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((Short description|Street in Berlin, Germany))
((Expand language|topic=|langcode=de|otherarticle=Karl-Marx-Allee|date=May 2021))
((More citations needed|date=May 2021))
[[File:Berlin karlmarxallee kl.jpg|thumb|Aerial view of Karl-Marx-Allee with the twin towers of [[Frankfurter Tor]] visible in the back]]
[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-F0416-0025-001, Berlin, Karl-Marx-Allee, Milchbar, Terrasse.jpg|thumb|The western part of the boulevard is marked by [[Plattenbau|panel buildings]] (1967)]]

'''Karl-Marx-Allee''' (((lang-en|Karl Marx Avenue))) is a monumental [[Socialist realism|socialist]] [[boulevard]] built by the [[East Germany|GDR]] between 1952 and 1960 in [[Berlin]] [[Friedrichshain]] and [[Mitte]]. Today the boulevard is named after [[Karl Marx]]. It should not be confused with the ''[[Karl-Marx-Straße (Berlin U-Bahn)|Karl-Marx-Straße]]'' in the [[Neukölln]] district of Berlin.

The boulevard was named '''Stalinallee''' between 1949 and 1961 (previously ''Große Frankfurter Straße''), and was a flagship building project of East Germany's reconstruction programme after [[World War II]]. It was designed by the architects [[Hermann Henselmann]], [[Egon Hartmann|Hartmann]], Hopp, Leucht, Paulick, and Souradny to contain spacious and luxurious apartments for workers, as well as shops, restaurants, cafés, a tourist hotel, and an enormous cinema, the [[Kino International]].

The avenue, which is ((convert|89|m)) wide and nearly ((convert|2|km)) long, is lined with monumental eight-story buildings designed in the [[wedding-cake style]], the socialist classicism of the [[Soviet Union]]. At each end are dual towers at [[Frankfurter Tor]] and Strausberger Platz designed by [[Hermann Henselmann]]. The buildings differ in the revetments of the facades which contain often equally, traditional Berlin motifs by [[Karl Friedrich Schinkel]]. Most of the buildings are covered by [[architectural ceramics]].  

By 1989 half the tiles on the outer facades of these buildings had fallen off,<ref>((cite web |title=Stalinallee: Palaces for the workers |url=https://www.visitberlin.de/en/stalinallee |website=Visit Berlin |publisher=Berlin Tourismus & Kongress GmbH |access-date=2 July 2022))</ref> necessitating sheltering structures over the sidewalks in some places to protect pedestrians.((Citation needed|date=July 2020)) 

A monumental [[Stalin Statue (Berlin)|Stalin statue]] presented to the East German government by a [[Komsomol]] delegation on the occasion of the Third [[World Festival of Youth and Students]] was formally dedicated on 3 August 1951 after being temporarily placed at a location on the newly designed and impressive boulevard. It remained there until 1961 when it was removed in a clandestine operation in the course of [[de-Stalinization]].

On 17 June 1953 the Stalinallee became the focus of a [[Uprising of 1953 in East Germany|worker uprising]] which endangered the young state's existence. Builders and construction workers demonstrated against the communist government, leading to a national uprising. The rebellion was crushed with Soviet tanks and troops, resulting in the deaths of 125 people. ((Citation needed|date=February 2023))

Later the street was used for East Germany's annual [[May Day]] parade, featuring thousands of soldiers along with tanks and other military vehicles to showcase the power and the glory of the communist government.

[[De-Stalinization]] led to the renaming of the street, after the founder of [[Marxism]], in late 1961. Since the collapse of Eastern European communism in 1989/1990, renaming the street back to its prewar name ''Große Frankfurter Straße'' has periodically been discussed, so far without conclusive results.

The boulevard later found favour with [[Postmodern architecture|postmodernists]], with [[Philip Johnson]] describing it as 'true city planning on the grand scale', while [[Aldo Rossi]] called it 'Europe's last great street.'<ref>((Cite book|last = Ladd|first = Brian|title = The Ghosts of Berlin: Confronting German History in the Urban Landscape|publisher = University of Chicago Press|year = 1998|location = Chicago|page = 187|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=tzL37_S_nWcC&pg=PA187 | isbn=978-0-226-46762-7))</ref> Since [[German reunification]] most of the buildings, including the two towers, have been restored.

==Shopping==
After its completion in the 1950s, the boulevard was very popular with Berliners and visitors alike. People crowded into the stores. "Taking the [[U5 (Berlin U-Bahn)|E line]] to the shops on Stalin Boulevard" was not only a catchy slogan, it was also characteristic of everyday life in the East German capital. People could find things they would not see elsewhere, and the shopping facilities set an example for the whole of the GDR. The shops offered great variety and were attractively decorated. People could relax in cafés such as ''Sybylle'' or at the ((ill|Kosmos (cinema)|de|Kosmos (Berlin)|lt=Kosmos)) cinema, and in the evening they could take their guests to one of the representative restaurants with such sonorous names as ''Warschau'' (Warsaw), ''Bukarest'' (Bucharest) (notable for its 18% alcohol Romanian beer), or ''Budapest''.<ref name="flickr1">((cite web|url=https://www.flickr.com/photos/eliotlovell/8267865564/in/photostream/ |title=Karl-Marx-Allee, Berlin, information board &#124; Flickr - Photo Sharing! |publisher=Flickr |date=2012-12-11 |access-date=2014-02-04))</ref>

The boulevard soon developed into a shoppers' paradise in the GDR. It also served the ideological function of introducing visitors to the culture of its "socialist sister states".<ref name="flickr1" /> Shopping was a mixed experience for visitors from the West. Most stores would not accept payment for purchased items without a receipt from an East German bank showing that the [[Deutsche Mark|West German Marks]] had been exchanged for [[East German Mark]]s at a rate of 1:1. In the West, the exchange rate was 1:8 but most restaurants and bookstores were not concerned with these requirements so bargains were to be found.

