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((Short description|10th–16th-century school of Tibetan Buddhism))
[[file:Portrait of the Indian Monk Atisha.jpg|thumb|300px|Tibetan Portrait of Atiśa]]
((Tibetan Buddhism))
((Vajrayana))
((MahayanaBuddhism))
((Buddhism))
The '''Kadam school''' (((bo|t=བཀའ་གདམས་པ་|w=bka' gdams pa))) of [[Tibetan Buddhism]] was an 11th century Buddhist tradition founded by the great [[Bengalis|Bengali]] master [[Atiśa]] (982-1054) and his students like [[Dromtön]] (1005–1064), a Tibetan Buddhist lay master.<ref name=":5">Silk, Jonathan A; von Hinüber, Oskar; Eltschinger, Vincent; Bowring, Richard; Radich, Michael (2015). ''Brill's Encyclopedia of Buddhism: Vol. II Lives'', pp. 1145-1158. Brill.</ref> The Kadampa stressed [[Karuṇā|compassion]], pure discipline and study.<ref name=":0">Chokyi Dragpa (2015). ''Illuminating the Thirty-Seven Practices of a Bodhisattva'', Glossary. Simon and Schuster.</ref> 

The most evident teachings of that tradition were the graduated teachings on the [[Mahayana]] path. These special presentations became known as [[lojong]] (mind training) and [[lamrim]] (stages of the path).<ref name="Buswell 2014 1232">((harv|Buswell|2014|p=123))</ref> Kadam masters like Atiśa also promoted the study of [[madhyamaka]] philosophy. According to Ronald M. Davidson, "Atiśa's coming to Tibet in 1042 was the threshold moment in the efflorescence of Buddhism and provided a stable foundation for monastic scholarship for the next thousand years."<ref>Davidson, Ronald M. (2008). ''Tibetan Renaissance: Tantric Buddhism in the Rebirth of Tibetan Culture'', p. 108. Motilal Banarsidass Publishers.</ref> 

With the rise of new Tibetan Buddhist schools like [[Sakya (Tibetan Buddhist school)|Sakya]] and [[Gelug]], Kadam ceased to exist as an independent school, and its monasteries, lineages and traditions were absorbed into all major schools of Tibetan Buddhism.<ref>Van Schaik, Sam (2016). ''The Spirit of Tibetan Buddhism,'' p. 33. Yale University Press.</ref> Because of this, Kadampa lineages remained strong long after the school disappeared.<ref name=":0" />

==History of the Kadam tradition==
The most important founding figure of the Kadam tradition is [[Atiśa|Atiśa Dīpankara Śrījñāna]] (982–1054), an Indian Buddhist master who was known as a great teacher at [[Vikramashila|Vikramaśīla]] and traveled to [[Tibet]] in 1037 on the invitation of a princeling named Jangchub O.<ref name=":1">Van Schaik, Sam (2016). ''The Spirit of Tibetan Buddhism,'' pp. 30-31. Yale University Press.</ref> Atiśa's poem, the ''Lamp for the Path to Enlightenment''  (''[[Bodhipathapradīpa]]; Tib. Byang chub lam sgron'') was an influential text which laid out the stages of the path to Buddhahood.<ref name=":1" /> He also helped translate some texts into Tibetan, taught Buddhism and wrote on Vajrayana practice.<ref>Van Schaik, Sam (2016). ''The Spirit of Tibetan Buddhism,'' pp. 31-32. Yale University Press.</ref> Atiśa's main teaching focus was on presenting a comprehensive Buddhist Mahayana system, and his numerous works explain basic topics such as [[bodhicitta]], the [[Pāramitā|six perfections]], the two truths, [[Pratītyasamutpāda|dependent origination]], [[Karma in Buddhism|karma]], and [[Madhyamaka]] philosophy.<ref name=":5" /> 

