The city has been a major center for coal mining throughout much of its modern history, and experienced major growth during the Soviet Union as its coal industry developed. Coal mining remains a significant part of the city's economy.
Modern-day Karaganda dates back to 1833, when local shepherd Appak Baizhanov [ru] allegedly found coal on the site of the city, prompting a coal mining boom.[5][6]: 30 By the late 19th century, the local mines had attracted workers from nearby villages, Russian merchants, and entrepreneurs from France and England.[5] After this initial boom, the mines were abandoned, but are often still labeled on city maps as the "Old Town", but almost nothing remains on that site.[citation needed]
20th century
In the late 1920s, Sovietgeologists examined the region's coal deposits, prompting Soviet authorities to establish the Karaganda Coal Trust, and plan for the creation of coal mines and a mining town in the area.[6]: 25 Planners set out to create a dozen coal mines, and drafted blueprints for a city to house an estimated 40,000 workers.[6]: 25 Coal mining in the area resumed in 1930, and temporary structures were built for miners and their families.[5] The new area for the city was to the south of the initial mines.[citation needed] Initially, Karaganda suffered from an inadequate amount of supplies, and living conditions in the settlement were often poor.[6]: 25–26 In 1930, coal production was below expectations.[6]: 26 In February 1931, the area was connected via railroad, bringing in a wealth of supplies and highly-qualified personnel.[6]: 26 Later that year, NKVD officials established the Karlag Prison.[6]: 26 Upon the establishment of the Karlag Prison, authorities began to import labor into the region en masse.[6]: 26 During the 1930s, the area experienced rapid growth.[6]: 17 In 1931, Karaganda was incorporated as a village, and in 1934, was declared a city.[5] Lead by planner Alexander Ivanovich Kuznetsov, masters plans for Karaganda were laid out from 1934 until 1938.[5] During the Stalinist purges, peoples from many different nationalities, including Germans, Karachais, Kalmyks, Chechens, Ingush, Greeks, and Crimean Tatars were sent to Karlag.[5] By 1939, Karaganda had a population of about 100,000, about half of which were prisoners.[6]: 17
In the 1940s, up to 70% of the city's inhabitants were ethnic Germans.[citation needed] Most of the ethnic Germans were Soviet Volga Germans who were collectively deported to Siberia and Kazakhstan on Stalin's order when Hitler invaded Soviet-annexed eastern Poland and the Soviet Union proper in 1941.[citation needed] Until the 1950s, many of these deportees were interned in labor camps, often simply because they were of German descent.[citation needed] The population of Karaganda fell by 14% from 1989 to 1999 following the dissolution of the Soviet Union; it was once Kazakhstan's second-largest city after Almaty.[citation needed] Over 100,000 people have since emigrated to Germany. There is also a concentration of ethnic Poles in the city.[citation needed]
Prompt gamma ray-produced EMP induced a current of 2,500 amps measured by spark gaps in a 570 km (350 mi) stretch of overhead telephone line to Zharyq, blowing all the protective fuses.[citation needed] The late-time MHD-EMP was of low enough frequency to enable it to penetrate 90 cm (35 in) into the ground, overloading a shallow buried lead and steel tape-protected 1,000 km (620 mi) long power cable between Aqmola (now called Astana) and Almaty.[citation needed] It fired circuit breakers and set the Karaganda power plant on fire.[citation needed]
Late 20th century
Kuznetsov's master plan for the city was intended to accommodate 300,000 inhabitants, which was surpassed by the late 1960s.[5] This prompted planners to devise a new plan with the goal of accommodating 600,000 people.[5] By the 1980s, the city's population surpassed 600,000 people, creating the need for further expansion.[5] In 1983, the Karaganda Circus was constructed, which was criticized for its high cost.[5]
In the early 1990s, Karaganda was briefly considered as a candidate for the capital of the (then) newly independent Republic of Kazakhstan, but its bid was turned down in favour of Astana.[citation needed]
21st century
2019 archaeological findings
