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((Short description|1844 deaths of Joseph and Hyrum Smith))
((Use American English|date = August 2019))
((Use mdy dates|date = August 2019))
((Infobox civil conflict
| title = Killing of Joseph Smith
| partof = [[anti-Mormon]] violence in the [[U.S.]]
| image = Assassination of Joseph Smith.jpg
| date = ((start date and age|1844|6|27))
| place = [[Carthage, Illinois|Carthage]], [[Illinois]], [[United States|U.S.]]
| causes = ([[#Background|see below]])
| result = Deaths of Joseph and Hyrum Smith
| side1 = [[Joseph Smith]]((KIA))<br>[[Hyrum Smith]]((KIA))
| side2 = Anti-Mormon mob
))
[[Joseph Smith]], the founder and leader of the <!-- "LDS Church" and "Latter Day Saint Movement" is in accordance with the Wikipedia Manual of Style, and disagreements should be addressed at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Latter_Day_Saints. Any change made to "LDS Church" will be reverted. -->[[Latter Day Saint movement]], and his brother, [[Hyrum Smith]], were killed by a mob in [[Carthage, Illinois|Carthage]], [[Illinois]], United States, on June 27, 1844, while awaiting trial in the town jail.

As mayor of the city of [[Nauvoo, Illinois]], Joseph Smith had ordered the destruction of the facilities used to print the ''[[Nauvoo Expositor]]'', a newly-established newspaper created by a group of non-Mormons and others who had seceded from Smith's church, the [[Church of Christ (Latter Day Saints)|Church of Christ]]. The newspaper's first (and only) issue was highly critical of Smith and other church leaders, reporting that Smith was practicing [[polygamy]] and claiming he intended to set himself up as a [[theocratic]] [[Council of Fifty|king]]. In response, a motion to declare the newspaper a public nuisance was passed by the [[Nauvoo City Council]], and Smith consequently ordered its [[printing press|press]] destroyed.<ref name="historyOfLDS-council">[https://books.google.com/books?id=pGi-iiz6juYC&pg=PA430&lpg=PA432 ''History of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints''] volume VI (1912), pp. 430-432. The council met on June 8 and June 10 to discuss the matter.</ref>

The destruction of the press led to public outrage, and the Smith brothers and other members of the Nauvoo City Council were charged with inciting a riot. Warrants for Joseph Smith's arrest were dismissed by Nauvoo courts. Smith declared [[martial law]] in Nauvoo and called on the [[Nauvoo Legion]] to protect the city. After briefly fleeing Illinois, Smith returned and, along with Hyrum, voluntarily traveled to the [[county seat]] at Carthage to face the charges. After surrendering to authorities, the brothers were also charged with [[treason]] against Illinois for declaring martial law.

The Smith brothers were detained at [[Carthage Jail]] awaiting trial when an armed mob of 150–200 men stormed the building, their faces painted black with wet gunpowder. Hyrum was killed almost immediately when he was shot in the face, shouting as he fell, "I am a dead man!"<ref name=":0">Kenneth W. Godfrey, “Remembering the Deaths of Joseph and Hyrum Smith,” in ''Joseph Smith: The Prophet, The Man'', ed. Susan Easton Black and Charles D. Tate Jr. (Provo, UT: Religious Studies Center, Brigham Young University, 1993), 301-315.</ref> After emptying his [[pistol]] towards the attackers, Joseph tried to escape from a second-story window, but was shot several times and fell to the ground, where he was shot again by the mob.

Five men were [[indictment|indicted]] for the killings, but were [[acquittal|acquitted]] at a jury trial. At the time of his death, Smith was also [[Joseph Smith presidential campaign, 1844|running for president of the United States]],<ref>Quinn (1994, p. 119)</ref> making him the first U.S. presidential candidate to be assassinated. Smith's death marked a turning point for the Latter Day Saint movement, and since then, Latter Day Saints have generally viewed him and his brother as religious [[martyr]]s who were "murdered in cold blood".<ref>((cite web |date=December 7, 2023 |title=Carthage Jail |url=https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/feature/historic-sites/historic-nauvoo/learn/carthage-jail-legacy?lang=eng |archive-url= |access-date= |website=ChurchofJesusChrist.org))</ref>

((Joseph Smith, Jr.))

==Background==
[[File:Joseph & Hiram Smith (Last Ride) P6081222.JPG|thumb|A monument to Joseph and Hyrum Smith, entitled ''Last Ride'', is in front of the [[Nauvoo Illinois Temple]]]]
Followers of the Latter Day Saint movement began to move into [[Hancock County, Illinois|Hancock County]], [[Illinois]], in 1839; at the time, most supported the [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party]]. After their expulsion from the neighboring state of [[Missouri]] during the [[1838 Mormon War]], the Latter Day Saint movement's founder, Joseph Smith, travelled to [[Washington, D.C.]], to meet with [[President of the United States|President]] [[Martin Van Buren]], seeking intervention and compensation for lost property. Van Buren said he could do nothing to help. Smith returned to Illinois and vowed to join the [[Whig Party (United States)|Whig Party]]. Most of his supporters switched with him, adding political tensions to the social suspicions in which Smith's followers were held by the local populace.<ref name= "hill"/>