Over time he drew several students around him, including the influential [[Dromtön|Dromtönpa Gyelwé Jungné]], who convinced Atiśa to stay in Tibet indefinitely. This Buddhist circle was part of the "later diffusion" of Buddhism in Tibet.<ref>Van Schaik, Sam (2016). ''The Spirit of Tibetan Buddhism,'' p. 32. Yale University Press.</ref> The tradition became known as Kadampa over time. The name means those who teach the Buddhist scriptures (''bka'') through personal instructions (''gdams'').<ref name=":2" />

After the death of Atiśa in 1054, his main disciple Dromtön was the main leader of the Kadam tradition. He founded [[Reting Monastery|Radreng Monastery]] in 1056.<ref name=":2">Van Schaik, Sam (2016). ''The Spirit of Tibetan Buddhism,'' p. 33. Yale University Press.</ref> Another important student was Ngog Legpai Sherab, he founded Sangpu Neutog in 1071. According to Sam Van Schaik, "both monasteries followed Atiśa's principle of combining tantric meditation practice with a firm adherence to the monastic code and with rigorous scholarship."<ref name=":2" /> [[Reting Monastery]] was located in [[Reting Tsangpo]] valley north of [[Lhasa]]. The nearby Phenpo Chu and Gyama Valleys were also home to many large Kadampa monasteries.<ref name="rektibet">((cite book|last=McCue|first=Gary|url=https://archive.org/details/trekkingintibett0000mccu/page/118|title=Trekking in Tibet: A Traveler's Guide|date=October 1999|publisher=[[The Mountaineers (Pacific NW)|Mountaineers Books]]|isbn=978-0-89886-662-9|page=[https://archive.org/details/trekkingintibett0000mccu/page/118 118]))</ref>

Dromtön's three main students were Po to ba Rin chen gsal (Potowa), Spyan mnga’ ba Tshul khrims ’bar (Chen Ngawa), and Bu chung ba Gzhon nu rgyal mtshan (Bu chungwa). From these three come the main teaching lineages of Kadam: (1) the authoritative treatises (gzhung) lineage, (2) the essential instruction (gdams ngag) lineage, and (3) the oral instruction (man ngag) lineage, respectively.<ref name=":4">Buswell Jr., Robert E.; Lopez Jr., Donald S. (2013). ''The Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism,'' p. 123. Princeton University Press.</ref> These "three brothers" as they became known, traveled Central Tibet teaching and promoting the Kadampa order.<ref name=":9">Davidson, Ronald M. (2008). ''Tibetan Renaissance: Tantric Buddhism in the Rebirth of Tibetan Culture'', pp. 278-79 Motilal Banarsidass Publishers.</ref>

During the 11th and 12th centuries especially, the monastery at Sangpu became the dominant Kadampa institution, known for its scholarship.<ref name=":9" /> According to Van Schaik, "Sangpu became the centre of the renaissance in Tibetan Buddhist scholasticism." It maintained a curriculum which covered ''[[Prajnaparamita|Prajñāpāramita]]'', [[Buddhist logico-epistemology|pramāṇa]], [[vinaya]] and [[abhidharma]].<ref name=":2" /> Another influential Kadam monastery for Buddhist scholarship was [[Narthang Monastery]], which was established in 1153 by Tumtön Lodrö Drak (ca. 1106-66). According to [[Thupten Jinpa]], these two scholastic centers "came to dominate the study of classical Indian Buddhist learning, especially in epistemology, abhidharma psychology and phenomenology, the scholastic inquiry into the [[Prajnaparamita|perfection of wisdom literature]], and the Middle Way philosophy of emptiness."<ref>Jinpa, Thupten (2014) ''The Book of Kadam: The Core Texts,'' p. 5. Simon and Schuster.</ref>

