British light cruiser HMS Arethusa encountered a German airship on the North Sea and quickly launched a Sopwithseaplane to intercept. However, the pilot mistook smoke from British destroyers as a recall signal and abandoned the chase, ending one of the most promising early opportunities for the interception of an airship by a shipborne aircraft.[2]
Third Battle of Krithia — British, French, and Indian forces made a third and last attempt to capture Achi Baba, the main position for Ottoman defenses on the Gallipoli peninsula but were beaten back, sustaining some 6,500 casualties. Ottoman casualties were higher, ranging between 9,000 and 10,000 men.[17]
Third Battle of Krithia — Ottoman forces counter-attacked after the Allies failed to capture Achi Baba on the Gallipoli peninsula and drive them back to the sea.[23] The attack nearly broke British defenses, but British officer Lieutenant George Moor managed to rally retreating troops and order them to retake a critical lost trench. The action motivated the rest of the force to stand their ground, subsequently Moore was awarded the Victoria Cross for his actions.[24]
German submarine SM U-14 was shelled and sunk in the North Sea by Royal Navy ship HMT Oceanic II with the loss of one of her 28 crew.[25]
The prototype of the Sigrist Bus airplane by the Sopwith Aviation Company was given a test flight and achieved a new altitude record. The model was then used to develop the 1½ Strutterbiplane which became available by mid-December.[30]
Switzerland held a referendum on a war tax with most voters, over 450,000 (94 percent of electorate), in favor on implementing the one-off tax and over 27,000 against (about 6 percent). It was the first time a referendum has passed in every Swiss canton.[34]
Battle of Hébuterne — French attacks on the southern flanks became disorganized, with one German patrol able to take 100 French prisoners.[45]
U.S. President Woodrow Wilson sent Germany the second of three letters related to the sinking of the RMS Lusitania in May, rejecting Germany's argument the British blockade was illegal and that the Lusitania was carrying munitions.[46]
Second Battle of Garua — After nearly 10 days of siege from British and French forces, close to half of the native colonial troops under German command in forts around Garua, German Cameroon began to mutiny or desert their posts.[48][49]
British colonial force cracked down on rioters in Ceylon, resulting in 116 dead.[50]
British cruiser HMS Dublin was torpedoed and damaged in the Adriatic Sea off Albania by Austro-Hungarian submarine SM U-4 with the loss of 12 of her 440 crew. HMS Dublin was subsequently repaired and returned to service.[51]
The Georgia Prison Commission denied an application to commute the death sentence of Leo Frank in a 2–1 vote, who was convinced in 1913 for the murder of 13-year old Mary Phagan.[52]
British naval forces occupied the island of Kamaran in the Red Sea off the coast what is now Yemen.[53]
Battle of Hébuterne — The French secured more trenches from the Germans on the southern flank.[56]
Second Battle of Garua — The remaining 249 German and native troops stationed in garrisons around Garua, Kamerun surrendered to British and French forces.[57]
British seaplane carrier HMS Ben-my-Chree arrived at Lesbos to provide a full squadron of fighter planes and bombers for the Allied landing forces at Gallipoli.[58]
Georgia GovernorJohn M. Slaton opened hearings on the Leo Frank case in which he accepted both trial and new evidence, which included over 10,000 pages of documents and visits to the crime scene. When the hearing wrapped, Stanton produced a 29-page report that concluded there was sufficient new evidence not available at the original trial that cast doubt on Frank's guilt and ordered the death sentence to be commuted to life imprisonment.[69]
Battle of Hébuterne — The battle concluded with the French holding on to their line, but at a cost of over 10,000 casualties. The Germans lost around 4,000 including 651 prisoners. [75]
Second Battle of Artois — Despite advances by French forces on the southern flank of the front towards Souchez, France, it was discovered Germans had put up barbed wire in front of the entire front line, making it difficult for French soldiers to break through.[82]
Second Battle of Artois — In what was referred to as the Second Action of Givenchy, British and Canadian forces attacked northwest of La Bassée, France and captured the front line, but were pushed back by German grenades and a shortage of ammunition.[84]
Second Battle of Artois — French soldiers pushed towards Vimy Ridge but were held up as many German defense positions survived bombardment.[93] British and Canadian forces launched a second attack north of La Bassée, France and a new attack on Bellewaarde, France, but failed to reach both objectives.[94]
Bussa rebellion — A revolt broke out in the town of Bussa, Nigeria following British Northern Nigeria Protectorate's decision to replace the Emir of Bussa with a bayt al-mal (native administration). The colonial capital received word that 600 rebels led by a local prince had attacked and killed half of the members of bayt al-mal and occupied the town. Despite a shortage of British colonial troops, the revolt was suppressed quickly with minimal casualties.[95]
