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((Short description|German theologian and orientalist (1844–1918)))
((Infobox clergy
| name        = Julius Wellhausen
| image       =Julius Wellhausen 02.jpg
| image_size  = 125px
| caption     =
| birth_date  = ((birth date|1844|05|17|df=y))
| birth_place = [[Hamelin]], [[Kingdom of Hanover|Hanover]], [[German Confederation|Germany]]
| death_date  = ((death date and age|1918|01|07|1844|5|17|df=y))
| death_place = [[Göttingen]], [[Province of Hanover|Hanover]], [[German Empire|Germany]]
| church      = [[Lutheran]]
| education   =[[University of Göttingen|Göttingen]]
| offices_held =Professor of Old Testament at [[University of Göttingen|Göttingen]], [[University of Greifswald|Greifswald]], [[University of Halle-Wittenberg|Halle]] and [[University of Marburg|Marburg]]
| title       = Doctor
))

'''Julius Wellhausen''' (17 May 1844 – 7 January 1918) was a German [[biblical scholar]] and [[oriental studies|orientalist]]. In the course of his career, his research interest moved from [[Old Testament]] research through [[Islamic studies]] to [[New Testament]] scholarship. Wellhausen contributed to the composition history of the [[Pentateuch]]/[[Torah]] and studied the formative period of Islam. For the former, he is credited as one of the originators of the [[documentary hypothesis]].<ref>((cite web |url=http://www.aishdas.org/toratemet/en_cardozo.html |title=On Bible Criticism and Its Counterarguments |first=Nathan Lopes |last=Cardozo |publisher=Torat Emet))</ref><ref>((Cite web|url=http://www.leaderu.com/orgs/probe/docs/moses.html|title=Did Moses Write the Pentateuch?))</ref><ref>((cite book |last1=Friedman |first1=Richard Elliott |title=Who Wrote the Bible? |date=1986 |publisher=Harper Collins |page=26))</ref>

==Biography==
Wellhausen was born at [[Hamelin]] in the [[Kingdom of Hanover]]. The son of a [[Protestant]] [[pastor]],<ref>Clements, R.E. ''A Century of Old Testament Study'' (Cambridge: Lutterworth Press, 1994), 7.</ref> he later studied [[theology]] at the [[University of Göttingen]] under [[Georg Heinrich August Ewald]] and became ''[[Privatdozent]]'' for [[Old Testament]] history there in 1870. In 1872, he was appointed [[Academic ranks in Germany#Faculty|professor ordinarius]] of theology at the [[University of Greifswald]]. However, he resigned from the faculty in 1882 for reasons of conscience, stating in his letter of resignation:
((blockquote|I became a theologian because the scientific treatment of the Bible interested me; only gradually did I come to understand that a professor of theology also has the practical task of preparing the students for service in the Protestant Church, and that I am not adequate to this practical task, but that instead despite all caution on my own part I make my hearers unfit for their office. Since then my theological professorship has been weighing heavily on my conscience.<ref>((cite web |last1=Levenson |first1=Alan |title=Was the Documentary Hypothesis Tainted by Wellhausen's Antisemitism? - TheTorah.com |url=https://www.thetorah.com/article/was-the-documentary-hypothesis-tainted-by-wellhausens-antisemitism |website=www.thetorah.com |publisher=Project TABS |access-date=28 February 2022))</ref><ref>Cited in Robert J. Oden Jr.,''The Bible Without Theology: the Theological Tradition and Alternatives to It'' (Urbana: University of Illinois, 2000), p. 20.</ref>))

He became [[Academic ranks in Germany#Faculty|professor extraordinarius]] of oriental languages in the faculty of [[philology]] at [[university of Halle|Halle]], was elected professor ordinarius at Marburg in 1885 and was transferred to Göttingen in 1892, where he stayed until his death.