===''Nauvoo Expositor''===
((main|Nauvoo Expositor))
Several of Smith's disaffected associates in Hancock County and in the city of [[Nauvoo, Illinois]], where Smith was mayor, joined together to publish a newspaper called the ''[[Nauvoo Expositor]]'', which put out its first and only issue on June 7, 1844.<ref name=HoLDS>((cite book|last=Smith|first=Joseph Jr.|author2=manuscript by Willard Richards, George A. Smith and their assistants as finished in 1858|editor-last=Roberts|editor-first=Brigham Henry|title=History of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints|year=2000|publisher=[[Deseret Book Company]]|location=Salt Lake City, Utah|volume=6 & 7|url=http://byustudies.byu.edu/hc/hcpgs/hc.aspx|access-date=15 June 2009|isbn=978-0958218306|editor-link=Brigham Henry Roberts)) Provided by BYU Studies. Published in book form in 1902.</ref>((rp|v6,p430)) Based on allegations by some of these associates, the ''Expositor'' reported that Smith practiced [[polygamy]] and that he tried to marry the wives of some of his associates. The newspaper further reported that eight of Smith's wives had already been married to other men (four were Latter Day Saints in good standing, who in a few cases acted as witnesses in Smith's marriage to his first wife) at the time they married Smith. Typically, these women continued to live with their first husbands, not Smith. Some accounts say Smith may have had sexual relations with one wife, who later in her life stated that he fathered children by one or two of his wives.<ref>((Cite book|last1=Newell|first1=Linda King|author-link=Linda King Newell|last2=Avery|first2=Valeen Tippetts|author2-link=Valeen Tippetts Avery|title=Mormon Enigma: Emma Hale Smith|edition=2d|publisher=[[University of Illinois Press]]|year=1994|pages=[https://archive.org/details/mormonenigmaemma00newe_0/page/44 44]|isbn=978-0252062919|url=https://archive.org/details/mormonenigmaemma00newe_0 |url-access=registration)) See also [[Mormon Enigma: Emma Hale Smith]].</ref> The reliability of these sources is disputed by some Mormons.<ref>((Cite journal| last1=Anderson| first1=Richard Lloyd| last2=Faulring| first2=Scott H.| year=1998| title=The Prophet Joseph Smith and His Plural Wives| journal=FARMS Review| volume=10| issue=2| pages=67–104| doi=10.2307/44792791| jstor=44792791| s2cid=164631543| quote="Reliable evidence indicates that Joseph Smith fathered some children through his plural marriages with single women, but that evidence does not necessarily support intimacy with polyandrous wives."| url=http://maxwellinstitute.byu.edu/publications/review/?vol=10&num=2&id=290| access-date=2012-06-27| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811135938/http://maxwellinstitute.byu.edu/publications/review/?vol=10&num=2&id=290| archive-date=2011-08-11| url-status=dead))</ref>

In response to public outrage generated by the ''Expositor'', the [[Nauvoo City Council]] passed an ordinance declaring the newspaper a public nuisance which had been designed to promote violence against Smith and his followers. They reached this decision after some discussion, including citation of [[William Blackstone]]'s legal canon, which defined a [[libel]]ous press as a public nuisance. According to the Council's minutes, Smith said he "would rather die tomorrow and have the thing smashed, than live and have it go on, for it was exciting the spirit of [[ochlocracy|mobocracy]] among the people, and bringing death and destruction upon us."<ref>((citation |chapter= Chapter XXI: The Destruction of the "Nauvoo Expositor"—Proceedings of the Nauvoo City Council and Mayor |chapter-url= https://archive.org/stream/historyofchurcho06robe#page/432/mode/2up |title= History of the Church |editor-last= Roberts |editor-first= B. H. |editor-link= B. H. Roberts |year= 1912 |place= Salt Lake City |publisher= LDS Church |title-link= History of the Church (Joseph Smith) ))</ref>

Under the Council's new ordinance, Smith, as Nauvoo's mayor, in conjunction with the Council, ordered the city marshal to destroy the ''Expositor'' and its [[printing press]] on June 10, 1844. By the city marshal's account, the destruction of the press type was carried out orderly and peaceably. However, [[Charles A. Foster (Latter Day Saints)|Charles A. Foster]], a co-publisher of the ''Expositor,'' reported on June 12 that not only was the printing press destroyed, but that "several hundred minions ... injured the building very materially".<ref>Tanner, 1981, chapter 17, ((cite web|title=Joseph Smith|work=The Changing World of Mormonism|url=http://www.utlm.org/onlinebooks/changech17.htm|access-date=August 22, 2005))</ref>

Smith's critics said that the action of destroying the press violated [[freedom of the press]]. Some sought legal charges against Smith for the destruction of the press, including charges of [[treason]] and inciting a riot. Violent threats were made against Smith and the Latter Day Saints. [[Thomas C. Sharp]], editor of the ''[[Warsaw Signal]]'' in [[Warsaw, Illinois]], a newspaper hostile to the church, editorialized:<ref>''Warsaw Signal'', June 12, 1844, p. 2.</ref>
((blockquote|War and extermination is inevitable! Citizens ARISE, ONE and ALL!!!—Can you stand by, and suffer such INFERNAL DEVILS! To ROB men of their property and RIGHTS, without avenging them. We have no time for comment, every man will make his own. LET IT BE MADE WITH POWDER AND BALL!!!))

