Shooting of Somali demonstrators by UNOSOM II forces
LocationMogadishu, Somalia
Date13 June 1993
Attack type
Mass Shooting
WeaponMachine gun
Deaths20 killed [1][2]
InjuredOver 50 injured
VictimsSomali citizens
PerpetratorsPakistan Army contingent of UNOSOM II

On 13 June 1993, an element of the Pakistani contingent of UNOSOM II opened fire with a machine gun onto a crowd of protestors in Mogadishu, Somalia, shooting approximately 70 Somalis. At least 20 people were killed in the attack, including women and children, and more than 50 others were wounded.[3][4][5][6] The shooting took place in the aftermath of the 5 June 1993 attack on the Pakistanis a week prior.[7][8]

The killings fed into a growing anti-United Nations sentiment among Somali citizens, leading to greater public support for the Somali National Alliance against UNOSOM II forces.[3][9][10][11]

Attack on Pakistanis and rising tensions in Mogadishu

On 5 June 1993, the Pakistani contingent of UNOSOM II suffered the lose of 25 of its peacekeepers in a battle with Somali militia and citizens, marking the single deadliest killing UN forces since the Congo in 1961.[7] Following the killing a number of U.N. and Western diplomats expressed fears that some Pakistanis, enraged over the slaying of their comrades might overact or seek retaliation.[8]

At 6 pm on the day following the 5 June incident, a minibus carrying unarmed civilians traveling on Suuqa Hoola Road was fired on by Pakistani UNOSOM forces, allegedly resulting in the death of four passengers and several wounded.[12]

12 June Shooting

On 12 June, Pakistanis troops shot into a small crowd of civilians on Afgoy road while they had been marching towards U.N. headquarters to protest military operations in the Mogadishu. As the demonstrators passed the Pakistanis, they began throwing stones and a ten year old in the crowd reportedly made an "obscene gesture" towards the soldiers. This was met with an immediate response of shooting from the Pakistani position, narrowly missing the ten year old, but resulting the in death of a man and woman, with some witness reporting a third fatality.[5][12][13] Professor Alex de Waal noted:

"It is normal military procedure that when a unit has suffered casualties in the manner that the Pakistanis did on 5 June, that unit is withdrawn from active duty for a while, for fear that it will engage in reprisals. UNOSOM has no such procedures. It reveals a major failing of UNOSOM command that it continued to deploy the Pakistanis at potential flashpoints in the center of Mogadishu immediately after the 5 June killings."[12]

De Waal would further criticized UNOSOM for not launching an investigation into the 12 June killings, arguing that the incident was a clear violation of human rights as the Pakistanis had faced no threat from the protestors when they had opened fire.[12]

Protest and shooting

Following the first night of AC-130 strikes in Mogadishu on 12 June 1993, anti-UNOSOM protests erupted throughout the city.[11]

On Sunday 13 June, at 10:30 in the morning, 3,000 to 4,000 Somalis were marching in demonstration against UNOSOM military operations near a Pakistani position. More than a block away from the crowd, the troops opened fire with a belt-fed machine gun from a sandbagged emplacement on a building rooftop overlooking the streets, without any warning according to Somali and foreign journalists accounts.[3][9][10][12] According to Toronto Star reporter Paul Watson who was present at the protest, "I do not recall hearing a shot before the Pakistanis opened fire. They fired hundreds of rounds."[14]

According to numerous reporters who witnessed the incident, UNOSOM troops had shot a Somali woman who had been leading the march in the leg, and then shot again as she lay in the street screaming in pain.[15] A 10-year old bystander was shot in the head and 2-year-old boy named Hussein Ali Ibrahim was half a mile away when he was struck in the abdomen and killed in the barrage of machine gun fire. The New York Times reported at least five people who were hiding behind vehicles when they were killed.[9] Washington Post reporter Keith Richburg also noted that the pattern of hundreds of rounds fired suggested that the Pakistanis had opened fire down several streets and into directions where people had been fleeing.[8]

Multiple rounds hit the side of the hotel housing journalists, with one of the stray rounds punching a hole in the wall and narrowly missing an Associated Press reporter in the shower.[8] According to Alexander Joe, a photographer with Agence France-Presse, later a Pakistani U.N. convoy drove closely past children on the street who had been wounded in the shooting, pleading for their help and proceeded to ignore them.[8]

In the aftermath of the shooting, war correspondent Scott Peterson and The Guardian reporter Mark Huband were mobbed by Somalis who informed them that they would not be allowed to leave until the collected the bodies of the victims, as they believed UNOSOM troops would not dare shoot at white foreigners. The two journalists would collect the dead and wounded help drive them to Banadir Hospital.[11] War correspondent Donatella Lorch would report in The New York Times the deaths of a young man and pregnant woman at Banadir Hospital who, according to relatives, both been shot in the chest by Pakistani soldiers. The pregnant woman was reported to have died a few minutes before her husband ran into the room holding a plastic bag for a blood transfusion. Describing the Somali reaction at the hospital, she would report:

For a few seconds there was silence, and then anger spread through the crowd that had gathered. "How could anyone do this?" said Mahdad Hassan Ghani, a staff worker at Benadir. "All the people of Somalia are against the United Nations action. We are all ready to die."[13]

