.go.id))</ref> 

Another second-level '''Primary Military Court''' (''Pengadilan Militer Utama'', abbreviated into ''Dilmiltama'') hears appeals against decisions of the High Military Courts and also decides upon issues of jurisdiction of the various military courts.<ref name=":0" />

During armed conflict, '''Battlefield Military Court''' (''Pengadilan Militer Pertempuran'') with wartime jurisdiction can be mobilized to hear criminal cases of military personnel and reach a verdict against said military personnel on the battlefield.<ref name=":0" />

== Judicial Commission ==
((Main|Judicial Commission of Indonesia))
Other than the Supreme Court and the Constitutional Court, '''''Komisi Yudisial Republik Indonesia''''' or the '''Judicial Commission''' exercise judicial authority under the Constitution. Specifically, they exist to ensure the independence of the judges and the judicial system from unnecessary intervention and involvement. The laws tasked the Judicial Commission to:<ref>Law No. 18/2011</ref>

# '''Nominate candidates of judges (and ''ad hoc'' judges) of the Supreme Court to be approved by the DPR''', by:
## receiving applications of the candidates;
## running an open selection process of the candidates;
## selecting qualified candidates to be nominated; and
## formally nominated the candidates to be approved by the DPR.
# '''Maintain and enforce judges' code of conducts and code of ethics''', by:
## oversee and observe judges' professional conducts;
## receive public reports regarding allegations of judges' violation of code of conducts and code of ethics;
## verify, clarify, and investigate the public reports and allegations of judges' violation of code of conducts and code of ethics;
## protect and maintain the judges' professionalism from unfounded allegations; and
## promoting the judges' professional capacity and welfare.

==Personnel==

=== Judges ===
'''''Hakim''''' or Judges are state officials vested with judicial authority to hear cases, resolve disputes, and reach a verdict in civil and criminal cases. Within the Indonesian criminal procedural system, they are one of the most important subjects, aside from the law enforcement (police force), the prosecutors, and the correctional facilities.<ref>((Cite journal|last=Mulingka|first=Firman A.|date=2015-08-12|title=FUNGSI DAN KEDUDUKAN HAKIM DALAM SISTEM PERADILAN PIDANAN KAITANNYA DENGAN KEMANDIRIAN HAKIM|url=https://ejournal.unsrat.ac.id/index.php/administratum/article/view/9155|journal=Lex Administratum|language=en|volume=3|issue=6|issn=2337-6074))</ref>

Aside from regular judges, there exist '''''Hakim Ad hoc''''' or Ad hoc Judges, retired judges who have the judicial experience and skill to be appointed and assigned to hear cases in chambers for a certain period of times.<ref>((Cite web|title=Situs Web Kepaniteraan Mahkamah Agung RI|url=https://kepaniteraan.mahkamahagung.go.id/glosarium-hukum/1818-hakim-ad-hoc|access-date=2021-12-20|website=kepaniteraan.mahkamahagung.go.id|date=24 August 2021 ))</ref> They are most prominently assigned to the human rights courts, due to the nature of the cases, which might involve active state and government officials, and the ad hoc judges' authority may eliminate any conflict of interests.<ref>((Cite web|title=MA: Hakim Ad Hoc Berada di Lima Pengadilan Khusus ((!)) Mahkamah Konstitusi Republik Indonesia|url=https://www.mkri.id/index.php?page=web.Berita&id=10227|access-date=2021-12-20|website=www.mkri.id))</ref>

Judges decide cases based on statutory law. If there is no applicable statutes, judges must apply unwritten law and decide cases with wisdom and full responsibility to God.<ref name="BAMWUL11">Bambang Waluyo (1992) p11</ref>

=== Prosecutors ===
((Main|Public Prosecution Service (Indonesia)))
((Main|Attorney General's Office of Indonesia))
'''''Jaksa''''' or Prosecutors are government officials of the Public Prosecution Service of Indonesia, headed by the [[Attorney General's Office of Indonesia|Attorney General]], and vested with judicial authority to prosecute criminal cases and execute court orders and sentencings. They can also act as [[solicitor general]], in which they represent the state and the government in civil and state administration cases involving the state and the government. In criminal cases, they are known by the term ''Jaksa Penuntut Umum'' (Public Prosecutor), while in civil and administrative cases they are known by the term ''Jaksa Pengacara Negara'' (State Attorney). 

