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((Use Canadian English|date=January 2023))
((More citations needed|date=January 2009))

((Indigenous Peoples of Canada)) 
The '''Kelowna Accord''' is a series of agreements between the Government of [[Canada]], First Ministers of the Provinces, Territorial Leaders, and the leaders of five national Aboriginal organizations in Canada.  The accord sought to improve the education, employment, and living conditions for Aboriginal peoples through governmental funding and other programs. The accord was endorsed by Prime Minister [[Paul Martin]], but was never endorsed by his successor, [[Stephen Harper]].<ref>((cite web |url=http://www.canada.com/topics/news/story.html?id=01b6e6af-f4dd-4baa-84b1-7cfc317d5699 |title=Charest calls on Harper to honour Kelowna aboriginal accord |publisher=Canada.com |date=2007-03-04 |access-date=2012-07-24 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131013094942/http://www.canada.com/topics/news/story.html?id=01b6e6af-f4dd-4baa-84b1-7cfc317d5699 |archive-date=2013-10-13 ))</ref>

==History==
The agreement resulted from 18 months of roundtable consultations leading up to the First Ministers' Meeting in [[Kelowna, British Columbia]] in November 2005 and was described in a paper released at the end of the meeting entitled "First Ministers and National Aboriginal Leaders Strengthening Relationships and Closing the Gap"<ref>[http://www.scics.gc.ca/cinfo05/800044004_e.pdf] ((webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080712001547/http://www.scics.gc.ca/cinfo05/800044004_e.pdf|date=July 12, 2008))</ref> and  a separate press release,<ref>[http://www.pco.gc.ca/index.aspLanguage=E&Page=archivemartin&Sub=newscommuniques&Doc=news_release_20051125_661_e.htm]((dead link|date=July 2012))</ref> issued by the Prime Minister's Office at the close of the Kelowna meetings. The Quebec Aboriginals were not included in this final accord, as they did not participate in the process.<ref name="Undoing the Kelowna agreement">((cite news|title=Undoing the Kelowna agreement|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/background/aboriginals/undoing-kelowna.html|access-date=10 January 2013|newspaper=CBC|date=Nov 21, 2006))</ref>

The term "Kelowna Accord" was never used at the First Ministers' Meeting. The term seems to have first been used in a Toronto Star article dated December 4, 2005.

Aboriginal leaders saw the accord as a step forward, as it involved a process of cooperation and consultation that brought all parties to the table.

The press release issued by the Office of the Prime Minister on the November 25, 2005 outlined $5.085 billion in spending over 5 years, but did not set out the means for the fiscal distribution between federal departments, provincial and territorial governments, and Aboriginal groups.<ref>((cite web|url=http://epe.lac-bac.gc.ca/100/205/301/prime_minister-ef/paul_martin/06-01-14/www.pm.gc.ca/eng/news.asp@id=661|title=Disclaimer - Electronic Collection))</ref>

With the support of the [[New Democratic Party|NDP]], led by [[Jack Layton]], the official opposition [[Conservative Party of Canada|Conservatives]], led by [[Stephen Harper]], voted against the Liberal minority government of [[Paul Martin]] resulting in the 2006 federal election. The subsequent federal election resulted in a [[Conservative Party of Canada|Conservative]] minority government headed by [[Stephen Harper]]. When presenting their first budget on May 2, 2006, the Conservatives indicated that they were committed to meeting the targets set out at the First Ministers' Meeting in Kelowna and the working paper therein produced, but that they did not agree with the approach taken in the funding announcement set out in the former Prime Minister's press release. Rather, focused initiatives and targeted expenditures, coupled with systemic reform, were laid out as the new government's direction.

In June 2006, former Prime Minister Paul Martin introduced a private member's bill, Bill C-292 An Act to Implement the Kelowna Accord <ref>((cite web|url=http://www2.parl.gc.ca/HousePublications/Publication.aspx?DocId=3084719&Language=e&Mode=1&File=24 |title=C-292 |publisher=.parl.gc.ca |access-date=2012-07-24))</ref> calling on the government to follow through on the agreements made in the Kelowna Accord.

During testimony<ref>((cite web|url=http://cmte.parl.gc.ca/Content/HOC/committee/391/aano/evidence/ev2499050/aanoev25-e.htm#Int-1770034 |title=House of Commons Committees - AANO (39-1) - Evidence - Number 025 |publisher=Cmte.parl.gc.ca |access-date=2012-07-24))</ref> before the [[Canadian House of Commons Standing Committee on Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development|Standing Committee on Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development]] it was disputed whether or not an accord had been formally signed and whether or not money had been budgeted for its implementation. Former Prime Minister Paul Martin and former Minister of Finance Ralph Goodale testified that the $5 billion described in the press release was in fact booked in the Sources and Uses Table, an internal Department of Finance document.

On March 21, 2007, the bill was passed by in the house, while the majority of the Conservative MP`s voted against it. However, as section 54 of the [[Constitution Act, 1867]], this private member's bill was mostly symbolic as it cannot contain expenditure of public funds.

Former Canadian [[Assembly of First Nations]] Chief [[Phil Fontaine]] has argued repeatedly for the implementation of the Kelowna Accord. He had called the deal a breakthrough for his people. [[Mary Simon]], then-President of [[Inuit Tapiriit Kanatami]], the national organization representing the Inuit of Canada, said Harper had put Inuit issues on ice, and that Harper had not implemented any element of the Kelowna accord.<ref>((cite web |url=http://www.itk.ca/media-release/inuit-need-take-tougher-approach-dealing-governments |title=Media Releases &#124; Inuit Tapiriit Kanatami - Canada's National Inuit Organization |publisher=Itk.ca |access-date=2012-07-24 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120803004339/http://www.itk.ca/media-release/inuit-need-take-tougher-approach-dealing-governments |archive-date=2012-08-03 ))</ref>

The goal of the education investments was to ensure that the high school graduation rate of Aboriginal Canadians matched the rest of the population. The money was also aimed at cutting in half the gap in rates of post-secondary graduation.