Due to influence and prominence of other Tibetan Buddhist schools like Sakya, Gelug and Kagyu, the Kadampa ceased to exist as an independent tradition by the end of the 16th century and their monasteries and lineages were absorbed into the other schools.<ref name="bok">
((cite book|last=Jinpa|first=Thupten|title=The Book of Kadam: The Core Texts|date=2008-07-15|publisher=[[Foundation for the Preservation of the Mahayana Tradition#Wisdom Publications|Wisdom Publications]]|isbn=978-0-86171-441-4|pages=10))</ref> 

== Teachings and Study ==
[[File:Reting monastery9.jpg|thumb|290px|An old Stupa on [[Reting Monastery]] grounds]]
[[File:Narthang.jpeg|thumb|290px|An illustration of Narthang monastery]]

=== Authoritative Treatises Lineage ===
The Authoritative Treatises lineage of Putowa Rinchensél (1031–1106) emphasized the close study of six classic Indian Buddhist texts:<ref name=":4" />
#[[Asanga|Asaṅga]]'s "''Bodhisattvabhūmi''", a section of his ''[[Yogacarabhumi-sastra|Yogācārabhūmi Śāstra]]''
#[[Maitreya-nātha]]'s ''[[Mahayana-sutra-alamkara-karika|Mahāyāna-sūtrālamkāra-kārikā]]'', a [[Yogacara]] work
#[[Shantideva]]'s ''[[Shantideva#Śikṣāsamuccaya|Śikṣāsamuccaya]]''
#Shantideva's ''[[Bodhisattvacaryāvatāra]]''
#The ''[[Jatakamala|Jātakamālā]]'' of Aryaśura
#The ''[[Udanavarga|Udānavarga]]''
Furthermore, according to Thupten Jinpa, "the studies of these treatises are complemented with further Indian Buddhist classics like Nagarjuna’s (second century) ''Fundamental Wisdom of the Middle Way'', his ''Seventy Stanzas on Emptiness'', and Atisa’s ''Entry into the Two Truths'' and ''An Instruction on the Middle Way''."<ref>Jinpa, Thupten (2014) ''The Book of Kadam: The Core Texts,'' p. 9. Simon and Schuster.</ref>

=== Scholarship ===
Atiśa was a follower of the [[Madhyamaka]] school and he introduced the complementary study of the works of Candrakīrti and [[Bhāviveka]].<ref>Apple, James B. (2019). ''Atisa Dipamkara: Illuminator of the Awakened Mind,'' p. 3. Shambhala Publications.</ref> Atiśa’s Madhyamaka philosophy was a synthesis which drew on the works of Bhāviveka and Candrakīrti. Atiśa taught Madhyamaka by using Bhāviveka's ''Tarkajvālā'' and ''Madhyamakaratnapradīpa'' as an introduction and then taught advanced students Candrakīrti’s ''[[Madhyamakāvatāra]]''.<ref>Apple, James B. (2019). ''Jewels of the Middle Way: The Madhyamaka Legacy of Atisa and His Early Tibetan Followers,'' Introduction, pp 1-62''.'' Simon and Schuster.</ref>

Later Kadampas (especially at Sangpu) continued the scholastic study of Indian Buddhist philosophy. At Sangpu, Kadampas also studied Indian Buddhist pramāṇavāda philosophers like [[Dharmakirti]]. However, unlike Dharmakirti and other Tibetan Buddhists who followed the Yogacara-Madhyamaka of [[Śāntarakṣita]] (725–788), the Kadampas (following Candrakirti) instead defended a form of realism regarding conventional truth. Thus they accepted the existence of external objects conventionally.<ref name=":3">Emmanuel, Steven M. (2015) ''A Companion to Buddhist Philosophy,'' p. 405. John Wiley & Sons.</ref> 

