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((Short description|Turkic union founded in the 7th century))
((more citations needed|date=August 2011))
((Infobox country
|common_name  = Kangar Union
|native_name  = Kangar Odagy
|status       = Federation
|capital      = located in Ulutau mountains
|common_languages = [[Old Turkic language|Old Turkic]]
|year_start   = 659
|year_end     = 750
|p1           = First Turkic Khaganate
|flag_p1      =
|s1           = Western Turkic Khaganate
|s2           = Kimak Khanate
|s3           = Western Kangar State
|s4           = Oghuz Yabgu State
|image_map    = AD 659KangarUnion.png
|image_map_caption = The Kangar Union after the fall of the Western Turkic Khaganate, 659-750
|image_flag   =
|religion     = [[Tengriism]]
|currency     =
|legislature  = [[Kurultai]] ''(Qurultay)''
|title_leader = [[Khan (title)]]
|leader1      =
|year_leader1 =
|leader2      =
|year_leader2 =
))
((History of the Turkic peoples))
((History of Kazakhstan))

'''Kangar union''' was a [[Turkic people|Turkic]] state in the territory of the entire modern [[Kazakhstan]] without [[Zhetysu]]. The ethnic name Kangar is an [[Early Medieval|early medieval]] name for the [[Kankalis|Kangly]] people, who are now part of the [[Kazakhs|Kazakh]], [[Uzbeks|Uzbek]],<ref>Tolstoi V.P. ''Origin of the Karakalpak People''//KSIE, Moscow, 1947. p.75</ref> and [[Karakalpaks|Karakalpak]] nations. The capital of the Kangar union was located in the Ulytau mountains. The Pechenegs, three of whose tribes were known as ''Kangar'' ([[Greek language|Greek]]: Καγγαρ), after being defeated by the [[Oghuz Turks|Oghuzes]], [[Karluks]], and [[Kimek]]-[[Kypchaks]], attacked the [[Bulgars]] and established the Pecheneg state in Eastern Europe (840–990 CE).

== Etymology ==
<!--- A modern interpretation of the etymology is that ethnonym ''Kangar'' consists of two roots, ''Kang/Kang'' (''Qang/Qang''), a Turkic for "father, primogenitor", and ''är'' "people, men", ''Kanger''.<ref>M.Zakiev, ''Origin of Türks and Tatars'', p.361, Moscow, "Insan", 2002, ((ISBN|5-85840-317-4))</ref> An alternate etymology is that the word ''kangly'' in Old Turkic meant "wagon, vehicle", and is homonymous with the name of the Kangly tribe.--->

The ''Kengeres'', mentioned in the [[Orkhon inscriptions]], were possibly known in the Islamic world and in the west as ''Kangar'', a collective name for three [[Pechenegs|Pecheneg]] tribes (of eight).<ref>P.Golubovsky, ''Pechenegs, Torks, and Polovetses before Tatar invasion'', SPb, 1884. p.55, in L.Gumilev, ''Ancient Türks'', [http://gumilevica.kulichki.net/OT/ot20.htm Ch.20] (In Russian)</ref> [[Byzantine]] emperor [[Constantine Porphyrogenitus]] stated that ''Kangar'' signified nobleness and bravery.<ref>Constantine Porphyrogenitus, ''[[De Administrando Imperio]]''</ref> Ukrainian historian [[Omeljan Pritsak]] suggested that ''Kangar'' originated from [[Tocharian languages|Tocharian A]] *''kânk'' "stone" and ''Kengeres'' combined ''Kenger'' with the Iranian ethnonym ''As'', supposedly from *''ârs'' < *''âvrs'' < *''Aoruša''  (Greek: [[Aorsi|Αορσοι]]). However, Golden objected that *''Aoruša'' would have yielded ''Ors''/''Urs'' and Pritsak's opinion on the Kengeres-Kangars' ethnonym and mixed Tocharian-Iranian origin remained "highly hypothetical".<ref name="Golden (1992)">((cite book|last=Golden|first=Peter B.|title=An Introduction to the History of the Turkic People|year= 1992|publisher= Otto Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden|pages= 264–265))</ref>  Other Orientalists, [[Josef Markwart|Marquart]], [[Sergey Tolstov|Toltsov]], [[:ru:Кляшторный, Сергей Григорьевич|Klyashtorny]], attempted to connect the ''Kangar'' and ''Kengeres'' to the [[Kankalis|''Qanglı'']], the eastern grouping of the [[Cuman-Kipchak confederation]] as well as the Indo-European ''[[Kangju]]'' in Chinese sources. Akhinžanov proposed that the [[Kipchaks]] simply assumed the name ''Qanglı'' (literally "wagon") after taking over the [[Kangju|Kang region]].((sfn|Golden|1992|p= 273)) [[András Róna-Tas]] (1996, 1999) proposes that the Pechenegs associated with their word ''kongor'' meaning "brown" (referring to their horses' [[equine coat color|coat color]]) with the ethnic name Kangar, which had been in existence in the Caucasus region as early as the 6th century CE before the Turkic peoples emerged; though he considers it a "case of an ethnic name established by means of a [[folk etymology|popular etymology]]".<ref>Róna-Tas, András (1996). ''A honfoglaló magyar nép. Bevezetés a korai magyar történelem ismeretébe'', p. 325-6. Cited in ((cite book |last1=Güzel |first1=Hasan |last2=Oğuz |first2=Cem |last3=Karatay |first3=Osman |title=The Turks: Early ages |date=2002 |publisher=Yeni Türkiye |isbn=978-975-6782-56-9 |page=621 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HGBtAAAAMAAJ |language=en))</ref><ref>Róna-Tas, András (1999). ''Hungarians and Europe in the early Middle Ages. An introduction to early Hungarian history''. Central European University Press. p. 420</ref> Nevertheless, all of these connections, if any, remain unclear.

