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((short description|1943 razing of Kalavryta by Nazi troops during the Axis occupation of Greece))
((More citations needed|date=December 2017))

((Infobox civilian attack
| title            = Kalavryta massacre
| partof           = the [[war crimes of the Wehrmacht]] during [[World War II]]
| image            = Kalavritablick-vom-mahnmal-aus.jpg
| image_size       = 350px
| caption          = The Massacre of Kalavryta Place of Sacrifice memorial with modern-day Kalavryta in the background
| location         = [[Kalavryta]], [[Hellenic State (1941-1944)|Hellenic State]]
| coordinates      = 
| date             = 13 December 1943
| type             = [[Mass murder]] by [[firing squad]]s
| time             = 
| timezone         = 
| target           = Greek men and boys
| fatalities       = 693
| injuries         = 
| perps            = [[117th Jäger Division]]
* [[Karl von Le Suire]]
| weapons          = [[Machine guns]] and [[rifle]]s
))

The '''Kalavryta massacre''' (((lang-el|Σφαγή των Καλαβρύτων))), or the '''Holocaust of Kalavryta''' (((lang|el|Ολοκαύτωμα των Καλαβρύτων))), was the near-extermination of the male population and the total destruction of the town of [[Kalavryta]], [[Axis-occupied Greece]], by the [[117th Jäger Division]] ([[Wehrmacht]]) during [[World War II]], on 13 December 1943.

==History==
In early December 1943, the [[German Army (Wehrmacht)|German Army]]'s [[117th Jäger Division]] began a mission named ''Unternehmen Kalavryta'' (Operation Kalavryta), intending to encircle [[Greek Resistance]] [[Guerrilla warfare|guerrilla fighters]] in the mountainous area surrounding Kalavryta. During the operation, 78 German soldiers, who had been taken prisoner by the guerrillas in October, were executed by their captors. In response, the commander of the German division, General [[Karl von Le Suire]] personally ordered the "severest measures" – the killing of the male population of Kalavryta – on 10 December 1943.<ref>((cite web|url=http://www.kalavrita.gr/component/k2/item/809-to-olokaytoma-ton-kalavryton|title=Το Ολοκαύτωμα των Καλαβρύτων|first=Γραφείο|last=Δημάρχου|website=Kalavrita.gr|access-date=23 December 2017))</ref><ref>For contested historiographical interpretations about the Massacre and the related debate in public sphere read Panagiotidou, Antigoni. 2023. [https://apothesis.eap.gr/archive/item/178847 ''Kalavryta 1943. Imprints of a traumatic and fragmented memory in art'']. Pages 33 - 36. Greek Open University: Skydra, January 2023 (MSc Thesis in Greek).</ref>

Operation Kalavryta was mounted from six cities: [[Patras]], [[Aigion]], and Corinth on the [[Gulf of Corinth]] and from Argos, Pyrgos and [[Tripoli, Greece|Tripoli]]s in central [[Peloponnese]].<ref>German map of Operation Kalavryta from the archives of German documents at the Municipal Museum of the Kalavryta Holocaust. https://www.dmko.gr</ref> All "Battle-Groups" were aimed at Kalavryta, although the divisions from Pyrgos, Argos, and Corinth returned to their bases soon after.<ref>Meyer, Hermann Frank. 2002. ''Von Wien nach Kalavrita: Die blutige Spur der 117. Jäger-Division durch Serbien und Griechenland'' (From Vienna to Kalavryta: The bloodstained trail of the 117th Jäger-Division through Serbia and Greece). 1st edition. Moehnesee: Bibliopolis.</ref> Wehrmacht troops burnt villages and monasteries and shot civilians on their way. The Germans reached Kalavryta on December 9. In the early morning of 13 December 1943, the Germans rounded up all residents of the town and forced them into the school building, where they separated the older boys and men from the women and children.<ref>Fefes, Archimandrite Theoklitos. Καλάβρυτα-Θυμήσες: Ήμουν Δεκατετράχρονο Παιδί. (Kalavryta-Memories: I was a 14-yr-old Boy). Athens: Simandro.</ref> They moved the men to a field owned by Thanasis Kappis, a school teacher, just overlooking the town.<ref>Kaldiris, Dimitris. Το Δράμα των Καλαβρύτων  (The Drama of Kalavryta). 2nd edition. Athens: Eptalofos. 1989.</ref> After looting the town and setting it ablaze, the Germans machine-gunned the men. 438 men, boys and seniors were killed.<ref>All names of the men are listed in the Municipal Museum of the Kalavryta Holocaust. https://www.dmko.gr</ref> There were only 13 male survivors, saved because they were hidden under the bodies of the dead. Austrian soldiers were part of the contingent. The next call of order was to lock rounded up women and children into a primary school. After doing so the Germans set the school on fire. Luckily, the women and children found a way to escape the school, which was already on fire.<ref>((cite news |last1=Chrysopoulos |first1=Philip |title=Kalavryta: The Bloodiest Nazi Massacre in Greece |url=https://greekreporter.com/2021/12/13/kalavryta-the-bloodiest-nazi-massacre-in-greece/ |access-date=4 December 2022 |work=Greek Reporter |date=13 December 2021))</ref> According to some accounts, an Austrian soldier left a door of the school unlocked, thereby allowing the women and children to escape.<ref>((cite web |last1=Patramanis |first1=Billy |title=The Kalavryta Holocaust: One of the darkest days in modern Greek history |url=https://greekherald.com.au/culture/the-kalavryta-holocaust-one-of-the-darkest-days-in-modern-greek-history/ |website=The Greek Herald |access-date=14 December 2022))</ref> The following day the German troops burned down the [[Agia Lavra]] monastery, a landmark of the Greek War of Independence.<ref>((Cite web |date=2012-11-01 |title=MONASTERY OF AGIA LAVRA- KALAVRITA |url=https://www.monastiria.gr/monastery-of-agia-lavra-kalavrita/?lang=en |access-date=2023-10-06 |website=Μοναστήρια της Ελλάδος |language=en-US))</ref>

