Hilda Nilsson, a housewife in Helsingborg, Sweden, was brought to trial on eight murder charges, all involving children of infant age that were conceived illegitimately and so brought into her care as a foster mother. During the trial, evidence was presented that Nilsson drowned eight of the children for financial reasons and then burned the bodies.[4]
The Blast magazine released what turned out to be its final issue. In a column, publisher and editor Alexander Berkman argued that conscription in the United States was an "abdication" of citizens' rights and called for persons who consider themselves conscientious observers to neither register nor be conscripted.[9]
Tenth Battle of the Isonzo – A major Austro-Hungarian counteroffensive forced the Italians to give up nearly all the ground they had gained at the start of the battle on the border between northern Italy and Austria-Hungary.[17]
Battle of the Hills – The last German effort to retake ground lost to the French failed, forcing the command to call off further attacks. Since April 16, the Allies had captured c. 52,000 prisoners,440 heavy and field guns, and more than 1,000 machine-guns.[18]
The outdoor amphitheatre for the St. Louis Municipal Opera Theatre, commonly referred to as The Muny, opened with its premiere performance of the Verdi opera Aida.[26]
An attack on a British supply train by German aircraft prior the Battle of Messines disrupted the flow of ammunition to the Western Front, forcing British artillery to cease firing after three hours.[31]
German trench destroyed by a mine explosion during the first day of the Battle of Messines.
Battle of Messines – The British Army detonated 19 ammonalmines under the German lines near the Belgium village of Messines, killing 10,000 enemy soldiers in the deadliest deliberate non-nuclear man-made explosion in history.[33]
Chicago businessman Melvin Jones founded the first Lions Club in Chicago. As of 2020, the service membership organization had over 1.4 million members worldwide.[42]
French Army Mutinies – The French Army began to crack down on mutinying soldiers, resulting in 3,427 courts-martial. Close to 3,000 soldiers were sentenced to hard labor, and 629 were sentenced to death, although only 43 executions were actually carried out.[45] Rather than severe discipline, French army command rebuilt morale through a combination of rest periods, frequent rotations of the front-line units and regular home leave.[46]
An earthquake measuring 6.7 in magnitude struck La Libertad Department, El Salvador. Some of the devastation was around San Salvador with at least 101 deaths reported.[50]
General Giacinto Ferrero, commander of Italian forces in Albania, promised freedom and independence of the country under the protection of Italy. The proclamation had been approved by Foreign Minister Sidney Sonnino without consulting the Council of Ministers, provoking strong reactions on the part of ministers including Republican Ubaldo Comandini and socialist reformists Leonida Bissolati and Ivanoe Bonomi, who presented their resignation in protest to Prime Minister Paolo Boselli.[63]
Royal NavycruiserHMS Grafton was struck by a torpedo fired by German submarineSM UB-43 off the coast of Malta. However, the ship had been upgraded with anti-torpedo bulges in the hull that limited the damage and allowed the ship to get to port for repair.[64]
Died:Teresa Carreño, Venezuelan pianist and composer, known for her performance collaborations with English conductor Henry Wood, and compositions including Gottschalk Waltz and A Tear (b. 1853)
The first major bombing raid on London killed 162 people and injured another 432, including more than 40 schoolchildren when a single bomb hit a primary school in Poplar, London. Despite 92 British aircraft taking off to intercept the raid, the 14 German Gothabombers involved in the raid returned safely to base.[71] As the third raid of Operation Türkenkreuz, a total of 118 bombs were dropped, inflicting more casualties in a single day than all the German airship attacks on England combined up to that point.[72]
An explosion at a munitions factory in Ashton-under-Lyne, England, killed 43 people and devastated much of the surrounding area.[73]
Battle of Messines – The British secured their front line near Messines, Belgium, formally ending the battle. Casualties for the Allies were 24,562 while German losses were estimated at 25,000, including 10,000 missing and 7,200 taken prisoner.[84][85]
Senior officers with the Chinese Navy challenged the military authority of Duan Qirui, commander of the Beiyang Army in Beijing, by formally supporting the 1912 constitution prior to it being dissolved by the late president Yuan Shikai. The crisis led to current Chinese president Li Yuanhong to convince Duan to relent and allow the constitution to be reinstated.[95]