=="Stalin's bathroom"==
In February 2009, an anonymous author edited the article "Karl-Marx-Allee" in the German-language edition of [[Wikipedia]], claiming that during the time of the GDR the road had acquired the nickname "[[Joseph Stalin|Stalin]]'s bathroom" due to the buildings' tiled façades. Subsequently, several media outlets reiterated this claim.<ref>''Das längste Baudenkmal Europas'' [The longest monument in Europe] in ''[[Berliner Morgenpost]]''. 1 March 2011.
</ref><ref>((cite web|url=http://www.moz.de/artikel-ansicht/dg/0/1/267923/?print=1&cHash=91ee8ba21fea8b53de9fb9b7b7a26991 |title=Viel Platz, wenige Kunden |publisher=MOZ.de |access-date=2014-02-04))</ref><ref>((cite web|url=http://www.berlinonline.de/berliner-zeitung/archiv/.bin/dump.fcgi/2011/0225/berlinplanergeschmackssache/0195/index.html |title=Nachrichten |language=de |trans-title=News |publisher=BerlinOnline.de |date=2011-02-25 |access-date=2014-02-04))</ref> No alternative verification for the term was given, making it a [[circular reporting|self-referential claim]].

After a letter written to the ''[[Berliner Zeitung]]'' questioned whether the term "Stalin's bathroom" had actually been in common use during the GDR period,<ref>((cite web|url=http://www.berlinonline.de/berliner-zeitung/archiv/.bin/dump.fcgi/2011/0301/leserforum/0086/index.html |title=Nachrichten |language=de |trans-title=News |publisher=BerlinOnline.de |date=2011-03-01 |access-date=2014-02-04))</ref> Andreas Kopietz, a journalist at the newspaper, published an article admitting he had invented the phrase and identifying himself as the original anonymous Wikipedia editor, allowing the record to be set straight.<ref>((cite web|url=http://www.berlinonline.de/berliner-zeitung/archiv/.bin/dump.fcgi/2011/0324/medien/0012/index.html |title=Nachrichten |language=de |trans-title=News |publisher=BerlinOnline.de |date=2011-03-24 |access-date=2014-02-04))</ref>

== In popular media ==
The boulevard is referenced under its former name, the Stalinallee, in the [[satirical poem]] "[[Die Lösung]]" by [[Bertolt Brecht]] about the [[East German uprising of 1953]].

== Photographs ==
<gallery>
File:K-M-Allee 1a.jpg|Domed Tower at Frankfurter Tor
File:K-M-Allee 2a.jpg|Façade of a Stalinist era apartment bloc
File:K-M-Allee 3a.jpg|Façade of a Stalinist era apartment bloc
File:K-M-Allee 4a.jpg|Façade detail
File:Karl Marx Allee at Dusk.jpg|Karl-Marx-Allee looking towards the Berlin TV Tower.
File:Strausberger Platz Berlin April 2006 109.jpg|Strausberger Platz, near the western end of the boulevard
File:Berlin - Frankfurter Tor.jpg|Karl-Marx-Allee with Frankfurter Tor and [[Fernsehturm Berlin|Television Tower]]
File:Karl-Marx-Allee Block C Nord Berlin April 2006 060.jpg|Closeup of a Stalinist era building
File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-S94985, Berlin, Stalinallee, Ruinen, Trümmer.jpg|Stalinallee, 1950
File:Bundesarchiv DH 2 Bild-D-00042-25A, Berlin, Stalinallee, Straßenkehrmaschine.jpg|Stalinallee, 1959
File:Stamps GDR, Fuenfjahrplan, 84 Pfennig, Buchdruck 1953, 1957.jpg|"5-year Plan" postage stamp series, 1953: A family standing before a high-rise near the Weberwiese subway station
File:Stamps GDR, Fuenfjahrplan, 24 Pfennig, Buchdruck 1953, 1957.jpg|Berlin, Stalinallee
File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-1982-0812-300, Berlin, Karl-Marx-Allee, Straßenverkehr.jpg|[[Trabant]]s on Karl-Marx-Allee
File:Karl-Marx-Allee, Berlin. DJI 1368-2s.jpg|Aerial view over Karl-Marx-Allee, 2019
</gallery>

==See also==
* [[Stalinist architecture]]
* [[Seven Sisters (Moscow)]]
* The [[Straße der Pariser Kommune]] (street of the [[Paris Commune]]) connects with Karl-Marx-Allee

==References==
((Reflist))

==External links==
((Commons category-inline))
* [http://www.mustseeberlin.com/see/karl-marx-allee/ A photo tour of Karl-Marx-Allee]
* [https://bankfoto.info/fotografie/europa/niemcy/berlin/karl-marx-allee/ Photo gallery of Karl-Marx-Alee architecture]

((Visitor attractions in Berlin))
((Authority control))
((coord|52|31|04|N|13|26|07|E|region:DE-BE_type:landmark|display=title))

[[Category:Streets in Berlin]]
[[Category:Boulevards]]
[[Category:Monuments and memorials to Karl Marx]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Mitte]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Friedrichshain-Kreuzberg]]
[[Category:Stalinist architecture]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures of East Berlin]]

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