Died:Caroline Still Anderson, American physician, first African-American woman to practice medicine (b. 1848)
Monday, June 2, 1919
Third Anglo-Afghan War – British forces attacked Afghan regulars west of Thall, British India, despite a notice from Afghanistan for a ceasefire. A message delay from headquarters forced commander ColonelReginald Dyer to reply: "My guns will give an immediate reply, but your letter will be forwarded to the Divisional Commander." The attack forced the Afghan to retreat with the British in pursuit, despite resistance from 400 Afghan tribesmen.[9][10]
Third Anglo-Afghan War – Facing a general retreat and losing units to capture, Afghanistan pursued an armistice with the United Kingdom. Some fighting with local militia continued for another two months before a peace treaty was signed on August 8.[24][25] The Afghans lost 1,000 men while the British recorded 236 killed in action, 615 wounded, 566 deaths from cholera, and 334 deaths from other diseases or accidents.[26]
A group of five British engineering firms formed the corporate conglomerate Agricultural & General Engineers in London, however, allegations of fraud forced the company to be liquidated in 1932.[33]
British troops fired on a mob protesting against the colonial government in Malta, killing four people. This resulted in support for political parties closely associated with Italy and increased independence from the United Kingdom. The date since then has been commemorated as the national holiday of Sette Giugno in Malta.[49]
Commercial luxury transporter Daimler created a commercial airline arm that became Daimler Airway, a short-lived luxury commercial airline in England.[53]
The thirteenth book in the Oz series, The Magic of Oz, was published a month after the death of author L. Frank Baum. Sales for it and the previous book The Tin Woodman of Oz were strong, likely due to his recent death.[54]
Royal Air ForceFairey seaplanes attacked four armed Soviet Steamboats on Lake Onega, Russia, during the Russian Civil War. Although the attack did little damage, the Soviet boats were surprised and forced to flee, pursued by four smaller and less-well-armed Royal Navy torpedo boats.[56][57]
Italian cyclist Costante Girardengo won the 7th edition of the Giro d'Italia cycling race, completing the 2,984 km (1,854 mi) route with a winning time of 112 hours, 51 minutes, 29 seconds.[59]
Not to be outdone by American rival Ruth Law, French aviator Raymonde de Laroche regained her top standing by breaking the women's altitude record again, flying to a height of 5,150 m (16,900 ft).[79]
Brazilian composer Heitor Villa-Lobos completed Symphony No. 3, the first in the trilogy of symphonies covering the themes of war, victory, and peace. The second composition, Symphony No. 4, was completed in September.[83]
U.S. Navy pilot Charles Hammann died in an aircraft crash at Langley Field, Virginia. He would receive the Medal of Honor posthumously the following year for a heroic action during World War I, retroactively becoming the first U.S. aviator ever to receive the award.[94]
Pancho Villa lead a force of 9,500 men to attackCiudad Juárez, Mexico, where a force of 7,300 Carrancistas were garrisoned. When the bullets began to fly to the American side of the border, two units of the U.S. 7th Cavalry Regiment totaling 8,600 men crossed the border to repulse Villa's forces away from American territory. Villa lost 150 men while the opposing Mexican-American side lost 69 men, plus another 27 civilians killed.[103] Villa's defeat ended any other attempts to stage offensives near the Mexican-American border, making it the last major battle of the Border War between Mexican revolutionary and American forces.[104]
The comic strip Old Doc Yak, created by Sidney Smith, was published for a final time, with the title character purposely selling off his trademark car to his neighbours The Gumps so he could move away "to start life all over again".[107]
Some 400 soldiers with the Canadian Armyrioted and assaulted the police station in Epsom, England in an attempt to release one of their own members who was incarcerated. Sixteen English police officers were involved in defending the station, with eleven injured and another dying from a head injury the following day. Eight Canadian soldiers were later arrested and put on trial, with four convicted of manslaughter. Their sentences were commuted by the Prince of Wales and all were allowed to return to Canada.[120][121]
Illinois had to reconfirm ratification of women's suffrage due to the error in the text of the initial resolution, but still retained the prestige of being the first U.S. state to ratify the 19th Amendment.[122]