Among theologians and biblical scholars, he is best known for his book, ''[[Prolegomena zur Geschichte Israels]]'' (''Prolegomena to the History of Israel''); his work in Arabic studies (specifically, the magisterial work entitled ''The Arab Kingdom and its Fall'') remains celebrated, as well.<ref>((cite book |last1=Wellhausen |first1=Julius |title=The Arab Kingdom and its fall |date=2016 |publisher=Routledge |location=London |isbn=978-1-315-41033-3 |url=https://www.routledge.com/The-Arab-Kingdom-and-its-Fall/Wellhausen/p/book/9781138221505 |access-date=28 February 2022))</ref> After a detailed synthesis of existing views on the origins of the [[Torah|first five books of the Bible]], Wellhausen aimed at placing the development of these books into a historical and social context.<ref>((cite book |last1=Wellhausen |first1=Julius |title=Die Pharisäer und die Sadducäer: eine Untersuchung zur inneren jüdischen Geschichte |date=1874 |publisher=L. Bamberg |location=Greifswald |page=19 |edition=1))</ref><ref>((cite book |last1=Wellhausen |first1=Julius |title=Prolegomena to the History of Israel |date=1994 |publisher=Scholars Press |location=Atlanta, Ga. |isbn=978-1-55540-938-8 |page=509))</ref> The resulting argument, called the [[documentary hypothesis]], became the dominant model for many biblical scholars and remained so for most of the 20th century.

According to [[Alan Levenson]], Wellhausen considered theological [[anti-Judaism]], as well as [[antisemitism]], to be normative.<ref>((cite web |last1=Levenson |first1=Alan |title=Was the Documentary Hypothesis Tainted by Wellhausen's Antisemitism? - TheTorah.com |url=https://www.thetorah.com/article/was-the-documentary-hypothesis-tainted-by-wellhausens-antisemitism |website=TheTorah.com |publisher=Project TABS |access-date=28 February 2022))</ref>

==''Prolegomena zur Geschichte Israels'' and documentary hypothesis==
((unreferenced section|date=September 2023))

((main|Prolegomena zur Geschichte Israels|Documentary hypothesis))
Wellhausen was famous for his [[Biblical criticism|critical investigations]] into Old Testament history and the composition of the ''[[Hexateuch]]''. He is perhaps best known for his ''Prolegomena zur Geschichte Israels'' (1883, first published in 1878 as ''Geschichte Israels'') in which he advanced a definitive formulation of the documentary hypothesis. It argues that the [[Torah]] had its origins in a redaction of four originally-independent texts dating from several centuries after the time of [[Moses]], their [[Mosaic authorship|traditional author]].

Wellhausen's hypothesis remained the dominant model for Pentateuchal studies until the last quarter of the 20th century, when it began to be advanced by other [[biblical scholars]] who saw more and more hands at work in the Torah and ascribed them to periods even later than Wellhausen had proposed. The emergence of conflicting answers which, by statistics, display certain similarities is better known empirically as 'spurious results'.

Regarding his sources, Wellhausen described [[Wilhelm de Wette]] as "the epoch-making opener of the historical criticism of the Pentateuch."  In 1806, De Wette provided an early, coherent mapping of the [[Old Testament]] writings of the J, E, D, and P, authors.  He was so far ahead of his time, however, that he was soon cast out of his university post.  Young Julius Wellhausen largely continued the work of de Wette, and transformed those studies into historical monuments.

==Other works==

A select list of his works are as follows:

