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((distinguish|Kinesin))
((More citations needed|date=May 2020))
((chembox
| Verifiedfields = changed
| Watchedfields  = changed
| verifiedrevid  = 443913177
| ImageFile      = Kinetin.png
| ImageSize      = 90
| IUPACName      = N<sup>6</sup>-furfuryladenine
| OtherNames     = 
| Section1       = ((Chembox Identifiers
| CASNo_Ref        = ((cascite|correct|CAS))
| CASNo            = 525-79-1
| ChEBI_Ref        = ((ebicite|correct|EBI))
| ChEBI            = 27407
| ChEMBL = 228792
| DrugBank = DB11336
| RTECS            = AU6270000
| EINECS           = 208-382-2
| ChemSpiderID_Ref = ((chemspidercite|correct|chemspider))
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| PubChem          = 3830
| UNII_Ref         = ((fdacite|correct|FDA))
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| StdInChI         = 1S/C10H9N5O/c1-2-7(16-3-1)4-11-9-8-10(13-5-12-8)15-6-14-9/h1-3,5-6H,4H2,(H2,11,12,13,14,15)
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  ))
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| C               = 10 | H = 9 | N = 5 | O = 1
| Appearance      = Off-white powder
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| Solubility      = 
| MeltingPtC      = 269-271
| MeltingPt_notes = (decomposes)
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| Section7       = ((Chembox Hazards
| ExternalSDS = 
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 ))
| Section8       = ((Chembox Related
| OtherFunction_label = 
| OtherFunction       = [[cytokinin]]
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))

'''Kinetin''' (/'kaɪnɪtɪn/) is a [[cytokinin]]-like synthetic [[plant hormone]] that promotes [[cell division]] in plants.<ref>((Cite web |title=Kinetin - Plant Growth Regulators ((!)) CliniSciences |url=https://www.clinisciences.com/en/ |access-date=2023-03-28 |website=www.clinisciences.com))</ref> Kinetin was originally isolated by [[Carlos O. Miller]]<ref>((Cite web |title=Carlos Miller |url=https://biology.indiana.edu/about/history/faculty-emeriti/memorials/miller-carlos.html |access-date=2023-03-28 |website=Department of Biology, Indiana University))</ref> and [[Folke K. Skoog|Skoog]] ''et al.''<ref name=Amasino2005>((Cite journal | last1 = Amasino | first1 = R. | title = 1955: Kinetin Arrives. The 50th Anniversary of a New Plant Hormone | doi = 10.1104/pp.104.900160 | journal = Plant Physiology | volume = 138 | issue = 3 | pages = 1177–1184 | year = 2005 | pmid = 16009993| pmc =1176392 ))</ref> as a compound from autoclaved herring sperm [[DNA]] that had cell division-promoting activity. It was given the name kinetin because of its ability to induce [[cell division]], provided that [[auxin]] was present in the medium. Kinetin is often used in [[plant tissue culture]] to induce [[Callus (cell biology)|callus]] formation (in conjunction with [[auxin]]) and regenerate [[Shoot (botany)|shoot]] tissues from callus (with lower [[auxin]] concentration).

For a long time, it was believed that kinetin was an artifact produced from the deoxyadenosine residues in [[DNA]], which degraded when standing for long periods or when heated during the isolation procedure. Therefore, it was thought that kinetin does not occur naturally, but since 1996, it has been shown by several researchers that kinetin exists naturally in the DNA of cells of almost all organisms tested so far, including humans and various plants. The mechanism of production of kinetin in DNA is thought to be via the production of [[furfural]] — an oxidative damage product of deoxyribose sugar in DNA — and its quenching by the adenine base's converting it into N6-furfuryladenine, kinetin.

Kinetin is also widely used in producing new plants from tissue cultures.

==History==
In 1939, P. A. C. Nobécourt (Paris) began the first permanent callus culture from root explants of carrots (''[[Daucus carota]]''). Such a culture can be kept forever by successive transplantations onto fresh nutrient [[agar]].((Citation needed|date=March 2012)) The transplantations occur every three to eight weeks. Callus cultures are not cell cultures since whole tissue associations are cultivated. Though many cells keep their ability to divide, this is not true for all. One reason for this is the [[aneuploidy]] of the nuclei and the resultant unfavourable chromosome constellations.((Citation needed|date=March 2012))

In 1941, J. van Overbeek (Rijksuniversiteit Utrecht) introduced coconut milk as a new component of nutrient media for callus cultures.<ref>((cite journal | doi = 10.1126/science.94.2441.350 | title = Factors in Coconut Milk Essential for Growth and Development of Very Young Datura Embryos | year = 1941 | last1 = Van Overbeek | first1 = J. | last2 = Conklin | first2 = M. E. | last3 = Blakeslee | first3 = A. F. | journal = Science | volume = 94 | issue = 2441 | pages = 350–1 | pmid = 17729950 | bibcode = 1941Sci....94..350V ))</ref>  [[Coconut milk]] is liquid endosperm. It stimulates the embryo to grow when it is supplied with food at the same time. Results yielded from callus cultures showed that its active components stimulate the growth of foreign cells, too.

In 1954 [[Folke K Skoog|F. Skoog]] (University of Wisconsin, Madison) developed a technique for the generation and culture of wound [[tumor]] tissue from isolated shoot parts of tobacco (''[[Nicotiana tabacum]]'').((Citation needed|date=March 2012)) The developing callus grows when supplied with [[yeast]] extract, coconut milk, or old DNA preparations.((Citation needed|date=March 2012))  Freshly prepared DNA has no effect but becomes effective after autoclaving.((Citation needed|date=March 2012))  This led to the conclusion that one of its breakdown products is required for cell growth and division. This characterized substance was named ''kinetin'', and was classified as a [[phytohormone]].

==References==
((Reflist))
*((cite book |editor1-first= David W.S.|editor1-last= Mok|editor2-first= Machteld C.|editor2-last= Mok|title= Cytokinins: chemistry, activity and function|year= 1994|publisher= CRC Press |location= Boca Raton, Florida|isbn= 978-0-8493-6252-1))
*((Cite journal | last1 = Barciszewski | first1 = J. | last2 = Siboska | first2 = G. E. | last3 = Pedersen | first3 = B. O. | last4 = Clark | first4 = B. F. | last5 = Rattan | first5 = S. I. | title = Evidence for the presence of kinetin in DNA and cell extracts | doi = 10.1016/0014-5793(96)00884-8 | journal = FEBS Letters | volume = 393 | issue = 2–3 | pages = 197–200 | year = 1996 | pmid = 8814289| s2cid = 21238076 ))
*((Cite journal | last1 = Barciszewski | first1 = J. | last2 = Rattan | first2 = S. I. S. | last3 = Siboska | first3 = G. | last4 = Clark | first4 = B. F. C. | title = Kinetin — 45 years on | doi = 10.1016/S0168-9452(99)00116-8 | journal = Plant Science | volume = 148 | pages = 37–45 | year = 1999 ))
((Use dmy dates|date=March 2018))

[[Category:2-Furyl compounds]]
[[Category:Cytokinins]]
[[Category:Purines]]
[[Category:Plant growth regulators]]

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