German Rear-AdmiralLudwig von Reuter ordered the entire German High Seas Fleet interned in Scapa Flow off the coast of Scotland to be scuttled rather than have the ships seized by the Allies under the terms negotiated at the Paris Peace Conference. Before a Royal Navy squadron could intervene, 15 flag ships were sunk along with 32 destroyers and four light cruisers. Nine German sailors retreating from the sinking ships in lifeboats were shot and killed by the Royal Navy and another 16 were wounded. A total 1,774 German sailors were picked up and transported to Royal Navy battleships.[147] Well known German battleships destroyed included:
Winnipeg general strike – Royal Northwest Mounted Police fired a volley of bullets into a crowd of 30,000 strikers protesting the arrest of the strike leaders, killing two and injuring between 35 and 45 people, in what was later referred to as "Bloody Saturday".[150]
The fourth annual Aerial Derby was held in London, the first since the start of World War I. Sixteen participants flew over the same 94-mile (151-kilometer) circuit used previously, but did it twice since aircraft were now faster than in 1915. The overall winner was G. Gathergood, who completed the race in 1 hour 27 minutes 42 seconds in an Airco aircraft with no handicap. H. A. Hammersley won the handicap competition in an Avro Baby with a time of 2 hours 41 minutes 23 seconds.[151]
A tornado struck Fergus Falls, Minnesota, killing 57 people and causing $4 million in damages. It would be the second deadliest tornado in the state's history.[152]
German Chancellor Gustav Bauer sent a telegram to the Paris Peace Conference saying Germany would sign a peace treaty provided certain articles detrimental to Germany's security and economy were removed. The Allies responded with an ultimatum that if the treaty was not signed, Allied forces would cross the Rhine within 24 hours.[153]
Battle of Cēsis – The Estonian Army launched a successful counterattack against the Baltische Landeswehr, recapturing Cēsis, Latvia, and forcing the pro-German force to retreat towards Riga.[158] The Landeswehr suffered 274 casualties.[159] The Estonians sustained more casualties than the Latvians, with 110 dead and 295 wounded, compared the Latvians who only lost 13 dead and 30 wounded.[160] The battle proved so decisive in maintaining an independent Estonia and Latvia that the date is commemorated as Victory Day in Estonia.[161]
Faced with a prospect of a new war against the Allies, German Chancellor Gustav Bauer sent another telegram confirming a German delegation would travel to Paris to sign a peace treaty.[163]
Many of the surviving German Zeppelins from World War I were destroyed by their own crews in order to prevent them from falling into Allied hands. Out of the 84 built for the war, 60 had been destroyed.[169]
Winnipeg general strike – The general strike committee voted to end the strike and call on all 30,000 strikers to return to work.[179]
An American platoon of 72 men repelled an attack by a Red Army force of 400 men at their base camp in Romanovka, Siberia, Russia, killing between 41 and 57 Russian soldiers while suffering 24 killed and 25 wounded.[180]
Germany accepted responsibility for the damages and losses caused by the war and would make reparation payments to the Allies; the Reparations Committee in 1921 would set total reparation payments to 20 billion gold marks or $5 billion in gold.[201]
Died:José Gregorio Hernández, Venezuelan physician, known for his charitable medical work for the poor in Venezuela (killed in a vehicle accident) (b. 1864)
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^Herrmann, Dorothy (1982). With Malice Toward All: The Quips, Lives and Loves of Some Celebrated 20th-Century American Wits. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons. pp. 17–18. ISBN0-399-12710-0.
^Wilkinson-Latham, Robert (1998) [1977]. North-West Frontier 1837–1947. Men-at-Arms Series # 72. London: Osprey Publishing. p. 23. ISBN0-85045-275-9.
^Murray, Robert K. (1955), Red Scare: A Study in National Hysteria, 1919–1920, Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, ISBN0-8166-5833-1, 78
^Coben, Stanley, A. Mitchell Palmer: Politician (New York: Columbia University Press, 1963), p. 211
^Omar, Mohamed (2001). The Scramble in the Horn of Africa. p. 402. This letter is sent by all the Dervishes, the Amir, and all the Dolbahanta to the Ruler of Berbera ... We are a Government, we have a Sultan, an Amir, and Chiefs, and subjects ... (reply) In his last letter the Mullah pretends to speak in the name of the Dervishes, their Amir (himself), and the Dolbahanta tribes. This letter shows his object is to establish himself as the Ruler of the Dolbahanta
^O'Connor, Derek, "The Hunt For the Mad Mullah," Aviation History, July 2012, pp. 44-45
^Series "E", Volume 15, History of the 97th-102d Aero Squadrons. Gorrell's History of the American Expeditionary Forces Air Service, 1917–1919, National Archives, Washington, D.C.