*''De gentibus et familiis Judaeis'' (Göttingen, 1870)
*''Der Text der Bücher Samuelis untersucht'' (Göttingen, 1871)
*''Die Phariseer und Sadducäer'', a classic treatise upon this subject (Greifswald, 1874)
*''[[Prolegomena zur Geschichte Israels]]'' (Berlin, 1882; 3rd ed., 1886; Eng. trans., Edinburgh, 1883, 1891; 5th German edition, 1899; first published in 1878 as ''Geschichte Israels''; English translation ''Prolegomena to the History of Ancient Israel'', Forgotten Books, 2008, ((ISBN|978-1-60620-205-0)). Also available on [[Project Gutenberg]] [https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/4732])
*''Muhammed in Medina'', a translation of [[Al-Waqidi]] (Berlin, 1882)
*''Die Composition des Hexateuchs und der historischen Bücher des Alten Testaments'' (1876/77, 3rd ed. 1899)
*''Israelitische und jüdische Geschichte'' (1894, 4th ed. 1901)
*''[http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.gdc/gdclccn.g01000166 Reste arabischen Heidentums]'' (1897)
*''Das arabische Reich und sein Sturz'', in its time the standard modern account of Umayyad history (1902), English translation ''The Arab Kingdom and its Fall'' (1927)<ref>((citation | title = The First Dynasty of Islam: The Umayyad Caliphate AD 661–750 (2nd Edition) | last = Hawting | first = G.R. | publisher = Routledge | year = 2000 | isbn = 978-0-415-24072-7 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=KNczPUUdTbsC | page = xxi))</ref>
**''Urdu Translation'': "Saltanat e Arab Aur Uska Suqoot".<ref>((Cite web|url=https://quranwahadith.com/product/the-arab-kingdom-and-its-fall-urdu/|title=The Arab Kingdom and Its Fall Urdu, Julius Wellhausen, سلطنت عرب کا سقوط))</ref>
*''Skizzen und Vorarbeiten'' (1884–1899)
*''Medina vor dem Islam'' (1889)
*New and revised editions of [[Friedrich Bleek]]'s ''Einleitung in das Alte Testament'' (4–6, 1878–1893).
*''Die kleinen Propheten'', a critical brochure (1902)
*“The Book of Psalms” in ''Sacred Books of the Old Testament'' (Leipzig, 1895; Eng. trans., 1898)

In 1906 ''Die christliche Religion, mit Einschluss der israelitisch-jüdischen Religion'' appeared, in collaboration with [[Adolf Jülicher]], [[Adolf Harnack]] and others. He also produced less influential work as a [[New Testament]] commentator, publishing ''Das Evangelium Marci, übersetzt und erklärt'' in 1903, ''Das Evangelium Matthäi'' and ''Das Evangelium Lucae'' in 1904, and ''Einleitung in die drei ersten Evangelien'' in 1905.

== References ==
((reflist))

== Additional sources ==
*((Cite NIE|wstitle=Wellhausen, Julius |year=1905))
*((EB1911|wstitle=Wellhausen, Julius))

== Further reading ==
* Steven Cassedy, "Walter Rauschenbusch, the Social Gospel Movement, and How Julius Wellhausen Unwittingly Helped Create American Progressivism in the Twentieth Century," in Shawna Dolansky (ed.), ''Sacred History, Sacred Literature: Essays on Ancient Israel, the Bible, and Religion in Honor of R. E. Friedman on His Sixtieth Birthday.'' Winnona Lake: Eisenbrauns, 2008; pp.&nbsp;315–324.
* Paul Michael Kurtz, ''Kaiser, Christ, and Canaan: The Religion of Israel in Protestant Germany, 1871–1918.'' Forschungen zum Alten Testament I/122. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2018.

==External links==
((Commons category|Julius Wellhausen))
* ((Gutenberg author |id=1562| name=Julius Wellhausen))
* ((Internet Archive author |sname=Julius Wellhausen))

((Authority control))

((DEFAULTSORT:Wellhausen, Julius))
[[Category:Documentary hypothesis| ]]
[[Category:1844 births]]
[[Category:1918 deaths]]
[[Category:19th-century German Protestant theologians]]
[[Category:19th-century German writers]]
[[Category:19th-century German male writers]]
[[Category:20th-century German writers]]
[[Category:German Arabists]]
[[Category:German biblical scholars]]
[[Category:German male non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:German orientalists]]
[[Category:Ibadi studies]]
[[Category:Ibadi Islam]]
[[Category:Old Testament scholars]]
[[Category:People from Hamelin]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Pour le Mérite (civil class)]]
[[Category:Members of the Prussian Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:Members of the Göttingen Academy of Sciences and Humanities]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg]]
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[[Category:Academic staff of the University of Göttingen]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the University of Marburg]]
[[Category:German Hebraists]]

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