===Incarceration at Carthage Jail===
((See also|Joseph Smith and the criminal justice system))
[[File:CarthageJail1885.jpg|thumb|An etching of the Carthage Jail, c. 1885]]
Warrants from outside Nauvoo were brought in against Smith and dismissed in Nauvoo courts on a writ of ''[[habeas corpus]]''. Smith declared [[martial law]] on June 18<ref name=UoIP>((cite book|last1=Firmage|first1=Edwin Brown|last2=Mangrum|first2=Richard Collin|title=Zion in the courts|publisher=University of Illinois Press|year=2001|location=University of Illinois|pages=114 & 115 of 430 pages|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9AimifP2a-4C|isbn=978-0252069802))</ref> and called out the [[Nauvoo Legion]], an organized city militia of about 5,000 men,<ref>((cite web|title=Military Service Records of LDS Men|publisher=Genealogy Gateway |year=1995|url=http://www.gengateway.com/military/military_service_records_of_lds_men.htm|access-date=15 June 2009)) Paragraph 6.</ref> to protect Nauvoo from outside violence.<ref name=UoIP/>

In response to the crisis, [[Governor of Illinois|Illinois Governor]] [[Thomas Ford (politician)|Thomas Ford]] traveled to Hancock County, and on June 21 he arrived at the [[county seat]] in [[Carthage, Illinois|Carthage]]. On June 22, Ford wrote to Smith and the Nauvoo City Council, proposing a trial by a non-Mormon jury in Carthage and guaranteeing Smith's safety. Smith fled the jurisdiction to avoid arrest, crossing the [[Mississippi River]] into the [[Iowa Territory]]. On June 23, a [[wikt:posse|posse]] under Ford's command entered Nauvoo to execute an arrest warrant, but they were unable to locate Smith. After he was criticized by some followers, Smith returned and was reported to have said, "If my life is of no value to my friends it is of none to myself."<ref name=HoLDS/>((rp|v6,p549)) He reluctantly submitted to arrest. He was quoted as saying, "I am going like a lamb to the slaughter; but I am calm as a summer's morning; I have a conscience void of offense towards God, and towards all men. I shall die innocent, and it shall yet be said of me—he was murdered in cold blood."<ref>[[Doctrine and Covenants]] 135:4 (LDS Church ed.).</ref> During the trip to Carthage, Smith reportedly recounted a dream in which he and Hyrum escaped a burning ship, walked on water, and arrived at a great heavenly city.<ref>((cite news |last1=Phelps |first1=William Wines |author-link=W. W. Phelps (Mormon) |year=1862 |pages=27–28 |location=Great Salt Lake City, Utah |newspaper=Deseret News |title=Almanac for the year 1863 |url=http://sethadamsmith.blogspot.com/2011/06/joseph-smiths-last-dream-full-account.html |access-date=13 July 2011 ))</ref>

On June 25, 1844, Smith and his brother [[Hyrum Smith|Hyrum]], along with the other fifteen Council members and some friends, surrendered to Carthage constable William Bettisworth on the original charge of riot. Upon arrival in Carthage, almost immediately the Smith brothers were charged with treason against the State of Illinois for declaring martial law in Nauvoo, by a warrant founded upon the oaths of A. O. Norton and Augustine Spencer. At a [[preliminary hearing]] that afternoon, the Council members were released on $500 [[bail bond|bonds]], pending later trial. The judge ordered the Smith brothers to be held in jail until they could be tried for treason, which was a [[capital offense]].((citation needed|date=June 2012))

[[File:JosephSmithPepperbox1.jpg|thumb|left|Smuggled gun used by Smith to shoot Wills, Vorhease, and Gallaher<ref>((cite book |author= Herring, Hal |title= Famous Firearms of the Old West: From Wild Bill Hickok'S Colt Revolvers To Geronimo's Winchester, Twelve Guns That Shaped Our History |chapter= Joseph Smith's Ethan Allen Dragoon Model Pepperbox Pistol |pages= 59 ff |publisher= Rowman & Littlefield |year=2011 |isbn= 978-1461748571 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=EXjTCwAAQBAJ))</ref>]]
The Smith brothers were detained at [[Carthage Jail]], and were soon joined by [[Willard Richards]], [[John Taylor (1808–1887)|John Taylor]] and [[John Solomon Fullmer]]. Six other associates accompanied the Smiths: [[John P. Greene]], Stephen Markham, [[Dan Jones (Mormon)|Dan Jones]], [[John S. Fullmer]], Dr. Southwick, and Lorenzo D. Wasson.<ref>((cite book|last1=Smith|first1=George Albert|title=History of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints / : 1820–1834|date=1948|publisher=Deseret Book|location=Salt Lake City, Utah|isbn=978-0877476887|edition=2d ed. rev.|chapter-url=https://byustudies.byu.edu/content/volume-6-chapter-30|access-date=26 April 2017|chapter=Arrest of Joseph and Hyrum Smith on a Charge of Treason – False Imprisonment – Elder Taylor's Protest – False Imprisonment|url= https://archive.org/details/historyofchurch00ekei))</ref>

Ford left for Nauvoo not long after Smith was jailed. The anti-Mormon<ref name="hill">((cite journal|last=Hill|first=Marvin S|author-link=Marvin S. Hill|title=Carthage Conspiracy Reconsidered: A Second Look at the Murder of Joseph and Hyrum Smith|journal=Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society|issue=Summer 2005|url=http://dig.lib.niu.edu/ISHS/ishs-2004summer/ishs-2004summer107.pdf|access-date=2012-02-07|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081121105725/http://dig.lib.niu.edu/ISHS/ishs-2004summer/ishs-2004summer107.pdf|archive-date=2008-11-21))</ref> "Carthage Greys", a local militia, were assigned to protect the brothers. Jones, who was present, relayed to Ford several threats against Joseph made by members of the Greys, all of which were dismissed by Ford.<ref>[[B. H. Roberts]], ''[[A Comprehensive History of the Church]]'', chapter 56.</ref>