British pilot Reginald Warneford died along with American journalist Henry Beach Newman after crashing a new Farmanbiplane during takeoff from Buc, France, just shortly after a ceremony in Paris in which he received the French Legion of Honour for shooting down a German airship.[99]
Second Battle of Artois — The Allies halted the main offensive after repeated failures to break through the German line on the Western Front. Despite the French advancing about 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) towards Vimy Ridge on an 8-kilometre (5.0 mi) front, it was to the cost of over 2 million expended shells and loss of 102,500 casualties. The British suffered 27,809 casualties while the Germans lost 73,072 casualties.[103]
An official inquiry into the sinking of the RMS Lusitania wrapped after three days of interviews, including 35 testimonies from survivors. During closed sessions, the First Lord of the Admiralty tried to lay blame on Captain William Thomas Turner for being negligent in protecting the ship. However, testimony from surviving ship officers confirmed Turner had considered all risks of submarine attacks prior to and during the voyage.[104]Lord Mersey, who headed the inquiry, concluded Captain Turner "exercised his judgment for the best" and that the blame for the disaster "must rest solely with those who plotted and with those who committed the crime".[105]
Gallipoli campaign — French artillery bombarded Ottoman 2nd Division holding Kereves Spur (Kervizdere), causing 6,000 casualties. French attacked and captured part of the crest but didn't break through to capture the second part until nine days later, at a cost of 2,500 casualties.[110]
Georgia GovernorJohn M. Slaton released a 29-page report on the hearing of Leo Frank where he concluded there was sufficient new evidence not available at the original trial that cast doubt on Frank's guilt on the murder of Mary Phagan and ordered the death sentence to be commuted to life imprisonment.[112]
The Airco DH.2 fighter plane was given an evaluative flight before the model was assigned to the No. 5 Squadron for operational test flights in France.[116]
German submarine SM U-40 was torpedoed and sunk in the North Sea by Royal Navy submarine HMS C24 with the loss of 38 of her 41 crew.[127]
The Royal Flying Corps decreed all aircraft with covered fuselages were to use the tricolor roundel, previously used on just the wings, on fuselage sides.[128]
Malay rebel leader Tok Janggut and an army of Malay warriors attempted a siege on the Malaysian territory of Pasir Puteh in Kelantan, Malaysia after proclaiming it to be independent from British colonial rule. The siege ended in a battle with colonial forces where Janggut was killed, effectively ending the rebellion.[131]
By drawing 4.8 (32) each with Port Adelaide, South Adelaide ended the Magpies' run of 29 consecutive victories, including one against Carlton and one against a combined team from the other six SAFL clubs.[135]
British cargo ship Armenian was torpedoed and sunk in the Atlantic Ocean by German ship SM U-24 with the loss of 29 crew.[138] Survivors were rescued by a Belgian cargo ship.[139]
Rapid snow melt in the Rockies and heavy rain caused the North Saskatchewan River to overflow in Alberta. River levels in Edmonton were reported to be rising over 10 feet. In the order to prevent the Low Level Bridge — the only available crossing over the river at the time — from being broken apart by river debris, Canadian Northern Railway parked several train cars on the bridge to bolster its weight. Some housing and several lumber mills in the river valley were swept away by the flooding.[141]
Shabin-Karahisar uprising — Out of ammunition, the remaining men of the Armenian militia in the Giresun Province of Turkey engaged Ottoman troops in hand-to-hand combat. Ottoman soldiers defeated the militia and entered the fort the resistance had holed up in to massacre Armenian women, children and elderly inside.[145]
British destroyer HMS Lightning struck a mine in the Thames Estuary of England. She broke in two, the bow section sinking with the loss of fifteen of her crew. The stern section was towed to Sheerness, Kent where it was later scrapped.[146]
^Histories of Two Hundred and Fifty-One Divisions of the German Army which Participated in the War (1914-1918), compiled from records of Intelligence section of the General Staff, American Expeditionary Forces, at General Headquarters, Chaumont, France 1919 (1920), pp. 550-553, 554-557
^Moberly, F.J. (1923) The Campaign in Mesopotamia 1914-1918 v. 1, p. 241-266. London, His Majesty's Stationery Office. OCLC5136186
^Histories of Two Hundred and Fifty-One Divisions of the German Army which Participated in the War (1914-1918), compiled from records of Intelligence section of the General Staff, American Expeditionary Forces, at General Headquarters, Chaumont, France 1919 (1920), pp. 741-743
^Grant, Robert M. (1964). U-Boats Destroyed: The Effect of Anti-Submarine Warfare 1914–1918. London: Putnam. pp. 24–25.