^Butt, R.V.J. (1995). The Directory of Railway Stations. Sparkford: Patrick Stephens Ltd. pp. 48, 130. ISBN1-85260-508-1.
^Christine Stansell. The Feminist Promise. New York: The Modern Library, 2011, pp. 171–174
^"27th Battalion". First World War, 1914–1918 units. Australian War Memorial. Retrieved 17 March 2010.
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^Agricultural & General Engineers, Limited. The Times, Wednesday, Jun 29, 1932; pg. 4; Issue 46172
^"Automobilia". Toutes les Voitures Françaises 1920 (Salon [Oct] 1919). Paris: Histoire & collections. Nr. 31: 65. 2004.
^Hovannisian, Richard. The Republic of Armenia: Vol. I, The First Year, 1918–1919. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1971, pp. 176–77, notes 51, 52.
^Roberts, Ellis W. (1984). The Breaker Whistle Blows: Mining Disasters and Labor Leaders in the Anthracite Region. Scranton: Anthracite. ISBN978-0-917445-03-3.
^Bonhardt, Attila; Sárhidai, Gyula; Winkler, László (1992). A Magyar Királyi Honvédség fegyverzete. Budapest: Zrínyi Kiadó. pp. 10–11. ISBN963-327-225-4.
^"239/eln. 15. 1922. számú körrendelet. "M. hir. honvédség" elnevezés használatbavétele". Rendeleti Közlöny a Magyar Királyi Honvédség Számára: Szabályrendeletek. 49 (2): 13. 22 January 1922.
^Thetford, Owen, British Naval Aircraft Since 1912, Sixth Edition, Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 1991, ISBN1-55750-076-2, p. 121
^Dobson, Christopher, and John Miller, The Day They Almost Bombed Moscow: The Allied War in Russia, 1918-1920, New York: Atheneum, 1986, no ISBN, pp. 222-223
^Archibald E. Stevenson (ed.) Revolutionary Radicalism: Its History, Purpose and Tactics with an Exposition and Discussion of the Steps being Taken and Required to Curb It: Filed April 24, 1920, in the Senate of the State of New York, Published in 4 volumes. Part 1: Revolutionary and Subversive Movements Abroad and At Home, Vol. 1. Albany, NY: Lyon, 1920. p. 641
^Peppercorn, Lisa M. 1991. Villa-Lobos: The Music: An Analysis of His Style, translated by Stefan de Haan. London: Kahn & Averill; White Plains, NY: Pro/Am Music Resources Inc. ISBN1-871082-15-3 (Kahn & Averill); ISBN0-912483-36-9, p. 86
^Series "E", Volume 20, History of the 149th-199th Aero Squadrons. Gorrell's History of the American Expeditionary Forces Air Service, 1917–1919, National Archives, Washington, D.C.
^Series "E", Volume 22, History of the 222d-376th Aero Squadrons. Gorrell's History of the American Expeditionary Forces Air Service, 1917–1919, National Archives, Washington, D.C.
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^Magyarország a XX. században I.: Politika és társadalom, hadtörténet, jogalkotás. Főszerk. Kollega Tarsoly István. Szekszárd: Babits. 1996. pp. 43-48
^Mondey, David, ed., The Complete Illustrated History of the World's Aircraft, Secaucus, New Jersey: Chartwell Books, Inc., 1978, ISBN0-89009-771-2, p. 28
^Tillman, Barrett, "Above and Beyond," Aviation History, January 1918, p. 30
^"Hairmyres Hospital"(PDF). Online Guide to East Kilbride. 25 May 2001. Archived from the original(PDF) on 14 May 2004. Retrieved 30 September 2007.
^Collins, Bud (2010). The Bud Collins History of Tennis (2nd ed.). [New York]: New Chapter Press. pp. 454–483. ISBN978-0-942257-70-0.
^Series "O", Volume 22, Weekly Statistical Reports on progress of Air Service Activities, October 1918 – May 1919. Gorrell's History of the American Expeditionary Forces Air Service, 1917–1919, National Archives, Washington, D.C.