During the reprisals of Operation Kalavryta 693 civilians were killed;<ref>From German records described in Meyer, Hermann Frank. 2002. Von Wien Nach Kalavrita: Die blutige Spur der 117: Jäger-Division durch Serbien und Griechenland (From Vienna to Kalavryta: The bloodstained trail of the 117th Jäger-Division through Serbia and Greece). 1st edition. Moehnesee: Bibliopolis. Also, all names are listed in the [https://www.dmko.gr/en/ Municipal Museum of the Kalavryta Holocaust].</ref> their names are listed on memorials in Kalavrita and other villages. Twenty-eight communities((snd))towns, villages, monasteries and settlements((snd))were destroyed. In Kalavryta itself about 1,000 houses were looted and burned, and more than 2,000 livestock seized by the Germans. 

Today the site of the massacre  is kept as a memorial, and the events are commemorated every December. On 18 April 2000, the [[President of the Federal Republic of Germany]], [[Johannes Rau]], visited Kalavryta and  expressed shame and sorrow for the tragedy.<ref>((cite web | title=Ansprache in Kalavryta|trans-title=Speech at Kalavryta|last=Rau|first=Johannes|website=Der Bundespräsident | date=20 April 2000 | url=https://www.bundespraesident.de/SharedDocs/Reden/DE/Johannes-Rau/Reden/2000/04/20000404_Rede.html | language=de))</ref>

==In art==
* ''Requiem'' (1984) by [[Mikis Theodorakis]] is dedicated ''”to the dead of the Massacre of Kalavryta”''<ref>((cite web |url=https://theodorakisfriends.com/2013/04/12/about-theodorakiss-requiem |title=About Theodorakis's Requiem &#124; "The Music of Mikis Theodorakis" |website=Theodorakisfriends.com |access-date=15 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161106185433/https://theodorakisfriends.com/2013/04/12/about-theodorakiss-requiem/ |archive-date=6 November 2016 |url-status=dead ))</ref>
* [http://htc.miami.edu/plays/kalavrita-des-mille-antigone/ ''Kalavrita des mille Antigones''] by [[Charlotte Delbo]]

==In literature==
Comprehensive historical accounts of Operation Kalavryta have been documented in two non-fiction books:

* ((Interlanguage link|Hermann Frank Meyer|de)), whose father had been a German lieutenant captured and executed in Greece during WWII, wrote ''Von Wien nach Kalavrita: Die blutige Spur der 117. Jäger-Division durch Serbien und Griechenland'' (''From Vienna to Kalavryta: The bloodstained trail of the 117th Jäger-Division through Serbia and Greece'') in 2002.
* Antonis Kakoyannis, a local villager who interviewed over seventy eyewitnesses to the events, documented Operation Kalavryta from the perspective of his family and local Greeks in ''The Cursed Day: Eyewitness Accounts of the Nazi Massacres During Operation Kalavryta'' (2019).

Some survivors of the events have documented their stories in short publications in Greek which can be found in Kalavryta’s museum and bookstore.

Other authors have woven narratives into the events surrounding the Kalavryta massacre, including ''Just Another Man: A Story of the Nazi Massacre of Kalavryta'' (1998) by Andy Varlow and ''Hitler's Orphan: Demetri of Kalavryta'' (2014) by Marc Zirogiannis. ''Hitler's Orphan'' is a historical novella that tells the story of the massacre from the perspective of the Zirogiannis family.<ref>((cite book|last1=Zirogiannis|first1=Marc|title=Hitler's Orphan: Demetri of Kalavryta|date=24 May 2014|publisher=Lulu|location=New York, NY|isbn=9781312222595|page=34|edition=1st))</ref>

==See also==
*[[List of massacres in Greece]]
*[[War crimes of the Wehrmacht]]
*[[Oradour-sur-Glane massacre]]
*[[Szczurowa massacre]]
*[[Distomo massacre]]
*[[Wehrmachtsausstellung]]

==References==
((Reflist))

==Sources==
*Hermann Frank Meyer, ''Von Wien nach Kalavryta: Die blutige Spur der 117. Jäger-Division durch Serbien und Griechenland''
*Andy Varlow, ''Just Another Man: A Story of the Nazi Massacre of Kalavryta''. 1998; ((ISBN|1-883319-72-2))

==External links==
*[https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ww2peopleswar/stories/37/a3206837.shtml SOE, the Irish Agent and the Greek Massacre by Conal O'Donnell]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110726131855/http://greekembassy.org/Embassy/content/en/Article.aspx?office=3&folder=289&article=4765 Greek Government Information re. the Kalavryta massacre]
*[http://odysseus.culture.gr/h/1/eh151.jsp?obj_id=3439 Museum of the Sacrifice of the People of Kalavryta]
*[http://www.verbrechen-der-wehrmacht.de/pdf/vdw_en.pdf Crimes of the German Wehrmacht]

((coord|38|2|N|22|7|E|type:city|display=title))
((Greece during World War II|state=collapsed))

((DEFAULTSORT:Kalavryta Massacre))
[[Category:Conflicts in 1943]]
[[Category:Nazi war crimes in Greece]]
[[Category:Massacres in 1943]]
[[Category:1943 in Greece]]
[[Category:Massacres in Greece during World War II]]
[[Category:Kalavryta]]
[[Category:December 1943 events]]
[[Category:War crimes of the Wehrmacht]]
[[Category:Peloponnese in World War II]]

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