In July 2019, remains of a young couple buried face to face dated 4,000 years back were unearthed in Karaganda region in central Kazakhstan by a group of archaeologists led by Igor Kukushkin from Saryarka Archaeological Institute in Karaganda. It is assumed that the Bronze Age couple were 16 or 17 years old when they died. Kukushkin supposes that they were from a 'noble family' thanks to the buried gold and jewelry artifacts, ceramic pots, woman's two bracelets on each arm beads, remains of horses and knives found in the grave.[8][9][10]
On October 28, 2023, the Kostenko mine, a coal mine in Karaganda run by ArcelorMittal Temirtau, the local unit of ArcelorMittal, caught on fire, and killed at least 32 people.[11] In weeks prior to the fire, the Kazakhstani government announced it was in talks to take over part of ArcelorMittal Temirtau's operations, in part due to its dissatisfaction by ArcelorMittal's failure to invest more in its operations, including equipment upgrades and safety precautions.[11]
Geography
Karaganda is located in a steppe area of the Kazakh Uplands at an elevation of 546 m (1,791 ft). To the northeast flows the Nura river and to the west the Sherubainura, its main tributary. In the southern part of the city lies the Fedorov Reservoir, built in 1941 by filling a coal mine pit with the water of river Sokyr that flows along the southern limit. The Bugyly Range (Бұғылы), reaching a height of 1,187 m (3,894 ft), rises about 60 km (37 mi) to the south of the city. The Bugyly Nature Reserve is located in the range.[12][13]
Climate
Karaganda has a Continental climate (Köppen climate classificationDfb) with warm summers and very cold winters. Precipitation is moderately low throughout the year, although slightly heavier from May to July. Snow is frequent, though light, in winter. The lowest temperature on record is −42.9 °C (−45.2 °F), recorded in 1938, and the highest temperature is 40.2 °C (104.4 °F), recorded in 2002.[14]
Climate data for Karaganda (1991–2020, extremes 1932–present)
Due to the prominence of heavy industry in Karaganda, the city experiences a high level of air pollution.[16] Air pollution tracking company IQAir found it to have Kazakhstan's highest level of PM2.5 concentration among cities measured from 2017 to 2022, and the 23rd highest in the world among cities measured.[17]
Economy
Karaganda is a largely industrial city, and coal mining is a major component of its economy.[18] As of 2023, the city hosts 8 coal mines, and during the times of the Soviet Union, hosted as many as 26.[18]
Since local water resources are not sufficient for the needs of a major industrial city, the Irtysh–Karaganda Canal was constructed in the 1960s, to supply the Karaganda metropolitan area with water from the Irtysh River more than 400 kilometres (250 mi) away.
On May 28, 2011, a monument to a popular catchphrase "Where-where? In Karaganda!" was created.[19]
On May 31, 2022, on the Day of Remembrance of the Victims of Political Repressions in the Karaganda Ethnopark, a new monument to the victims of the Holodomor was opened.[20] The monument is located near the mosque on the territory of the Ethnopark, created from granite by Zharmukhamed Tlegenuly. The height of the monument on the pedestal is 1.2 m.
Parks
The Central Park serves as Karaganda's main park.[18] It was built from 1935 to 1941 and covers an area of 150 hectares (370 acres).
Karaganda was often used as the punchline in a popular joke in the former Soviet Union.[citation needed] Karaganda is fairly isolated in a vast area of uninhabited steppe, and is thought by many to be "the middle of nowhere".[citation needed] When used in the locative case (Караганде), the final syllable rhymes with the Russian word for "where" (где), as well as with a Russian obscenity used to answer to an unwanted question "Where?".[citation needed] Thus the exchange: "Где?" — "В Караганде!" ("Where is it?" — "In Karaganda!")[citation needed]
Gennady Golovkin, boxer, former WBA, WBC, IBF and IBO Middleweight Champion, holds the greatest knockout ratio in middleweight championship history and silver medalist in the 2004 Summer Olympics
Katia Ivanova, glamour model, reality TV star, UK Celebrity Big Brother contestant 2009 (born in Karaganda in 1988)
^ ab"Население Республики Казахстан" [Population of the Republic of Kazakhstan] (in Russian). Департамент социальной и демографической статистики. Retrieved 8 December 2013.
'^ Kennedy, Robert F. (1955, October 10). Lecture on Soviet Central Asia. Washington, DC: Georgetown University. In: Edwin O. Guthman and C. Richard Allen, RFK: His Words in Our Times (pp.37-45). New York, New York: William Morrow.
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