United Nations account of incident

Commander of Pakistani forces in Somalia, Brig. Gen. Ikram ul-Hasan, claimed that Somali gunmen mixed into the demonstration had fired at his soldiers. He further insinuated that it was possible that Somali gunmen used women and children as human shields.[9] Ikram also stated that he believed his troops had first ordered the crowd to disperse and then fired warning shots, counter to Somali and foreign journalist witnesses accounts who reported hearing no warnings from the Pakistanis.[8] Hours after the shooting, the U.N. Secretary-General's special representative to Somalia, retired U.S. Adm. Jonathan Howe, defended the Pakistanis actions in an interview with the BBC. He alleged that demonstrators had advanced on the Pakistani positions using women and children as human shields, and that the Pakistanis had fired warning shots.[10]

According to The Washington Post the UNOSOM account of the shooting was, "...disputed by virtually all witnesses to the incident."[16]

Aftermath

Killings of civilians by peace keepers on 12 and 13 of June inflamed animosity towards the UNOSOM II among Somali citizens.[9] The spectacle of Somali civilians being machine gunned by UNOSOM forces shocked many U.N. officials and diplomats, and many consequently viewed it as a severe blow to U.N. credibility as a restorative force among the Somali people. One U.N. official commented that the incident had been a disaster and that UNOSOM had lost the moral high ground.[8] The following day on the 14 June, Doctors Without Borders responded to the killings with press release denouncing the excessive use of force by UNOSOM II troops and the president of the organization decried the incident as "monstrous".[17]

Commander of Pakistani forces in Somalia, Brig. Gen. Ikram ul-Hasan, denied accusations from reporters that his men were seeking retaliation for the 5 June 1993 ambush and American ambassador to the United Nations Madeleine Albright publicly defended that actions of the Pakistanis as executed in self defence.[8][5][18]

In an incident that did not go unnoticed in Mogadishu, a few days after the shooting US President Bill Clinton held a news conference in which he heavily criticized Aidid for his killing of UNOSOM soldiers, but made no condemnation of the killings of Somali civilians at the hands of U.N. forces. The killings fed into a growing anti-United Nations sentiment among Somali citizens, which the Somali National Alliance would seize on.[3][9][10][11]

References

  1. ^ Maier, Karl (13 June 1993). "UN killings inflame Somali crisis: 20 demonstrators shot dead in Pakistani 'revenge'". Independent. Independent. Retrieved 21 September 2022.
  2. ^ Eric, Schmitt (14 June 1993). "U.S. Expresses Regret At Shooting of Somalis". New York Times. Retrieved 21 September 2022.
  3. ^ a b c d "A little-known massacre explains Somalian hatred". Baltimore Sun. Retrieved 2022-09-21.
  4. ^ "U.N. troops kill 14 protesters". Tampa Bay Times. Retrieved 2022-09-21.
  5. ^ a b c "14 Somali protesters killed". Journal Times. Retrieved 2022-09-21.
  6. ^ "UN killings inflame Somali crisis: 20 demonstrators shot dead in". The Independent. 1993-06-13. Retrieved 2022-09-22.
  7. ^ a b "Dozens evacuated as fighting peaks; UN's bloodiest day since 1961". Edmonton Journal. 7 June 1993.
  8. ^ a b c d e f g h Richburg, Keith B. (1993-06-14). "U.N. UNIT KILLS 14 SOMALI CIVILIANS". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 2022-09-21.
  9. ^ a b c d e f Lorch, Donatella (1993-06-14). "20 Somalis Die When Peacekeepers Fire at Crowd". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2022-09-21.
  10. ^ a b c d "Pakistanis Fire on Somali Civilians; U.N. Renews Raids". Los Angeles Times. 14 June 1993. Retrieved 2022-09-21.
  11. ^ a b c d Peterson, Scott (2000). Me against my brother : at war in Somalia, Sudan, and Rwanda : a journalist reports from the battlefields of Africa. New York: Routledge. pp. 81–83. ISBN 0-415-92198-8. OCLC 43287853.
  12. ^ a b c d e Crisis management and the politics of reconciliation in Somalia : statements from the Uppsala Forum, 17-19 January 1994. Mohamed Abdel Rahim M. Salih, Lennart Wohlgemuth. Uppsala: Nordiska Afrikainstitutet. 1994. pp. 132–133. ISBN 91-7106-356-0. OCLC 32162628.((cite book)): CS1 maint: others (link)
  13. ^ a b Lorch, Donatella (1993-06-13). "U.N. SAYS ATTACK DEALT HEAVY BLOW TO SOMALI FACTION". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2023-03-28.
  14. ^ "Pakistani Troops Kill Somali Protesters". Chicago Tribune. 14 June 1993. ProQuest 1821391580.
  15. ^ Richburg, Keith B. (1993-06-13). "U.S. PLANES HIT MOGADISHU AGAIN". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 2023-02-20.
  16. ^ Richburg, Keith B. (1993-06-15). "U.N. PRESSES SOMALIA ATTACKS AS NEW ROLE IS QUESTIONED". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 2023-02-20.
  17. ^ Binet, Laurence (2013). Somalia 1991-1993: Civil War, Famine Alert and a UN "Military-Humanitarian" Intervention. Médecins Sans Frontières. pp. 183–184.
  18. ^ Schmitt, Eric (1993-06-14). "U.S. Expresses Regret At Shooting of Somalis". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2022-09-21.
Categories