== Independence ==
After the capture of [[Zhetysu]] by the [[Tang Empire|Chinese]], Kangars become independent from the [[Göktürks|Turkic Kaganate]]. The Syr Darya cities retained their autonomy. The [[Oghuz Turks|Oguzes]] in the southern [[Kazakhstan]], [[Kimek Khanate|Kimaks]] in the [[Irtysh River]] valley, [[Cumans]] in Mugodjar, and [[Kypchaks]] in the northern Kazakhstan became the vassals of the Kangar union.

At the end of the 7th century the Syr Darya cities rebelled and formed an alliance with the [[Sogdiana]]. The revolt was successful, but the [[Muslim]] [[Arab]] armies attacked Sogdiana from the south. The revolt has waned, and Kangars consented to the continued autonomy of the Syr Darya cities.

== Fall of the Union ==
At the beginning of the 8th century the [[Oghuz Turks|Oghuz]] confederation and the city of [[Tashkent]] seceded from the Kangar union. The Arabs continued raiding [[Sygnakh]], Jend, and other rich Kangar cities. The Oguzes formed an alliance with the [[Kimek Khanate|Kimaks]] and [[Karluks]], and their joint assault defeated the Kangars, whose union dissolved.<ref>Golden, Peter B. (1992). ''An Introduction to the History of the Turkic People''. Otto Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden.</ref> Three Kangar tribes and five allied Turkic tribes, under the collective name [[Pecheneg]], later carved out a realm, which bordered both the Ouzes and the [[Khazars]], in Eastern Europe.

== See also ==
* [[Pechenegs]]
* [[Kankalis]] (a people possibly related to the Kangars)
* [[Kangju]]
* [[Great jüz|Senior Juz]]
* [[History of the central steppe]]
* [[Turkic peoples]]
* [[Timeline of the Turkic peoples (500–1300)]]

== Notes ==
((reflist))

== Further reading ==
* Gumilev L.N., ''History of Hun People'', Moscow, 'Science', (In Russian) [http://gumilevica.kulichki.net/HPH/hph11.htm Ch.11].
* Kadyrbaev A.Sh. ''Chinese sources of Mongolian epoch about foreign political relations of Kazakhstan Türkic nomads (Kypchaks-Kangly) with peoples of Central Asia and Far East''//Society and state in China. Moscow, 1982, (In Russian)
* Zuev Yu.A., ''Early Turks: Essays on history and ideology'', Almaty, Daik-Press, 2002, (In Russian), ((Listed Invalid ISBN|9985-4-4152-9))

((Turkic topics))
((Kazakhstan topics))

((coord missing|Kazakhstan))

[[Category:History of Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:Nomadic groups in Eurasia]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Central Asia]]

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