Parallel to the military courts, the '''''Oditurs''''' of the Office of the Military Prosecutors (''Oditurat'') function as the relevant authority to prosecute and investigate criminal cases of members of the Indonesian National Armed Forces. The Oditurat are headed by the ''Oditur Jenderal'', which serves as the most senior prosecutor within the Indonesian military judicial affairs.

=== Attorneys ===
'''''Pengacara''''' (sometimes the terms ''Advokat'' or ''Penasihat Hukum'' are used) are [[Lawyer|lawyers]] who represent and advise defendants in criminal proceedings and parties in civil cases.

=== Law enforcement agencies ===
((Main|Law enforcement in Indonesia))
Prominent law enforcement agencies include the [[Indonesian National Police|'''National Police''']] and the '''[[Corruption Eradication Commission]]'''. 

=== Correctional agencies ===
'''''Lembaga Pemasyarakatan''''' or '''''Lapas''''' are government-ran correctional facilities, which includes prisons for adults, women, juveniles, corruption convicts, and convicts of terrorism charges. They are administered by the [[Ministry of Law and Human Rights]].

=== Court clerks, bailiffs, and secretaries ===
'''''Panitera''''' or the court clerks ran the judicial administrative aspect of the courts. They keep records of case proceedings, maintain records of cases of their assigned courts, release official copies of court documents, and execute civil case verdicts. Sometimes they are assigned to appear in court to help administer the oaths.<ref name=":1">((Cite web|title=Tugas Pokok & Fungsi|url=https://www.pn-stabat.go.id/tentang-pengadilan/2015-06-22-15-58-25.html|access-date=2021-12-20|website=www.pn-stabat.go.id))</ref>

'''''Juru Sita''''' or the bailiffs are the official executor of the court orders. They often hand-deliver court orders and summons, execute court seizures and safekeepings of properties and their attached documents, and communicate and cooperate with other agencies regarding their actions.<ref name=":1"/>

'''''Sekretaris''''' or the secretaries ran the non-judicial (general affairs) administrative aspect of the courts. They manage the court's assets and its procurement, oversee human resources, and ran the financial affairs of the court.<ref name=":1" />

==References==
((Reflist|colwidth=40em))

==Further reading==
* ((cite book |first=Bambang |last=Waluyo |date=1992 |title=Implementasi Kekuasaan Kehakiman Republik Indonesia |trans-title=The Implementation of Judicial Power in the Republic of Indonesia |publisher=Sinar Grafika |location=Jakarta |isbn=979-8061-42-X |language=id))
* ((cite book |first=Denny |last=Indrayana |date=2008 |title=Indonesian Constitutional Reform 1999-2002: An Evaluation of Constitution-Making in Transition |publisher=Kompas Book Publishing |location=Jakarta |isbn=978-979-709-394-5))

((Government of Indonesia|state=collapsed))
((Judiciaries of Asia))

[[Category:Judiciary of Indonesia| ]]
[[Category:Law of Indonesia]]
[[Category:Government of Indonesia]]

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Module:Footnotes/whitelist (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Format link (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Hatnote (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Hatnote/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Hatnote list (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Icon (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Icon/data (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Labelled list hatnote (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Lang (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Lang/ISO 639 synonyms (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Lang/data (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Language/data/iana languages (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Language/data/iana regions (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Language/data/iana scripts (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Language/data/iana suppressed scripts (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Language/data/iana variants (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:List (view source) (protected)
Module:Message box (view source) (protected)
Module:Message box/ambox.css (view source) (protected)
Module:Message box/configuration (view source) (protected)
Module:Namespace detect/config (view source) (protected)
Module:Namespace detect/data (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbar (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbar/configuration (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbar/styles.css (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbox (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Navbox/configuration (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Navbox/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Ns has subpages (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/config (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/disambiguation (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/setindex (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/softredirect (view source) (protected)
Module:Portal (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Portal-inline (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Portal/images/i (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Portal/images/p (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:SDcat (view source) (protected)
Module:Sidebar (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Sidebar/configuration (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Sidebar/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:String (view source) (protected)
Module:TableTools (view source) (protected)
Module:Unicode data (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Unicode data/scripts (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Unsubst (view source) (protected)
Module:Wikitext Parsing (view source) (protected)
Module:Yesno (view source) (protected)

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