On Thursday morning, June 27, church leader [[Cyrus H. Wheelock|Cyrus Wheelock]], having obtained a pass from Ford, visited Smith in jail. The day was rainy, and Wheelock used the opportunity to hide a small [[pepper-box]] [[pistol]] in his bulky overcoat,<ref>((cite book|title=Joseph Smith: The First Mormon|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o-KPAAAAMAAJ|author=Donna Hill|year=1983|publisher=Signature Books|page=413|isbn = 978-0941214162))</ref> which had belonged to Taylor.<ref>((cite book|title=The Assassination of Joseph Smith|author=Ryan C. Jenkins|date= 2023 |publisher=Cedar Fort Publishing & Media |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MqEhCgAAQBAJ|isbn=978-1462124497))</ref> Most visitors were rigidly searched,<ref>((cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JXbZAAAAMAAJ|title=History of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints, Volume 6|author=Brigham Henry Roberts|year=1912|publisher=Deseret News))</ref> but the guards forgot to check Wheelock's overcoat,<ref>((cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/americancrucifix0000beam|url-access=registration|title=American Crucifixion: The Murder of Joseph Smith and the Fate of the Mormon Church|publisher=PublicAffairs|author=Alex Beam|page=[https://archive.org/details/americancrucifix0000beam/page/173 173]|isbn=978-1610393140|date=2014))</ref> and he was able to [[smuggling|smuggle]] the gun to Smith. Smith took Wheelock's gun and gave Fullmer's gun to his brother Hyrum.

==Attack==
[[File:Carthage jail door.jpg|left|thumb|upright|The door in Carthage Jail through which the mob fired. There is a bullet hole in the door.]] [[File:Assassination of Joseph Smith.jpg|right|thumb|Hit by a ball, Smith fell from the second story window]]
Before a trial could be held, a mob of about 200 armed men, their faces painted black with wet [[gunpowder]], stormed Carthage Jail in the late afternoon of June 27, 1844. As the mob was approaching, the jailer became nervous and informed Smith of the impending attack. In a letter dated July 10, 1844, one of the jailers wrote that Smith, expecting the Nauvoo Legion, said, "Don't trouble yourself ... they've come to rescue me."<ref name=DQDM>((cite book|author=Dr. Quinn, D. Michael|chapter=On Being a Mormon Historian (And Its Aftermath)|editor=Smith, George D.|title=Faithful History: Essays on Writing Mormon History|location=Salt Lake City|publisher=[[Signature Books]]|year=1992|pages=141|chapter-url=http://www.signaturebookslibrary.org/faithful/chapter6.htm#chap6|access-date=June 15, 2009|archive-date=May 27, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100527234212/http://www.signaturebookslibrary.org/faithful/chapter6.htm#chap6|url-status=dead))</ref> Smith did not know that Jonathan Dunham, major general of the Nauvoo Legion, had not dispatched the unit to Carthage to protect him. Allen Joseph Stout later contended that by remaining inactive, Dunham disobeyed an official order written by Smith after he was jailed in Carthage.<ref>[http://www.boap.org/LDS/Early-Saints/AStout.html "Journal of Allen Joseph Stout,"] ''Journal for Period 1815–1848,'' Book of Abraham Project at Brigham Young University; retrieved December 15, 2007.</ref>

The Carthage Greys reportedly feigned defense of the jail by firing shots or blanks over the attackers' heads, and some of the Greys even reportedly joined the mob, who rushed up the stairs.<ref name=DQDM/> The mob first attempted to push the door open to fire into the room, though Smith and the other prisoners pushed back and prevented this. A member of the mob fired a shot through the door. Hyrum was shot in the face, just to the left of his nose, which threw him to the floor. He cried out, "I am a dead man!" and collapsed. He died almost immediately.<ref>''Doctrine and Covenants'' 135:1 (LDS Church ed.).</ref>

Smith, Taylor, and Richards attempted to defend themselves. Taylor and Richards used a long walking stick in order to deflect the guns as they were thrust inside the room, from behind the door. Smith fired Wheelock's pistol.<ref>Oaks and Hill, 20.</ref> Three of the six barrels misfired,<ref>Oaks and Hill, 21.</ref> but the other three shots are believed to have wounded three of the attackers.<ref>((Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=18HuCwAAQBAJ|title=Carthage Conspiracy: The Trial of the Accused Assassins of Joseph Smith|last1=Oaks|first1=Dallin H.|last2=Hill|first2=Marvin S.|date=1979|publisher=University of Illinois Press|isbn=978-0252098758|pages=52–53|language=en))</ref><ref>((Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/ahistoryillinoi00shiegoog|title=A History of Illinois|last=Ford|first=Thomas|year=1854|pages=[https://archive.org/details/ahistoryillinoi00shiegoog/page/n354 354]|publisher=Ivison & Phinney|language=en|quote=[...] Joe Smith being armed with a six barrelled pistol, furnished by his friends, fired several times as the door was bursted open, and wounded three of the assailants.))</ref>

Taylor was shot four or five times and was severely wounded, but survived. It has been popularly believed that his [[pocket watch]] stopped one shot. The watch is displayed in the LDS [[Church History Museum]] in [[Salt Lake City]], [[Utah]]; the watch was broken and was used to help identify the time of the attack. In 2010, forensic research by J. Lynn Lyon of the [[University of Utah]] and Mormon historian [[Glen M. Leonard]] suggested that Taylor's watch was not struck by a ball, but rather broke against a window ledge.<ref>Lyon, "Physical Evidence at Carthage Jail and What It Reveals about the Assassinations of the Prophet Joseph Smith and Hyrum Smith," BYU Education Week, 16 August 2010.</ref> [[Columbia University]] historian [[Richard Bushman]], the author of ''[[Joseph Smith: Rough Stone Rolling]]'', also supports this view.