Norwegian passenger ship Kristianiafjord was wrecked off the coast of Newfoundland due to a navigation error, with all 1,144 passengers and crew on-board rescued.[96]
Five Imperial German NavyZeppelins attempted a high-altitude raid on London but only two managed to arrive over England. Airship L 42 attacked Ramsgate, inflicting £29,000 pounds in damage, killing three civilians, and injuring another 14 civilians and two Royal Navy personnel. The second airship, L 48, bombed open fields outside Harwich, before Royal Flying Corps Lieutenant L. P. Watkins of No. 37 Squadron shot her down, killing 14 of the 17 men on board and fatally injuring one of the survivors.[106]
U.S. Army Colonel Raynal Bolling traveled to France as head of the U.S. aeronautical commission to study the types of military aircraft being used by the Allies, and determine what types of aircraft to be manufactured in the United States for Allied use.[112]
Police in Washington, D.C., arrested Lucy Burns, a prominent member of the suffragist protest group Silent Sentinels, for obstructing traffic with a banner quoting U.S. President Woodrow Wilson's speech to United States Congress: "We shall fight for the things which we have always carried nearest our hearts—for democracy, for the right of those who submit to authority to have a voice in their own governments." The charges were later dropped.[122]
In baseball's greatest relief effort, Eddie Shore of the Boston Red Sox retired all 26 batters he faced to gain a 4–0 victory over the Washington Senators. Shore relived Babe Ruth with nobody out and a man on first, who was cut down stealing.
Battle of Mount Ortigara – Shock troops with the Austro-Hungarian Army pushed 11 Italian divisions off the Mount Ortigara summit, regaining their important defensive position in Asiago, Italy. Italy suffered 23,000 casualties while Austria-Hungary sustained only 9,000 casualties.[130]
Twelve women with the Silent Sentinels, including Mabel Vernon and Annie Arniel from Delaware, were arrested for obstructing traffic in Washington, D.C. The women forwent the $10 fine and instead chose to be jailed for three days.[131]
An earthquake measuring 8.5 struck Samoa, the strongest ever recorded for that region. The quake created a tsunami measuring 40 feet in height that damaged parts of Samoa.[136]
The Germans completed Batterie Pommern, the world's largest gun, in Koekelare, Belgium. It fired its first barrage the same day into Dunkirk 31 mi (50 km) away.[138]
German flying ace Lieutenant Karl Allmenröder was shot down and killed. His 30 victories tied him with five other pilots as the 28th-highest-scoring German ace of World War I.[141]
British and Canadian troops captured Oppy Wood near Arras, France, from the Germans with less than a quarter of the casualties lost from an assault on the wood two months earlier.[142]
British cargo shipDon Arturo was torpedoed and sunk in the Atlantic Ocean by German submarine SM UC-62 with the loss of all 34 crew.[143]
William Waldorf Astor, an American expatriate of the Astor family who became a British citizen, was awarded the noble title Viscount Astor by British monarchy for his contributions to business and finance in the United Kingdom.[146]
Died:Ștefan Luchian, Romanian painter, known for his works including The Well on Clucerului Street and Old Man Nicolae the Fiddler (b. 1868)
The Bengali-language romance novel Devdas by Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay was published. The novel became so popular it was adapted to film at least sixteen times in seven different languages, making it the most popular non-epic story in India.[154]
^Layman, R.D., Before the Aircraft Carrier: The Development of Aviation Vessels 1849–1922, Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 1989, ISBN0-87021-210-9, p. 113.
^Angelucci, Enzo, The American Fighter: The Definitive Guide to American Fighter Aircraft From 1917 to the Present, New York: Orion Books, 1987, ISBN0-517-56588-9, p. 428.
^Holzman, Morey; Nieforth, Joseph (2002), Deceptions and Doublecross: How the NHL Conquered Hockey, Dundurn Press, p. 122, ISBN1-55002-413-2
^Vogel, Frederick G. (1995). World War I Songs: A history of Popular American Patriotic Tunes, with Over 300 Complete Lyrics. McFarland & Company, Inc. Publishers. ISBN0-89950-952-5. OCLC32241433., page 36
^Smith, Kathleen E. R. (2003). God Bless America: Tin Pan Alley Goes to War. University Press of Kentucky. ISBN0-8131-2256-2. OCLC32241433., page 36
^Bonsor, N. R. P. (1978) [1955]. North Atlantic Seaway, Volume 2 (Enlarged and completely revised ed.). Saint Brélade, Jersey: Brookside Publications. p. 855. ISBN0-905824-01-6. OCLC29930159.