Kadam madhyamika philosopher-translators from Sangpu, like [[Ngok Loden Sherab|Ngog Loden Sherab]] (1059-1109) and Chaba Chokyi Senge (1109-1169) translated and produced works on madhyamaka and on epistemology (''pramāṇa''). These philosophical works were influential on later Tibetan Buddhist philosophy.<ref name=":3" /> Their work had a lasting impact on Tibetan Buddhist scholasticism and by the 12th century, their study curriculum had become part of mainstream Buddhist study in [[Ü-Tsang|Central Tibet]].<ref>Davidson, Ronald M. (2008). ''Tibetan Renaissance: Tantric Buddhism in the Rebirth of Tibetan Culture'', p. 114. Motilal Banarsidass Publishers.</ref> It was also at Sangpu that [[Sonam Tsemo]] (1142–1182), one of the founders of the [[Sakya (Tibetan Buddhist school)|Sakya]] tradition, studied under Chapa Chokyi Senge.<ref>Davidson, Ronald M. (2008). ''Tibetan Renaissance: Tantric Buddhism in the Rebirth of Tibetan Culture'', pp. 339-40. Motilal Banarsidass Publishers.</ref> 

Another important commentator on madhyamaka, [[Patsab Nyima Drakpa]] (1055-1145?), was also a Sangpu monastery monk who had studied in [[Kashmir]] as well.<ref>Van Schaik, Sam (2016). ''The Spirit of Tibetan Buddhism,'' p. 79. Yale University Press.</ref><ref name=":10">Davidson, Ronald M. (2008). ''Tibetan Renaissance: Tantric Buddhism in the Rebirth of Tibetan Culture'', p. 279. Motilal Banarsidass Publishers.</ref> Patsab's commentary on Nagarjuna's ''[[Mūlamadhyamakakārikā|Mulamadhyamakakarika]]'' seems to be the first Tibetan commentary on this work. His interpretation was based on [[Chandrakirti|Candrakirti]]'s method (which Patsab labeled ''thal 'gyur ba'' i.e. [[Svatantrika–Prasaṅgika distinction|''prāsaṅgika'']]) and this differed from that of Ngog and Chaba's ''rang rgyud pa'' or ''svātantrika''.<ref>Vose, Kevin A. (2015) ''Resurrecting Candrakirti: Disputes in the Tibetan Creation of Prasangika'', p. 7</ref><ref name=":10" /> One of Patsab's students, [[Mabja Changchub Tsöndrü]], became known for his influential commentary on Nagarjuna's ''Mulamadhyamakakarika''.<ref>Mabja Jangchub Tsöndrü, ''Ornament of Reason: The Great Commentary to Nagarjuna's Root of the Middle Way'', Ithaca: Snow Lion, 2011</ref> 

=== Oral transmissions and essential instructions ===
Two other important early Kadampa lineages were the Kadam oral transmissions (''man ngag'') lineage entrusted to Phu-chungwa Shönu Gyaltsen (1031-1106) and the Kadam essential instructions (''gdams ngag'') lineage obtained by Chengawa Tsültrim Bar (1033-1103). According to Jinpa "Chengawa’s Kadam lineage of essential instructions emphasizes an approach whereby Atisa's essential instructions, rather than classical treatises, are the key basis for practice. These instructions include the guide on the four truths as transmitted through Chengawa, the guide on the two truths as transmitted through Naljorpa, and the guide on dependent origination as transmitted through Phuchungwa."<ref name=":11">Jinpa, Thupten (2014) ''The Book of Kadam: The Core Texts,'' p. 9. Simon and Schuster.</ref> 

Phu-chungwa's oral transmission lineage focused on studying the teachings found in ''The Book of Kadam''.<ref name=":11" /> 

These instructions were passed down only to one student in each generation in a single transmission until the secrecy was lifted at the time of Narthang Shönu Lodrö. Later these teachings were incorporated into the [[Karma Kagyu|Karma Kamtsang Kagyu]] lineage by Pal Tsuglak Trengwa and into the [[Gelug]] lineage by the [[1st Dalai Lama]].