[[File:JohnTaylorPocketWatch.jpg|200px|left|thumb|Pocket watch worn by John Taylor during the killings of Joseph and Hyrum Smith.]]
Richards, physically the largest of Smith's party, escaped unscathed; Lyon speculates that after the door opened, Smith was in the [[sightline|line of sight]] and Richards was not targeted.<ref>((cite web |url=https://byustudies.byu.edu/content/physical-evidence-carthage-jail-and-what-it-reveals-about-assassination-joseph-and-hyrum |title=Physical Evidence at Carthage Jail and What It Reveals about the Assassination of Joseph and Hyrum Smith |last1=Lyon |first1=Joseph |last2=Lyon |first2=David |year=2008|publisher=[[BYU Studies]] |page=37 |access-date=21 January 2016 |quote="Joseph Smith probably then decided he might be able to save Willard Richards's life by moving into the line of fire and attempting to jump from the east window, which was the nearest window to Joseph Smith's haven in the northwest corner of the room. This action would draw the attackers outside"))</ref>
 
After using all of the shots in his pistol, Smith made his way towards the window. As he prepared to jump down, Richards reported that he was shot twice in the back and that a third bullet, fired from a [[musket]] on the ground outside, hit him in the chest.<ref name=HoLDS/>((rp|v6, p620)) Taylor and Richards' accounts both report that as Smith fell from the window, he called out, "Oh Lord, my God!" Some have alleged that the context of this statement was an attempt by Smith to use a [[Freemasonry|Masonic]] distress signal.<ref>This connection was first made by [[Reed C. Durham]] in his presidential address, "Is There No Help for the Widow's Son," delivered at the Mormon History Association convention in Nauvoo, Illinois, 20 April 1974. (University of Utah Marriott Library, Manuscripts Division, Reed C. Durham Papers, Accn 444.) See also [http://www.vcaa.com/epistles/sss/ss-masons.htm "Why was Joseph Smith a Mason?"], from Sunday Sermons, by Cordell and Janice Vail, dated 23 Nov 2003, retrieved December 15, 2007.</ref>

[[File:G. W. Fasel - Charles G. Crehen - Nagel & Weingaertner - Martyrdom of Joseph and Hiram Smith in Carthage jail, June 27th, 1844 (cropped).jpg|thumb|1851 [[lithography|lithograph]] of Smith's body being mutilated. (Library of Congress)]]
There are varying accounts of what happened next. Taylor and Richards' accounts state that Smith was dead when he hit the ground. Eyewitness William Daniels wrote in his 1845 account that Smith was alive when members of the mob propped his body against a nearby well, assembled a makeshift [[firing squad]], and shot him before fleeing. Daniels' account also states that one man tried to [[decapitation|decapitate]] Smith for a [[bounty (reward)|bounty]] but was prevented by divine intervention. That affirmation later was denied.<ref>William M. Daniels (1845). ''A Correct Account of the Murder of Generals Joseph and Hyrum Smith, at Carthage on the 27th Day of June, 1844'' (Nauvoo, Ill.: John Taylor).</ref> Additional reports said that thunder and lightning frightened off the mob.<ref>Oaks and Hill, 89, 127, 132–133, 136, 144, 165–166.</ref> Mob members fled, shouting, "The Mormons are coming," although there was no such force nearby.<ref>Richards, 1844; D&C 135; Oaks and Hill, 1979; Quinn, 1994.</ref>

After the attack was over, Richards, who was trained as a medical doctor, went back to see if anyone besides himself had survived, and found Taylor lying on the floor. Richards dragged Taylor into the jail cell (they had not been held in the cell, but in the guard's room across the hallway). He dragged Taylor under some of the straw mattress to put pressure on his wounds and slow the bleeding and then went to get help. Both Richards and Taylor survived. Taylor eventually became the third [[President of the Church (LDS Church)|president]] of [[the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]] (LDS Church). Richards had escaped all harm except for a bullet grazing his ear.

Joseph's younger brother [[Samuel Harrison Smith]] had come to visit the same day and, after evading capture from a group of attackers, is said to have been the first Latter Day Saint to arrive and helped attend the bodies back to Nauvoo. He died thirty days later, possibly as a result of injuries sustained avoiding the mob.<ref>((Cite web|url=https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/ensign/1979/09/joseph-smiths-brothers-nauvoo-and-after?lang=eng|title=Joseph Smith's Brothers: Nauvoo and After|website=www.churchofjesuschrist.org))</ref>
[[File:Side of Carthage Jail.PNG|250px|left|thumb|Side of Carthage Jail, c. 1890, showing the well]]

===Injuries to mob members===
There have been conflicting reports about injuries to members of the mob during the attack, and whether any died. Shortly after the events occurred, Taylor wrote that he heard that two of the attackers died when Smith shot them with his pistol.<ref name=HoLDS/>((rp|v7,p102))

