Kepler-1229
Observation data
Epoch J2000      Equinox J2000
Constellation Cygnus
Right ascension 19h 49m 56.8076s[1]
Declination +46° 59′ 48.1073″[1]
Apparent magnitude (V) 14.474[citation needed]
Characteristics
Evolutionary stage Main sequence
Spectral type M?V[2]
B−V color index 1.48[3]
Astrometry
Proper motion (μ) RA: 21.619±0.092[1] mas/yr
Dec.: −4.238±0.092[1] mas/yr
Parallax (π)3.7388 ± 0.0472 mas[1]
Distance870 ± 10 ly
(267 ± 3 pc)
Details
Mass0.43 ± 0.05[4] M☉
Radius0.51 ± 0.03[4] R☉
Luminosity0.04784[2] L☉
Surface gravity (log g)4.75+0.029
−0.023[4] cgs
Temperature3784 ± 39[4] K
Metallicity [Fe/H]–0.06 ± 0.1[4] dex
Rotation17.98±0.04 d[3]
Age3.72+5.32
−2.07[4] Gyr
Other designations
KIC 10027247, KOI-2418
Database references
SIMBADdata

Kepler-1229 is a red dwarf star located about 870 light-years (270 pc) away from the Earth in the constellation of Cygnus. It is known to host a super-Earth exoplanet within its habitable zone, Kepler-1229b, which was discovered in 2016.

Nomenclature and history

The Kepler Space Telescope search volume, in the context of the Milky Way Galaxy.

Prior to Kepler observation, Kepler-1229 had the 2MASS catalogue number 2MASS J19495680+4659481. In the Kepler Input Catalog it has the designation of KIC 10027247, and when it was found to have a transiting planet candidate it was given the Kepler object of interest number of KOI-2418.

Planetary candidates were detected around the star by NASA's Kepler Mission, a mission tasked with discovering planets in transit around their stars. The transit method that Kepler uses involves detecting dips in brightness in stars. These dips in brightness can be interpreted as planets whose orbits pass in front of their stars from the perspective of Earth, although other phenomenon can also be responsible which is why the term planetary candidate is used.[5]

Following the acceptance of the discovery paper, the Kepler team provided an additional moniker for the system of "Kepler-1229".[6] The discoverers referred to the star as Kepler-1229, which is the normal procedure for naming the exoplanets discovered by the spacecraft.[4] Hence, this is the name used by the public to refer to the star and its planet.

Candidate planets that are associated with stars studied by the Kepler Mission are assigned the designations ".01" etc. after the star's name, in the order of discovery.[7] If planet candidates are detected simultaneously, then the ordering follows the order of orbital periods from shortest to longest.[7] Following these rules, there was only one candidate planet were detected, with an orbital period of 86.829 days.

The designation b, derives from the order of discovery. The designation of b is given to the first planet orbiting a given star, followed by the other lowercase letters of the alphabet.[8] In the case of Kepler-1229, there was only one planet, so only the letter b is used. The name Kepler-1229 derives directly from the fact that the star is the catalogued 1,229th star discovered by Kepler to have confirmed planets.

Stellar characteristics

Kepler-1229 is a red dwarf star that is approximately 54% the mass of and 51% the radius of the Sun. It has a temperature of 3784 K and is roughly 3.72 billion years old.[4] In comparison, the Sun is about 4.6 billion years old[9] and has a temperature of 5778 K.[10]

The star is slightly poor in metals, with a metallicity ([Fe/H]) of about −0.06, or about 87% of the amount of iron and other heavier metals found in the Sun.[4] The star's luminosity is somewhat normal-low for a star like Kepler-1229, with a luminosity of around 4.8% of that of the solar luminosity.[2]

The star's apparent magnitude, or how bright it appears from Earth's perspective, is 15.474. Therefore, it is too dim to be seen with the naked eye.

Planetary system

The Kepler-1229 planetary system[4]
Companion
(in order from star) 		Mass Semimajor axis
(AU) 		Orbital period
(days) 		Eccentricity Inclination Radius
b ~2.7 M🜨 0.2896 86.829 — ~89.5° 1.40+0.11
−0.13 R🜨

The only known planet transits the star; this means that the planet's orbit appear to cross in front of their star as viewed from the Earth's perspective. Its inclination relative to Earth's line of sight, or how far above or below the plane of sight it is, vary by less than one degree. This allows direct measurements of the planet's periods and relative diameters (compared to the host star) by monitoring the planet's transit of the star.

Kepler-1229b is a super-Earth, likely rocky, with a radius of 1.4 R🜨, and it orbits well within the habitable zone. In terms of stellar flux, radius, and equilibrium temperature, Kepler-1229b is similar (or an analog in some terms) to the potentially habitable exoplanet Kepler-62f.

References

  1. ^ a b c d e Brown, A. G. A.; et al. (Gaia collaboration) (August 2018). "Gaia Data Release 2: Summary of the contents and survey properties". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 616. A1. arXiv:1804.09365. Bibcode:2018A&A...616A...1G. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201833051. Gaia DR2 record for this source at VizieR.
  2. ^ a b c "Orbit Kepler 1229". hpcf.upr.edu. Retrieved 6 April 2023.
  3. ^ a b Reinhold, Timo; et al. (December 2013). "Rotation and differential rotation of active Kepler stars". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 560: 19. arXiv:1308.1508. Bibcode:2013A&A...560A...4R. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201321970. S2CID 119235205. A4.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j "NASA Exoplanet Archive". NASA Exoplanet Science Institute. 10 May 2016. Retrieved 11 May 2016.
  5. ^ Morton, Timothy; Johnson, John (23 August 2011). "On the Low False Positive Probabilities of Kepler Planet Candidates". The Astrophysical Journal. 738 (2): 170. arXiv:1101.5630. Bibcode:2011ApJ...738..170M. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/738/2/170. S2CID 35223956.
  6. ^ NASA (27 January 2014). "Kepler – Discoveries – Summary Table". NASA. Archived from the original on 27 May 2010. Retrieved 1 March 2014.
  7. ^ a b "Kepler Input Catalog search result". Space Telescope Science Institute. Retrieved 18 April 2013.
  8. ^ Hessman, F. V.; Dhillon, V. S.; Winget, D. E.; Schreiber, M. R.; Horne, K.; Marsh, T. R.; Guenther, E.; Schwope, A.; Heber, U. (2010). "On the naming convention used for multiple star systems and extrasolar planets". arXiv:1012.0707 [astro-ph.SR].
  9. ^ Fraser Cain (16 September 2008). "How Old is the Sun?". Universe Today. Retrieved 19 February 2011.
  10. ^ Fraser Cain (15 September 2008). "Temperature of the Sun". Universe Today. Retrieved 19 February 2011.
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