=== Lamrim ===
The Kadam school was also known for their gradual step by step schema to the Mahayana Buddhist path, which are recorded in texts known as [[Lamrim|“steps of the path” (''lam rim'')]] or “stages of the doctrine” (''bstan rim''). They typically divided Buddhist practitioners into three types, culminating with [[Vajrayana|tantra]] and [[Buddhahood]]. Atiśa’s ''[[Bodhipathapradīpa]]'' is the [[locus classicus]] for this genre, other works include the “Short Treatises of Atiśa” (''Jo bo’i chos chung''). Many later Kadampas composed various works on the graduated path.<ref name=":6">Roesler, Ulrike (2019). ''The Kadampa: A Formative Movement of Tibetan Buddhism.'' University of Oxford. https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780199340378.013.568. </ref> These works usually begin with contemplations on the rarity of a human rebirth, impermanence, and karma.<ref name=":6" /> 

This genre was extremely influential in Tibet, and all schools of Tibetan Buddhism eventually developed their own ''Lamrim'' texts based on Atiśa’s ''[[Bodhipathapradīpa]],'' such as [[Gampopa]]'s ''[[The Jewel Ornament of Liberation|Jewel Ornament of Liberation]]'' and [[Je Tsongkhapa|Tsongkhapa]]'s three Lamrim works.<ref name=":6" /><ref>Davidson, Ronald M. (2008). ''Tibetan Renaissance: Tantric Buddhism in the Rebirth of Tibetan Culture'', p. 288. Motilal Banarsidass Publishers.</ref>  

===Lojong lineage===
[[File:Chekawa Yeshe Dorje.jpg|thumb|Chekawa Yeshe Dorje, a prolific author of ''Training the Mind in Seven Points'' which focuses on developing compassion and [[bodhicitta]] in one's life.]]
The Kadampa lineage was also known for an oral tradition called lojong ("mind training") which focused on developing bodhicitta through various contemplations and mental techniques, such as contemplatively taking all beings' suffering and giving them all of one's happiness (a meditation known as ''[[Tonglen]]'').<ref name=":6" /> One of the earliest examples of a lojong text is Atiśa's ''Bodhisattva’s Jewel Garland.''<ref>Jinpa, Thupten (2014) ''The Book of Kadam: The Core Texts,'' p. 4. Simon and Schuster.</ref>  

Lojong teachings are also known as ''The Instructions for Training the Mind in the Mahayana Tradition'' (((bo|w=theg chen blo sbyong))). According to [[1st Dalai Lama|Gendun Druppa]], Atiśa had received three lines of [[Lojong]] transmission, but there are conflicting accounts of from whom. It is agreed that he received teachings in [[Sumatra]] from [[Dharmakīrtiśrī]] (((bo|w=gser gling pa))),<ref name="berzin-atisha">
((cite book
  | last = Dhargyey
  | first = Geshe Ngawang
  | title = An Anthology of Well Spoken Advice on the Graded Paths of the Mind (Volume 1)
  | publisher = Library of Tibetan Works and Archives
  | date = 2001-01-01
  | location = [[Dharamsala, Himachal Pradesh|Dharamsala]], [[India]]
  | pages = Childhood and Renunciation of Princely Life
  | url = http://studybuddhism.com/en/tibetan-buddhism/spiritual-teachers/atisha/the-life-of-atisha
  | isbn = 978-81-86470-29-9
  | no-pp = true))</ref> and sometimes as [[Dharmarakṣita (9th century)|Dharmarakṣita]].<ref name="berzin-lojong">
((cite web
  | last = Berzin
  | first = Alexander
  | author-link = Alexander Berzin (scholar)
  | title = General Explanation of Seven-Point Attitude-Training
  | work = Part One: The First Four Points
  | publisher = Study Buddhism
  |date=December 1999
  | url = http://studybuddhism.com/en/tibetan-buddhism/mind-training/commentaries-on-lojong-texts/commentary-on-seven-point-mind-training-dr-berzin/the-preliminaries-and-bodhichitta-training
  | access-date = 2016-06-04))</ref> In the former case, Dharmarakṣita is identified as a scholar at the monastic university of [[Odantapuri]]. He is also known as the author of the ''Wheel of Sharp Weapons'' (Tib. ''blo-sbyong mtshon-cha 'khor-lo''), another one of the earliest lojong works.<ref>''Thupten Jinpa. The Book of Kadam: The Core Texts''. (Wisdom Publications: Boston, MA. 2008), 628nn129.</ref> The final main Lojong teacher was the Indian master Maitriyogi. Atiśa secretly transmitted them to his main disciple, Dromtön, who passed them on to figures like Potowa, who in turn transmitted the lineage to Sharawa (1070–1141).