Most accounts seem to agree that at least three attackers were wounded by Smith's gunfire, but there is no other evidence that any of them died as a result. John Wills was shot in the arm, William Vorhease was shot in the shoulder, and William Gallaher was shot in the face.<ref name="Oaks and Hill, 52">Oaks and Hill, 52.</ref><ref name="CHC 2:285 n.19">CHC 2:285 n.19</ref> Others claimed that a fourth unnamed man was also wounded.<ref name="CHC 2:285 n.19"/> Wills, Vorhease, Gallaher, and a Mr. Allen (possibly the fourth man) were all [[indictment|indicted]] for the murder of the Smith brothers. Wills, Vorhease, and Gallaher, perhaps conscious that their wounds could prove that they were involved in the mob, fled the county after being indicted and were never brought to trial.<ref>Oaks and Hill, 52, 79.</ref> Apart from Taylor's report of what he had heard, there is no evidence that Wills, Vorhease, Gallaher, or Allen died from their wounds.<ref>((citation |url= http://www.fairlds.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/12/starr-was-joseph-smith-a-martyr-or-a-murderer.pdf |first= Lance |last= Starr |year= 2003 |title= Was Joseph Smith a Martyr or a Murderer |publisher= [[Foundation for Apologetic Information & Research]] (FAIR) ))</ref>

==Interment==
((see also|Smith Family Cemetery))
Joseph and Hyrum Smith's bodies were returned to Nauvoo the next day. The bodies were cleaned and examined, and [[death mask]]s were made, preserving their facial features and structures.

A public [[funeral|viewing]] was held on June 29, 1844, after which empty coffins weighted with [[sandbag]]s were used at the public burial. (This was done to prevent theft or mutilation of the bodies.) The coffins bearing the bodies of the Smith brothers were initially buried under the unfinished [[Nauvoo House]], then disinterred and deeply reburied under an out-building on the Smith homestead.

In 1928, [[Frederick M. Smith]], president of the [[Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints]] (RLDS Church) and grandson of Joseph Smith, feared that rising water from the Mississippi River would destroy the grave site. He authorized civil engineer William O. Hands to conduct an excavation to find the Smiths' bodies. Hands conducted extensive digging on the Smith homestead and located the bodies, as well as finding the remains of Joseph's wife, [[Emma Smith|Emma]], who was buried in the same place. The remains—which were badly [[human decomposition|decomposed]]—were examined and photographed, and the bodies were reinterred close by in Nauvoo.
((Gallery
|width=150 |height=150
|align=center
|File:JosephSmithGrave.jpg
 |Current gravesite of Joseph, Hyrum, and Emma Smith
|File:DeathMaskofHyrumSmith.jpg
 |Death Mask of Hyrum Smith. Note the bullet hole to the left of his nose.
|File:DeathMaskofJosephSmith.jpg
 |Death Mask of Joseph Smith.
))

==Responsibility and trial==
After the killings, there was speculation about who was responsible. Ford denied accusations that he knew about the plot to kill Smith beforehand, but later wrote that it was good for Smith's followers to have been driven out of the state and said that their beliefs and actions were too different to have survived in Illinois. He said Smith was "the most successful impostor in modern times,"<ref>((cite book|last=Stevenson|first=Adlai Ewing| title=Something of men I have known|publisher=R.R. Donnelley & Sons Company|date=17 December 1909|location=Chicago |edition=2nd|pages=[https://archive.org/details/somethingmeniha02stevgoog/page/n259 211]–212|url=https://archive.org/details/somethingmeniha02stevgoog))</ref> and that some people "expect more protection from the laws than the laws are able to furnish in the face of popular excitement."<ref>((cite book|last=Flanders|first=Robert Bruce| title=Nauvoo: Kingdom on the Mississippi |publisher=University of Illinois Press|year=1975|location=University of Illinois|pages=306|edition=illustrated|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NIr1wXurd2kC&pg=PP1|isbn=978-0252005619 ))</ref>

Ultimately, five defendants—[[Thomas C. Sharp]], [[Mark Aldrich]], [[William N. Grover]], [[Jacob C. Davis]] and [[Levi Williams]]—were tried for the murders of the Smith brothers. All five defendants were [[acquittal|acquitted]] by a jury, which was composed exclusively of non-Mormon members after the [[defense (law)|defense counsel]] convinced the judge to dismiss the initial jury, which did include Mormon members.<ref>See [[Dallin H. Oaks]] and [[Marvin S. Hill]] (1975). ''[[Carthage Conspiracy: The Trial of the Accused Assassins of Joseph Smith]]''. (Urbana: University of Illinois Press); [[Marvin S. Hill]]. [http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3945/is_200407/ai_n9408752/pg_1 "Carthage Conspiracy Reconsidered: A Second Look at the Murder of Joseph and Hyrum Smith"], ''Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society'', Summer 2004.</ref> The defense was led by [[Orville Hickman Browning]], later a [[United States senator]] and cabinet member. <ref>((cite book|last=Stevenson|first=Adlai Ewing| title=Something of men I have known|publisher=R.R. Donnelley & Sons Company|date=17 December 1909|location=Chicago |edition=2nd|pages=[https://archive.org/details/somethingmeniha02stevgoog/page/n259 213]|url=https://archive.org/details/somethingmeniha02stevgoog))</ref>

==Consequences in the Latter Day Saint movement==
((more citations needed|section|date=June 2017))
((Main|Succession crisis (Latter Day Saints)|Apostolic succession (LDS Church)))
After the killing of Smith, a succession crisis occurred in the Latter Day Saint movement. Hyrum Smith, the [[Assistant President of the Church]], was intended to succeed Joseph as [[President of the Church]],<ref>[[Bruce R. McConkie]], ''[[Mormon Doctrine (book)|Mormon Doctrine]]'' (2d ed., 1966, Salt Lake City: Bookcraft) s.v. "Assistant President of the Church".</ref> but because he was killed alongside his brother, the proper succession procedure became unclear.