^Franks, Norman, Aircraft Versus Aircraft: The Illustrated Story of Fighter Pilot Combat From 1914 to the Present Day, London: Grub Street, 1998, ISBN1-902304-04-7, p. 63.
^Crosby, Francis, The Complete Guide to Fighters & Bombers of the World: An Illustrated History of the World's Greatest Military Aircraft, From the Pioneering Days of Air Fighting in World War I Through the Jet Fighters and Stealth Bombers of the Present Day, London: Anness Publishing Ltd., 2006, ISBN978-1-84476-917-9, p. 264.
^Sturtivant, Ray, British Naval Aviation: The Fleet Air Arm, 1917–1990, Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 1990, ISBN0-87021-026-2, p. 215.
^Edmonds, J. E. (1991) [1948]. Military Operations France and Belgium, 1917: 7 June – 10 November: Messines and Third Ypres (Passchendaele). History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence. Vol. II (Imperial War Museum and Battery Press ed.). London: HMSO. pp. 416–417. ISBN0-89839-166-0.
^Denman, Terence: A lonely Grave: The Life and Death of William Redmond, p.17-21; Irish Academic Press (1995), ISBN978-0-7165-2561-5, pp. 119–129
^Series "E", Volume 7, History of the 30th–37th Aero Squadrons. Gorrell's History of the American Expeditionary Forces Air Service, 1917–1919, National Archives, Washington, D.C.
^Series "E", Volume 4, History of the History of the 16th, 17th, and 19th–21st Aero Squadrons. Gorrell's History of the American Expeditionary Forces Air Service, 1917–1919, National Archives, Washington, D.C.
^Series "E", Volume 6, History of the 25th–27th Aero Squadrons. Gorrell's History of the American Expeditionary Forces Air Service, 1917–1919, National Archives, Washington, D.C.
^ abSeries "E", Volume 7, History of the 28th-43d Aero Squadrons. Gorrell's History of the American Expeditionary Forces Air Service, 1917–1919, National Archives, Washington, D.C.
^Die Kriegsführung im Frühjahr 1917 [Warfare in the Spring of 1917]. Der Weltkrieg 1914 bis 1918 Die militärischen Operationen zu Lande. Vol. XII (Die digitale landesbibliotek Oberösterreich ed.). Berlin: Mittler. 2012 [1939]. p. 471. OCLC310653206. Retrieved 18 November 2013.
^"Highbury". Uboat.net. Retrieved 21 October 2012.
^"Cedarbank". Uboat.net. Retrieved 24 October 2012.
^Series "E", Volume 2, History of the 9th and 10th Aero Squadrons. Gorrell's History of the American Expeditionary Forces Air Service, 1917–1919, National Archives, Washington, D.C.
^Series "E", Volume 3, History of the 11th–13th Aero Squadrons. Gorrell's History of the American Expeditionary Forces Air Service, 1917–1919, National Archives, Washington, D.C.
^Holstine, Craig E. (2005). Spanning Washington : Historic Highway Bridges of the Evergreen State. Washington State University Press. pp. 103–104. ISBN0-87422-281-8.
^McCullum, Brian (March 20, 2016). "Holland remembers transitional times". Florida Today. Melbourne, Florida. p. 2.
^Leonard Schapiro, The Origin of the Communist Autocracy: Political Opposition in the Soviet State First Phase 1917–1922, Second Edition, New York: MacMillan Press, 1977, p. 41, 363.
^Statement Showing, in Chronological Order, the Date of Opening and the Mileage of Each Section of Railway, Statement No. 19, p. 188, ref. no. 200954-13
^Series "E", Volume 9, History of the 1st and 8th Aero Squadrons. Gorrell's History of the American Expeditionary Forces Air Service, 1917–1919, National Archives, Washington, D.C.
^Becke, Maj. A.F. (1937). History of the Great War: Order of Battle of Divisions, Part 2b: the 2nd-Line Territorial Force Divisions (57th–69th), with the Home Service Divisions (71st–73rd) and 74th and 75th Divisions. London/Uckfield: HM Stationery Office/Naval & Military Press. pp. 123–30. ISBN1-847347-39-8.
^Byrkit, James. "The Bisbee Deportation." In American Labor in the Southwest. James C. Foster, ed. Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1982. ISBN0-8165-0741-4
^Lange Max Museum: temporary exhibition. De III. Flandernschlacht in onze regio.
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