During the time of the Three Noble Kadampa Brothers (Dromtön's main students), many of these oral teachings were collected together and compiled into the [[Lamrim]]. Yet at the time the lineages from Suvarṇadvipi Dharmakīrti were still kept secret. When the time was sufficiently mature, the Lojong Teachings were publicly revealed. Kadam Lojong texts include Kham Lungpa's ''Eight Sessions for Training the Mind'' (((bo|w=blo sbyong thun brgyad ma))), [[Langri Tangpa]]'s (1054–1123) ''Eight Verses for Training the Mind'' (((bo|w=blo sbyong tshig brgyad ma))), Sangye Gompa's ''A Public Explanation'' (((bo|w=tshogs bshad ma))) and [[Chekawa Yeshe Dorje]]'s (1102–1176) ''Seven Points for Training the Mind'' (((bo|w=blo sbyong don bdun ma))).

From Khamlungpa, [[Langri Tangpa]] and Chekawa Yeshe Dorje onwards they became public and later they were integrated into all four Tibetan Buddhist Schools. (These Kadampa-Lojong texts were brought together into the anthology ''A Hundred Texts on Training the Mind'' (((bo|w=blo byong brgya rtsa))).

=== Tantric Practice ===
The Kadam practiced [[Vajrayana]] Buddhism and thus included tantric practices in their tradition, which were considered as an advanced practice for those of higher aptitude.<ref name=":6" /> The Kadampa's higher yoga tantra practice was based on [[Guhyasamāja Tantra|Guhyasamaja]] and [[Cakrasaṃvara Tantra|Chakrasamvara]].<ref name=":5" /> Meanwhile, Tibetan sources mention that Atiśa’s main meditation deities were [[Gautama Buddha|Śākyamuni]], [[Avalokiteśvara]], [[Acala]], and [[Tara (Buddhism)|Tārā]].<ref name=":6" /> The Kadam school also seems to have created their own tantric system called the “sixteen spheres” (thig le bcu drug), based on thousand-armed Avalokiteśvara as the central deity. This system is still practiced at [[Reting Monastery|Reting monastery]].<ref name=":6" />

=== Popular Buddhism ===
[[file:Potowa Rinchen Sel.jpg|thumb|Potowa Rinchen Sel]]
According to Ronald M. Davidson, the Kadampa masters pioneered popular strategies for integrating the Tibetan laity into daily Buddhist activities. These included <blockquote>the promotion of popular teaching methods, the development of the cults featuring loving Buddhist divinities (especially Avalokitesvara and Tara), the spread of artistic representations teaching these ideals at sites available to all, and the generation of easily memorized verses set to song.<ref>Davidson, Ronald M. (2008). ''Tibetan Renaissance: Tantric Buddhism in the Rebirth of Tibetan Culture'', p. 249. Motilal Banarsidass Publishers.</ref></blockquote>Davidson further adds that the Kadampas promoted a more egalitarian ideal to counter "the elite bias of most forms of Buddhism spread throughout Tibet at the time". According to Davidson:<blockquote>In their literature, they retain a teaching attributed to Atisa, that monks “from this day forward, pay no attention to names, pay no attention to clans, but with compassion and loving kindness always meditate on the thought of awakening (bodhicitta).” This ideal was widespread throughout Indian Buddhism and given lip service in eleventh-century Tibet, but its implementation meant a fundamental change of pedagogical method, for monks would have to deliver Buddhist ideas to the populace. Eventually the change was effected by Chennga and Potoba, who devised a style of teaching that included popular images and anecdotes in their presentations.<ref name=":7">Davidson, Ronald M. (2008). ''Tibetan Renaissance: Tantric Buddhism in the Rebirth of Tibetan Culture'', p. 251. Motilal Banarsidass Publishers.</ref></blockquote>Potoba (Putowa) in particular was known for being attentive to popular expressions and made use of stories and illustrative examples in his teaching which appealed to a mass audience. Several hundred stories and anecdotes were collected in Potoba's ''Teaching by Examples. A Profusion of Gems'' (''dPe chos rin chen spungs pa'').<ref name=":7" /> Many of these examples remain in use today by Tibetan teachers.<ref name=":8">Davidson, Ronald M. (2008). ''Tibetan Renaissance: Tantric Buddhism in the Rebirth of Tibetan Culture'', p. 252. Motilal Banarsidass Publishers.</ref>