On health, targets were established to reduce infant mortality, youth suicide, childhood obesity and diabetes by 20 per cent in five years, and 50 per cent in 10 years. They also promised to double the number of health professionals in 10 years from the then current level of 150 physicians and 1,200 nurses.<ref name="autogenerated1">((cite web|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/background/aboriginals/undoing-kelowna.html |title=CBC News In Depth: Aboriginal Canadians |publisher=Cbc.ca |access-date=2012-07-24))</ref>

The plan included
*$1.8 billion for education, to create school systems, train more Aboriginal teachers and identify children with special needs.
*$1.6 billion for housing, including $400 million to address the need for clean water in many remote communities.
*$1.315 billion for health services.
* $170 million for relationships and accountability
*$200 million for economic development.<ref name="autogenerated1"/>
((blockquote|All of the targets we've set are achievable|Phil Fontaine, the National Chief of the Assembly of First Nations|CBC))

==Aftermath==
The Harper government did not proceed with the accord and a number of academic studies recognize that the accord itself is not legally binding.<ref name=":0">((Cite book|title=Dismantling Canada: Stephen Harper's New Conservative Agenda|last=Brooke|first=Jeffrey|publisher=McGill-Queen's University Press|year=2015|isbn=9780773544819|location=Montreal|pages=298))</ref> Historic funding agreements were signed by the Harper government, however, the name 'Kelowna Accord' has not been applied to these investments.<ref>((cite web|url=http://globalnews.ca/news/1132666/new-aboriginal-education-plan-coming-friday|title=Harper unveils retooled First Nations education plan|first=Bill|last=Graveland))</ref> The budget included $450 million for Aboriginals over two years.<ref name="Undoing the Kelowna agreement"/> 
((blockquote|I think the pine beetle infestation in B.C. got more money than urban aboriginals|Larry Wucherer, the president of the Aboriginal Council of Winnipeg|CBC)) 
Had the Kelowna Accord been passed, the equivalent one year spending would have been $600 million.

One of the offshoots of the national government's refusal to honor from the accord was that it ended in the provinces' hands. According to experts, the multilevel governance in Canada allowed for such engagement even though the federal government is absent.<ref name=":0" /> For example, there is the case of Manitoba. The province was the very first to move forward with the agreement, implementing its priorities in partnership with the private sector and the First Nation and Metis peoples.<ref>((Cite book|title=Manitoba Politics and Government: Issues, Institutions, Traditions|last=Thomas|first=Paul|last2=Brown|first2=Curtis|publisher=University of Manitoba Press|year=2010|isbn=9780887554018|location=Winnipeg|pages=371))</ref> To date, unprecedented progress has been made in the areas of education, training, and employment of Aboriginal Canadians.

Reports, however, show that federal participation is still critical because the present condition leads to diverse provincial strategies and objectives, which led to uneven results. Some provinces like British Columbia, Manitoba, Ontario, and Quebec posted more progress than others. This is further aggravated by the opposition of Conservative politicians on the provincial level.

==References==
((reflist))

==Further reading==
* The Kelowna Accord: ((cite web |url=http://www.health.gov.sk.ca/aboriginal-first-ministers-meeting |title=First Ministers and National Aboriginal Leaders: Strengthening Relationships and Closing the Gap |date=25 November 2005 |access-date=2011-07-27 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927171436/http://www.health.gov.sk.ca/aboriginal-first-ministers-meeting |archive-date=2011-09-27 |location=Kelowna, British Columbia |publisher=Province of Saskatchewan))

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110127165746/http://www2.parl.gc.ca/Content/LOP/ResearchPublications/prb0604-e.htm Aboriginal Roundtable to Kelowna Accord: Aboriginal Policy Negotiations, 2004-2005] by Lisa L. Patterson, Political and Social Affairs Division, Parliamentary Information and Research Service, Library of Parliament, 4 May 2006. 
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20100802065739/http://www.ainc-inac.gc.ca/ai/mr/nr/s-d2005/02749bk-eng.asp First Nations Implementation Plan] At the First Ministers and National Aboriginal Leaders Meeting in Kelowna, B.C. on November 24 & 25, 2005, First Ministers and First Nation Leaders committed, through the document: First Ministers and National Aboriginal Leaders Strengthening Relationships and Closing the Gap, to strengthening relationships between First Nations and federal, provincial and territorial governments. In that spirit, First Ministers and National Aboriginal Leaders have launched a 10-year dedicated effort to closing the gap ....
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070310231012/http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/20060725/aboriginal_mtg_060725/20060726?hub=Canada&s_name= Aboriginal leaders seek to revive Kelowna Accord]", [[Canadian Press]], 2006-07-26
*[http://www.cbc.ca/news/background/aboriginals/undoing-kelowna.html IN DEPTH: ABORIGINAL CANADIANS Undoing the Kelowna agreement CBC News Online  Updated Nov. 21, 2006] ((Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130105162458/http://www.cbc.ca/news/background/aboriginals/undoing-kelowna.html|date=January 5, 2013)) [[CBC News]]

((Canadian Aboriginal case law))

[[Category:First Nations history]]
[[Category:2006 in Canada]]
[[Category:Paul Martin]]

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