^"French Navy". Naval History. Retrieved 21 February 2013.
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^Pitt, Barrie; Young, Peter (1970). History of the First World War. Vol. 3. London: B.P.C. Publishing. p. 918. OCLC669723700.
^Jay, Christopher. (1999) A Future More Prosperous: The History of Newcastle Steelworks 1912–1999, The Broken Hill Proprietary Company Limited, Newcastle, pp. 42-43.
^Rose, Douglas (1999). The London Underground, A Diagrammatic History. Douglas Rose/Capital Transport. ISBN1-85414-219-4.
^"Thorsport". Íþróttafélagið Þór. Íþróttafélagið Þór. Retrieved 16 June 2016.
^Whitehead, R. J. (2013) [2010]. The Other Side of the Wire: The Battle of the Somme. With the German XIV Reserve Corps: September 1914 – June 1916. Vol. I (pbk. repr. ed.). Solihull: Helion. pp. 258–261. ISBN978-1-908916-89-1.
^Steel, Nigel; Hart, Peter (1994). Defeat at Gallipoli. London: Macmillan. pp. 214–217.
^Sturtivant, Ray, British Naval Aviation: The Fleet Air Arm, 1917-1990, Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 1990, ISBN0-87021-026-2, p. 215.
^Zieger, Robert H. (1972). America's Great War. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 24–25. ISBN978-0-8476-9645-1.
^Schmidt, Donald E. The Folly of War: American Foreign Policy 1898-2005. New York: Algora Publishing, 2005, p. 79
^Hilditch, A. N. (1915). Battle Sketches, 1914–1915. Oxford University Press. p. 40.
^Innes, Arthur D.; Redway, H. W. Wilson; Low, Sidney; Wright, Edward (2007). Hammerton, J. A. (ed.). Britain's Conquest of the German Cameroon. The War Illustrated Deluxe 1916. p. 1178.
^Krause, J. (2013). Early Trench Tactics in the French Army: the Second Battle of Artois, May–June 1915 (1st ed.). Farnham: Ashgate. pp. 128–129. ISBN978-1-40945-500-4.
^Hutchinson, Leonard Patrick, "History of the Playground Area of Northwest Florida", Great Outdoors Publishing Co., St. Petersburg, Florida, 1st ed., 1961, no Library of Congress card number, no ISBN, page 41.
^Edmonds, J. E. (1928). Military Operations France and Belgium, 1915: Battles of Aubers Ridge, Festubert, and Loos. History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence. Vol. II. London: Macmillan. pp. 92–97. OCLC58962526.
^Ramsay, David (3 September 2001). Lusitania Saga and Myth. London: Chatham Publishing. pp. 126–28. ISBN978-1-86176-170-5.
^Crowder, Michael (1973). Revolt in Bussa: A Study of British 'Native Administration' in Nigerian Borgu, 1902–1935. London: Faber and Faber. pp. 16–17, 113. OCLC748206.
^Valelly, Richard M. (2004). The Two Reconstructions: The Struggle for Black Enfranchisement. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 141. ISBN0-226-84528-1.
^Gaunt, David (2006). Massacres, resistance, protectors: Muslim-Christian relations in Eastern Anatolia during World War I (1st ed.). Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias. p. 157. ISBN1593333013.
^Devaney, John; 'The Invincibles at Play'; in Full Points Footy's SA Football Companion, pp. 244-249
^McIlvaine, Eileen; Sherby, Louise S.; Heineman, James H. (1990). P. G. Wodehouse: A comprehensive bibliography and checklist. New York: James H. Heineman. pp. 27–28. ISBN0-87008125-X.
^Messimer, Dwight R. (2002). Verschollen : World War I U-boat losses. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. p. 238. ISBN978-1-55750-475-3. OCLC231973419.
^New South Wales Votes and Proceedings of the Legislative Assembly, 1915-1916, vol. 4, p.44; Riverine Grazier (newspaper), 25 June 1915; 13 July 1915.
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