Popular fasting programs (''smyung gnas'') based on Avalokitesvara was also introduced by Kadampas.<ref name=":8" />

==The Gelug school, the "New Kadampa"==
[[File:Tsongkapa_-_Google_Art_Project_(CgHazyKs8STBow).jpg|thumb|361x361px|Painting depicting the life of Tsongkhapa, the largest image on the left showing the dream he had of the great Indian scholars like [[Buddhapalita]].]]
[[Je Tsongkhapa]], a Tibetan reformer, collected all the three Kadam lineages and integrated them, along with [[Sakya (Tibetan Buddhist school)|Sakya]], [[Kagyu]] and other teachings into a new synthesis. The Kadampas that followed him were known as "New Kadampas" or, more commonly, as Gandenpas or "[[Gelug]]pas".<ref name="bok" />

The three other Tibetan Buddhist schools ([[Nyingma]], [[Sakya (Tibetan Buddhist school)|Sakya]], [[Kagyu]]) also integrated the Lojong (((bo|w=blo sbyong))) teachings into their lineages. [[Gampopa]] (((bo|w=sgam po pa))), who studied for six years within the Kadam Tradition and became later the main disciple of [[Milarepa]] (((bo|w=mi la ras pa))), included the Lojong and [[Lamrim]] teachings in his lineage, the Karma Kagyu (((bo|w=ka rma bka' brgyud))).

Nowadays the [[Gelug]] tradition keeps and transmits the Kadam lineage of the ''Scriptural Traditions of the Six Canonical Texts''. Together with Dagpo Kagyu Tradition they keep and transmit ''The Pith Instructions of the Sixteen Essences'', and the Dagpo Kagyu Tradition keeps and transmits the ''Key Instructions of the Four Noble Truths''.

One of the most important sayings of the Kadam masters is said to be
((cquote|See harmony in all doctrines. Receive instructions from all teachings.<ref>((Cite web |url=http://bodhicharya.de/Rime-en.html |title=The Rimé (Ris-Med) Movement Of Jamgon Kongtrul The Great by Ringu Tulku |access-date=2014-07-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140715033447/http://bodhicharya.de/Rime-en.html |archive-date=2014-07-15 |url-status=dead ))</ref>))

==The modern "New Kadampa Tradition" ==
((main|New Kadampa Tradition))

In 1991, [[Kelsang Gyatso]] founded the "controversial"<ref> Bluck, R. (2006). British Buddhism: Teachings, practice and development. Routledge critical studies in Buddhism. London: Routledge. p. 129</ref><ref>[http://info-buddhism.com/Dorje_Shugden_Conflict_Dalai_Lama_protests_Thierry_Dodin.html The Dorje Shugden Conflict: An Interview with Tibetologist Thierry Dodin], 8 May 2014. Retrieved 12 May 2014. "The NKT can be described typologically as a cult on the basis of its organisational form, its excessive group pressure and blind obedience to its founder."</ref><ref>Mills, Martin (2003) Identity, Ritual and State in Tibetan Buddhism – The Foundations of Authority in Gelukpa Monasticism, p. 366, Routledge</ref> [[new religious movement]] he named the [[New Kadampa Tradition]] (NKT). 