^Series "E", Volume 17, History of the 104th-147th Aero Squadrons. Gorrell's History of the American Expeditionary Forces Air Service, 1917–1919, National Archives, Washington, D.C.
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^Marder, Arthur Jacob (1970). From the Dreadnought to Scapa Flow, The Royal Navy in the Fisher Era, 1904–1919: 1917: Victory and Aftermath. Vol. V. London: Oxford University Press. p. 282. ISBN0-19-215187-8.
^Slavicek, Louise Chipley (2010). The Treaty of Versailles. Milestones in Modern World History. Chelsea House Publications. p. 73. ISBN978-160413-277-9.
^Harutyunyan, Anahit (8 March 2018). "Առաջին խորհրդարանի (1919-1920) երեք կին պատգամավորները". ANI Armenian Research Center (in Armenian). Yerevan, Armenia: Armenian Research Center for Anteriology. Archived from the original on 4 May 2018. Retrieved 11 January 2019. Three female deputies of the first parliament (1919-1920)
^"Lomer Gouin". National Assembly of Quebec (in French). Retrieved 24 March 2019.
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^Nefas, M. Lietuvos šaulių sąjungos ideologija: vidiniai ir išoriniai jos kūrėjai 1918 – 1940 m. Lietuvos šaulių sąjunga: praeitis, dabartis, ateitis.Mokslinių straipsnių rinkinys. ISBN978-9955-39-056-5. Kaunas: UAB „Arx Baltica", 2009, p. 11–24
^Allen, Nicholas (2003). George Russell (AE) and the new Ireland, 1905-30. Four Courts Press. p. 139. ISBN978-1-85182-691-9.
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^Boemeke, Manfred F.; Feldman, Gerald D.; Gläser, Elisabeth, eds. (1998). The Treaty of Versailles: A Reassessment After 75 Years. Cambridge University Press. p. 220. ISBN0-521-62132-1. ((cite book)): |work= ignored (help)
^Moberly, F. J. (1995) [1931]. Military Operations Togoland and the Cameroons 1914–1916 (Imperial War Museum and Battery Press ed.). London: HMSO. p. 422. ISBN0-89839-235-7.
^Ponsonby-Fane, Richard (1962). Sovereign and Subject. Ponsonby Memorial Society. pp. 346–353.
^Martel, Gordon, ed. (2010). A Companion to Europe 1900–1945. Hoboken NJ: Wiley-Blackwell. p. 156. ISBN978-1-444-33840-9.
^Lauterpacht, Elihu Lauterpacht, C. J. Greenwood, A.G. Oppenheimer, International Law Reports, Cambridge University Press, 1998, ISBN0-521-58070-6, Google Print, p.537
^Foner, Philip S. History of the Labor Movement in the United States. Vol. 7: Labor and World War I, 1914–1918. New York: International Publishers, 1987. ISBN0-7178-0638-3
^Lichocka, Halina (2008). Creating Networks in Chemistry: The Founding and Early History of Chemical Societites in Europe. RSC Publishing. ISBN978-0-85404-279-1.
^Nicol, C.G. (1921). The Story of Two Campaigns: Official War History of the Auckland Mounted Rifles Regiment, 1914–1919. Auckland: Wilson and Horton. pp. 239–240. ISBN1-84734-341-4.
^Powles, Charles Guy (1928). The History of the Canterbury Mounted Rifles 1914–1919. Auckland: Whitcombe and Tombs. p. 248. ISBN978-1-84734-393-2.
^Wilkie, A. H. (1924). Official War History of the Wellington Mounted Rifles Regiment, 1914–1919. Auckland: Whitcombe and Tombs. p. 240. ISBN978-1-84342-796-4.
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^Series "E", Volume 20, Pages 231-233, History of the 186th Aero Squadron. Gorrell's History of the American Expeditionary Forces Air Service, 1917–1919, National Archives, Washington, D.C.
^Order of Battle of the United States Land Forces in the First World War, Volume 3, Part 3, Center of Military History, United States Army, 1949 (1988 Reprint)
^Series "E", Volume 22, History of the 222d-374th Aero Squadrons. Gorrell's History of the American Expeditionary Forces Air Service, 1917–1919, National Archives, Washington, D.C.
^Myra L. Phelps, Public Works in Seattle: A Narrative History: the Engineering Department, 1875-1975 (Seattle: Seattle Engineering Department, 1978)
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