The Kelch motif is widely found in eukaryotic and bacterial species. Notably the human genome contains around 100 proteins containing the Kelch motif. Within individual proteins the motif occurs multiple times. For example, the motif appears 6 times in Drosophila egg-chamber regulatory protein. The motif is also found in mouse protein MIPP[3] and in a number of poxviruses. In addition, kelch repeats have been recognised in alpha- and beta-scruin,[4][5] in galactose oxidase from the fungus Dactylium dendroides,[6][7] and in the Escherichia coli NanM protein, a sialic acid mutarotase.[8]
Structure
The structure of galactose oxidase reveals that the repeated Kelch sequence motif corresponds to a 4-stranded anti-parallel beta-sheet motif that forms the repeat unit in a super-barrel structural fold commonly known as a beta propeller.[9]
Function
The known functions of kelch-containing proteins are diverse:
scruin is an actin cross-linking protein;
galactose oxidase catalyses the oxidation of the hydroxyl group at the C6 position in D-galactose;
neuraminidase hydrolyses sialic acid residues from glycoproteins;
NanM is a sialic acid mutarotase, involved in efficient utilisation of sialic acid by bacteria;
kelch may have a cytoskeletal function, as it is localised to the actin-rich ring canals that connect the 15 nurse cells to the developing oocyte in Drosophila.[4]
^Ito N, Phillips SE, Stevens C, et al. (March 1991). "Novel thioether bond revealed by a 1.7 A crystal structure of galactose oxidase". Nature. 350 (6313): 87–90. doi:10.1038/350087a0. PMID2002850. S2CID4345713.
^Adams J, Kelso R, Cooley L (January 2000). "The kelch repeat superfamily of proteins: propellers of cell function". Trends Cell Biol. 10 (1): 17–24. doi:10.1016/S0962-8924(99)01673-6. PMID10603472.
^ abWay M, Sanders M, Matsudaira P, Chafel M, Knight A, Tu YH (1995). "beta-Scruin, a homologue of the actin crosslinking protein scruin, is localized to the acrosomal vesicle of Limulus sperm". J. Cell Sci. 108: 3155–3162. PMID7593276.
^Doolittle RF, Bork P (1994). "Drosophila kelch motif is derived from a common enzyme fold". J. Mol. Biol. 236 (5): 1277–1282. doi:10.1016/0022-2836(94)90056-6. PMID8126718.
^Keen JN, Ito N, Phillips SE, Stevens C, Ogel ZB, McPherson MJ, Yadav KD, Knowles PF (1991). "Novel thioether bond revealed by a 1.7 A crystal structure of galactose oxidase". Nature. 350 (6313): 87–90. doi:10.1038/350087a0. PMID2002850. S2CID4345713.