Je Tsongkhapa referred to his monastic order as "the New Kadam."<ref>Cozort, D.. quoted in Heine, S., & Prebish, C. S. (2003). ''Buddhism in the modern world: Adaptations of an ancient tradition''. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 230.</ref> The term Gelug came into use only after his death.<ref>Lopez, Donald S. (1998). ''Prisoners of Shangri-La: Tibetan Buddhism and the West''. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 193</ref> The NKT-IKBU explains that they are independent of other contemporary Tibetan Buddhist centers and Tibetan politics although they claim they are in the 'same tradition' as the Gelug. According to the NKT's own publicist, the purpose of using the term "New Kadampa Buddhism" to refer to their teachings is not to introduce confusion about their origins but to encourage students to emulate the purity and sincerity of the original Kadam school.<ref name="kadampas">((cite web|last=Belither |first=James |title=Modern Day Kadampas The History and Development of the New Kadampa Tradition |publisher=Tara Buddhist Centre |url=http://www.meditateinireland.com/html_pages/Modern%20Day%20Kadampas.htm |access-date=2008-09-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080617020425/http://www.meditateinireland.com/html_pages/Modern%20Day%20Kadampas.htm |archive-date=2008-06-17 |url-status=dead ))</ref>

==See also==
*[[Schools of Buddhism]]

==References==
((reflist))
((cite book|editor1-last=Buswell|editor1-first=Robert Jr.|editor1-link=Robert Buswell Jr.|title=Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism.|date=2014|publisher=Princeton University Press|location=Princeton, NJ|isbn=9780691157863))

==Further reading==
*((cite book |author=Gendun Drup |author-link=1st Dalai Lama |translator=[[Glenn H. Mullin|Mullin, Glenn]]| title = Training the Mind in the Great Way| publisher = [[Snow Lion Publications]]| date = 1993-06-25| isbn = 0-937938-96-3 ))
*((cite book| last = Kongtrul |first=Jamgon |author-link=Jamgon Kongtrul | title = The Great Path of Awakening: The Classic Guide to Using the Mahayana Buddhist Slogans to Tame the Mind and Awaken the Heart| publisher = [[Shambhala Publications]]| date = 2000-05-02| isbn = 1-57062-587-5 ))
*((cite book |author=Atisha |author-link=Atisha |translator=Sherburne, Richard | title = The Complete Works of Atisa, The Lamp for the Path & Commentary| publisher = Aditya Prakashan| date = 2000-05-01| location = [[India]] | isbn = 81-7742-022-4))
*((cite book| last = Rinchen| first = Geshe Sonam |author2=Sonam, Ruth| title = Atisha's Lamp for the Path to Enlightenment| publisher = [[Snow Lion Publications]]| date = 1997-09-25| isbn = 1-55939-082-4))
*((cite book| last = Jinpa| first = Thupten| title = Mind Training: The Great Collection (Library of Tibetan Classics)| publisher = [[Wisdom Publications]]| date = 2005-11-28| isbn = 0-86171-440-7 ))
*((cite book| last = Tulku| first = Ringu| title = The Ri-me Philosophy of Jamgon Kongtrul the Great: A Study of the Buddhist Lineages of Tibet| publisher = Shambhala Publications| date = 2007-10-09| isbn =1-59030-464-0 ))

==External links==
((Commons category|Kadam))
*[http://lojongmindtraining.com Lojong and Tonglen community website]

((Buddhism topics))

((Authority control))

[[Category:Kadam (Tibetan Buddhism)| ]]
[[Category:Schools of Tibetan Buddhism]]

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