Initially, the primary contenders to succeed Smith were [[Sidney Rigdon]], [[Brigham Young]], and [[James Strang]]. Rigdon was the senior surviving member of the [[First Presidency]], a body that had led the Latter Day Saint movement since 1832. At the time of Smith's death, he was estranged from Smith due to differences in doctrinal beliefs. Young, [[President of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles|president]] of the [[Quorum of the Twelve]], claimed authority was handed by Smith to the Quorum. Strang claimed that Smith designated him as the successor in [[Letter of appointment (Mormonism)|a letter]] that was received a week before his death. Later, others came to believe that Smith's son, [[Joseph Smith III]], was the rightful successor under the doctrine of [[Lineal succession (Latter Day Saints)|lineal succession]].

A [[schism]] resulted, with each claimant attracting followers. The majority of Latter Day Saints followed Young; these adherents later emigrated to what became [[Utah Territory]] and continued as the LDS Church. Rigdon's followers were known as [[Rigdonites]], some of which later established [[The Church of Jesus Christ (Bickertonite)]]. Strang's followers established the [[Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints (Strangite)]]. In the 1860s, those who felt that Smith should have been succeeded by Joseph Smith III established the RLDS Church, which later changed its name to the [[Community of Christ]].

==See also==
((Portal|Latter Day Saint movement))
* [[List of homicides in Illinois#Lynchings and race riots|List of lynchings and other homicides in Illinois]]
* [[Latter Day Saint martyrs]]
* [[Oath of vengeance]]
* "[[A Poor Wayfaring Man of Grief]]"
* "[[Praise to the Man]]"

==Notes==
((Reflist))

==References==
((refbegin|colwidth=30em))
* ((Cite book|surname=Burton|given=Richard F.|author-link=Richard Francis Burton|title=The City of the Saints, and Across the Rocky Mountains to California|year=1862|publisher=Harper & Brothers|location=New York|url=https://archive.org/details/citysaintsandac00burtgoog))
* ((Cite book|last=Ford|first=Thomas|author-link=Thomas Ford (politician)|title=A History of Illinois, from its Commencement as a State in 1818 to 1847|year=1854|place=Chicago|publisher=S.C. Griggs & Co.|url=https://archive.org/details/ahistoryillinoi00fordgoog|isbn=978-0252021404))
* ((cite book|author=John S. Fullmer|title=The Assassination of Joseph and Hyrum Smith, The Prophet and the Patriarch of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints|url=http://www.geocities.com/richardwinmill/History_page.htm|location=London|publisher=Latter-day Saints' Book Depot|year=1855|id=(The Winmill Family Home Page)|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091028070750/http://geocities.com/richardwinmill/History_page.htm|archive-date=2009-10-28))
* ((cite journal|author=Godfrey, Kenneth W.|title=Correspondence between William R. Hamilton and Samuel H. B. Smith Regarding the Martyrdom of Joseph and Hyrum Smith|journal=Nauvoo Journal|volume=11|issue=2|year=1999|pages=83–92|url=http://www.mormonhistoricsitesfoundation.org/publications/nj_fall1999/NJ11.2_Godfrey.pdf))
* [[Marvin S. Hill|Hill, Marvin S.]] [http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3945/is_200407/ai_n9408752/pg_1 "Carthage Conspiracy Reconsidered: A Second Look at the Murder of Joseph and Hyrum Smith"], ''Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society'', Summer 2004.
* ((Cite journal|last=Jessee|first=Dean C.|author-link=Dean C. Jessee|title=Return to Carthage: Writing the History of Joseph Smith's Martyrdom|pages=3–20|journal=[[Journal of Mormon History]]|volume=8|year=1981|url=http://content.lib.utah.edu/u?/jmh,12041|access-date=2018-12-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120414223106/http://content.lib.utah.edu/u/?%2Fjmh%2C12041|archive-date=2012-04-14|url-status=dead))
* ((Cite book|last=Littlefield|first=Lyman O.|title=The martyrs: a sketch of the lives and a full account of the martyrdom of Joseph and Hyrum Smith, together with a concise review of the most prominent incidents connected with the persecution of saints, from the time the Church was organized up to the year 1846|publisher=Juvenile Instructor Office|location=Salt Lake City|year=1882|url=https://archive.org/details/martyrssketchofl00litt))
* ((cite book|author=[[Dallin H. Oaks|Oaks, Dallin H.]] and [[Marvin S. Hill|Hill, Marvin S.]]|title=Carthage Conspiracy: The Trial of the Accused Assassins of Joseph Smith|location=Urbana|publisher=[[University of Illinois Press]]|year=1979|isbn=978-0252007620))
* ((cite news|last=Richards|first=Willard|title=Two Minutes in Jail|date=August 1, 1844|publisher=Times and Seasons|url=http://www.mormonismi.net/artikkelit/richards_2_minutes_in_jail.shtml)) Richards's account of Smith's death. [https://web.archive.org/web/20110611210438/http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/cgi-bin/showfile.exe?CISOROOT=%2FNCMP1820-1846&CISOPTR=8288&filename=3399.pdf PDF scan] of original 1844 newspaper entry.
* ((cite book|author=Smith, Lucy Mack|author-link=Lucy Mack Smith|title=History of Joseph Smith|location=Salt Lake City, Utah|publisher=[[Bookcraft]]|year=1901|isbn=978-0884940333|title-link=The History of Joseph Smith by His Mother))
* ((cite web|author=Starr, Lance|title=Was Joseph Smith a Martyr or a Murderer?|work=[[The Foundation for Apologetic Information & Research]]|url=http://www.fairlds.org/pubs/jsmartyr.pdf|access-date=August 22, 2005))
* ((cite book|author=Tanner, Jerald and Sandra|author-link=Jerald and Sandra Tanner|title=The Changing World of Mormonism (chapter 17)|url=http://www.utlm.org/onlinebooks/changech17.htm#Destruction%20of%20Expositor|year=1981|publisher=Moody Press|isbn=978-0802412348))
* ((citation |last= Taylor |first= John |author-link= John Taylor (Mormon) |chapter= Chapter IX: The assault upon the prison – The murder of Joseph and Hyrum Smith |chapter-url= https://archive.org/stream/historyofchurcho07robe#page/96/mode/2up |title= History of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints |volume= 7 |pages= 97–112 |editor-last= Roberts |editor-first= B. H. |editor-link= B. H. Roberts |publisher= [[Deseret News]] |place= Salt Lake City |year= 1932 |title-link= History of the Church (Joseph Smith) )). Taylor's account of Smith's death.
* ((cite book|author=Tracy, Shannon M.|title=In Search of Joseph|location=Orem, Utah|publisher=KenningHouse|year=1995|isbn=978-1576360057))
* ((Cite book|last=Wicks|first=Robert S., Fred R. Foister|title=Junius And Joseph: Presidential Politics And The Assassination Of The First Mormon Prophet|journal=All Usu Press Publications|publisher=[[Utah State University Press]]|location=Logan|year=2005|isbn=978-0874216080|url=http://digitalcommons.usu.edu/usupress_pubs/42/))
((refend))

