Karanovo culture

Horizon	Old Europe, First Temperate Neolithic
Period	Neolithic, Chalcolithic
Dates	circa 7th millennium BC — 4,000 BC
Type site	Karanovo
Preceded by	Mesolithic Europe
Followed by	Hamangia culture, Varna culture, Gumelnița culture, Cernavodă culture

The Karanovo culture (Bulgarian: Карановска култура, romanized: Karanovska kultura) is a Neolithic culture (Karanovo I-III ca. 62nd to 55th centuries BC) named after the Bulgarian village of Karanovo [bg] (Караново, Sliven Province 42°30′41″N 25°54′54″E / 42.51139°N 25.91500°E / 42.51139; 25.91500). The culture, which is part of the Danube civilization, is considered the largest and most important of the Azmak River Valley agrarian settlements.^[1]

Discovery

Archaeologists discovered the Karanovo settlement in the 1930s when a tell - a settlement mound - was excavated at Karanovo.^[1] The hilltop settlement is constituted of 18 buildings, which housed some 100 inhabitants. The site was inhabited more or less continuously from the early 7th to the early 2nd millennia BC. The Karanovo culture served as the foundation of the East Balkan cultural sequence.^[2] The layers at Karanovo are employed as a chronological system for Balkans prehistory. This culture had seven major phases: Karanovo I and II, which existed parallel to Starčevo; Karanovo III (Veselinovo); Karanovo IV; Karanovo V (Marica); Karanovo VI (Gumelniţa); and, Karanovo VII, which emerged during the Early Bronze Age.^[2] The Karanovo I is considered a continuation of Near Eastern settlement type.^[3] Karanovo VI appeared to have collapsed around 4000 BC without any signs of conquest or resettlement.^[4]

Characteristics

Some of the main characteristics of the Karanovo culture are the white-painted pottery and dark-painted vessels obtained from the tell.^[5] These artifacts were particularly associated with the first and second phases.^[6] There is also the case of The Gumelnita Lovers, a terracotta statuette crafted from 5000-4750 BCE.^[7] This artifact, which was excavated at the Gumelnita Tell in southern Romania, is associated with the culture's notion of fertility.^[7] There is also the Karanovo macroblade technology, which featured semi-steep and steep retouching as well as the use of yellow flint with white spots.^[8] This particular technology, which is also known as "Karanovo blade",^[9] emerged during the culture's early Neolithic phase.^[8] Scholars note its interesting length and width: 100 mm long and between 15 mm and 23 mm wide.^[8]

Karanovo II is distinguished from its predecessor due to its influence on the Thracian culture, or the assimilation of its elements into those inherited from Karanovo I.^[10] The basic characteristics of this phase continued until Karanovo III and were particularly pronounced in its coarsely made ware, such as pitchers, shallow dishes, and cylindrical vases (e.g. Kügel).^[10]

The burial practices of Karanovo I and II were similar to the practices of other eastern Balkan cultures, such as the Kremikovci, Dudesti, and Ovcarovo cultures.^[11]

Gallery

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  "Lady of Pazardžik" (c. 4500 BC)
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  Pottery, 6th millennium BC (Karanovo I).^[12]
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  Tulip-shaped vase, 6th millennium BC (Karanovo I).^[13][14]
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  Ceramic vessel
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  Ceramic vessel, 5th millennium BC (Karanovo VI).^[15]
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  Pottery
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  Miniature cult scene, 5th millennium BC (Karanovo VI).^[16][17][18]
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  Pottery
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  Pottery
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  Anthropomorphic vessel, 6th-5th mill. BC (Karanovo III-IV).^[19]
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  Inscribed object, with possible numerical meaning.^[20]
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  Jade amulet, 6th millennium BC (Karanovo I).^[21]
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  Necklace, 6th millennium BC (Karanovo I).^[22]
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  Ceramic object
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  Karanovo tell, Bulgaria, excavation stratigraphy.^[23][24]
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  Tell Yunatsite, Bulgaria.^[25][26]
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  Neolithic house reconstructions, Topolnica, Bulgaria, c. 5000 BC.^[27][28]