==Further reading==
* ((citation |last= Beam |first= Alex |author-link= Alex Beam |year= 2014 |title= American Crucifixion: The Murder of Joseph Smith and the fate of the Mormon Church |place= New York |publisher= [[PublicAffairs]] |isbn= 978-1610393133 |oclc= 871820658 |url-access= registration |url= https://archive.org/details/americancrucifix0000beam ))
* ((citation |contribution-url= http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/cdm/ref/collection/EoM/id/3904 |contribution= Martyrdom of Joseph and Hyrum Smith |pages= 860–862 |last= Bentley |first= Joseph I. |editor-last= Ludlow |editor-first= Daniel H |editor-link= Daniel H. Ludlow |year= 1992 |title= Encyclopedia of Mormonism |location= New York |publisher= [[Macmillan Publishing]] |isbn= 978-0028796024 |oclc= 24502140 |title-link= Encyclopedia of Mormonism ))
* ((citation |contribution-url= http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/cdm/ref/collection/EoM/id/5581 |contribution= Carthage Jail |pages= 255–256 |last= Enders|first= Donald L. |editor-last= Ludlow |editor-first= Daniel H |editor-link= Daniel H. Ludlow |year= 1992 |title= Encyclopedia of Mormonism |location= New York |publisher= [[Macmillan Publishing]] |isbn= 978-0028796024 |oclc= 24502140 |title-link= Encyclopedia of Mormonism ))

==External links==
((wikisource|Nauvoo Expositor))
* [http://www.josephsmith.net/portal/site/JosephSmith/menuitem.000d30aca490e31495a35234f1e543a0/?vgnextoid=7fecf7a14ee52010VgnVCM1000001f5e340aRCRD&vgnextfmt=tab3 A Virtual Tour of Carthage Jail]
* [https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/scriptures/dc-testament/dc/135?lang=eng Doctrine and Covenants Section 135] – John Taylor's 1844 eulogy to Joseph and Hyrum Smith; now canonized by the LDS Church
* Freeman Nickeron, [https://web.archive.org/web/20070927050734/http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/cgi-bin/showfile.exe?CISOROOT=%2FNCMP1820-1846&CISOPTR=3648&filename=75512172692005_iac65_1.pdf ''Death of the Prophets Joseph and Hyram [sic&#93; Smith''], (Boston: John Gooch, 1844).
* [http://www.solomonspalding.com/docs/exposit1.htm Nauvoo Expositor]: First and only issue: June 7, 1844, Published by [[William Law (Latter Day Saints)|William Law]]
* R. Thompson, [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bA9lpcBIiL8 ''Nauvoo Expositor'']
* Wm. M. Daniels, [https://web.archive.org/web/20070927050747/http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/cgi-bin/showfile.exe?CISOROOT=%2FNCMP1820-1846&CISOPTR=3674&filename=17441412102005_iac04_1_031203_134658.pdf ''Correct Account of the Murders of Generals Joseph and Hyrum Smith''], (Nauvoo: John Taylor, 1845).

((Lynching in the United States))
((Latter-day Saints))

((DEFAULTSORT:Smith, Joseph, Jr))
[[Category:Assassinations in the United States]]
[[Category:Criminal trials that ended in acquittal]]
[[Category:History of the Latter Day Saint movement]]
[[Category:Lynching deaths in Illinois]]
[[Category:Mormonism and violence]]
[[Category:Latter Day Saint movement in Illinois]]
[[Category:Nauvoo Legion]]
[[Category:Deaths by firearm in Illinois]]
[[Category:1844 in Christianity]]
[[Category:Church of Christ (Latter Day Saints)]]
[[Category:1844 in Illinois]]
[[Category:June 1844 events]]
[[Category:Murder trials]]
[[Category:19th-century American trials]]
[[Category:Mormonism and death|Smith, Joseph death]]
[[Category:1844 murders in the United States]]

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