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((Short description|Short-lived Scandinavian state in Europe))
((Use dmy dates|date=August 2023))
((For|the years in Norway article|1814 in Norway))
((More citations needed|date=April 2023))
((Infobox former country
|native_name            = ''Kongeriget Norge''
|conventional_long_name = Kingdom of Norway
|common_name            = Norway
|
|status                 = [[List of historical unrecognized states and dependencies#10th through 19th centuries|''De facto'' state]]
|era                    = [[Napoleonic Wars]]
|government_type        = [[Constitutional monarchy]]
|
|year_start             = 1814
|year_end               = 1814
|life_span              = 25 February – 4 November <br/>1814
|
|event_start            = [[Treaty of Kiel]]
|date_start             = 14 January
|event_end              = [[Riksakten|Union with Sweden]]
|date_end               = 4 November
|event1                 = [[Meeting of Notables]]
|date_event1            = 16 February 1814
|event2                 = [[Constitution of Norway|Constitution adopted]]
|date_event2            = 17 May 1814
|event3                 = [[Swedish–Norwegian War (1814)]]
|date_event3            = 26 July 1814
|event4                 = [[Convention of Moss]]
|date_event4            = 14 August 1814
|
|p1                     = Denmark–Norway
|flag_p1                = Flag of Denmark.svg
|s1                     = Union between Sweden and Norway((!))Sweden–Norway
|flag_s1                = Jack of Sweden and Norway (1844–1905).svg
|s2                     = :no:Laurvig Grevskab((!))County of Larvik (1814–1817)<ref>((Cite web |url=https://www.nrk.no/vestfoldogtelemark/unike-dokument-viser-larviks-danske-hemmelegheit-1.15550853 |title=Unike dokument viser Larviks danske hemmelegheit |date=26 June 2021 |access-date=26 June 2021 |archive-date=26 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210626094319/https://www.nrk.no/vestfoldogtelemark/unike-dokument-viser-larviks-danske-hemmelegheit-1.15550853 |url-status=live ))</ref>
|flag_s2                = Flag of Denmark.svg
|
|image_flag             = Flag of the Kingdom of Norway (1814).svg
|flag                   = Flag of Norway
|flag_type              = Flag
|image_coat             = Coat of arms of the Kingdom of Norway (1814).svg
|symbol                 = Coat of arms of Norway
|symbol_type            = Coat of arms
|image_map              = Kingdom of Norway (1814).svg
|image_map_caption      = The Kingdom of Norway in 1814
|
|capital                = [[Oslo|Christiania]]
|largest_city           = [[Bergen]]<ref name="bergen">[https://snl.no/Bergen_-_historie] ((Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221224161857/https://snl.no/Bergen_-_historie |date=24 December 2022 )), [[Great Norwegian Encyclopedia|SNL]]. Retrieved on 17 January 2023.</ref>
|national_motto         = ''Enig og tro til Dovre faller''<br/><small>''Et usque ad perfectum est unitum montibus Dovre iactata fatiscit''</small><br><small>"United and loyal until the mountains of [[Dovre]] crumble"</small><hr/>'''Royal motto'''<br/>''[[List of Norwegian monarchs' mottos|Gud og fædrelandet]]''<br/><small>"God and the fatherland"</small>
|national_anthem        = [[File:Norges Skaal.ogg]]<br>''[[Norges Skaal]]''<br/><small>"Norway’s Toast"</small>
|common_languages       = [[Dano-Norwegian language|Dano-Norwegian koiné]], [[Danish language|Danish written]], [[Norwegian dialects]], [[Sami languages]]
|religion               = [[Church of Norway|Lutheranism]]
|currency               = [[Norwegian rigsdaler|Rigsdaler]] 
|
|leader1                = [[Christian VIII of Denmark|Christian Frederick]]
|year_leader1           = 1814
|title_leader           = [[List of Norwegian monarchs|King]]
|
|deputy1                = [[Frederik Gottschalk von Haxthausen]]
|year_deputy1           = 1814
|title_deputy           = [[List of heads of government of Norway|First Minister]]
|
|legislature            = [[Parliament of Norway|Storting]]
|house1                 = [[Lagting (Norway)|Lagting]]
|house2                 = [[Odelsting]]
|
|stat_year1             = 1814
|stat_pop1              = 902,100
|ref_pop1               = <ref name="demographics">[http://www.populstat.info/Europe/norwayc.htm Demographics of Norway] ((Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011041456/http://www.populstat.info/Europe/norwayc.htm |date=11 October 2017 )), Jan Lahmeyer. Retrieved on 8 March 2014.</ref>
|footnotes              = 
|today=[[Norway]]
| demonym = [[Norwegians|Norwegian]]
))

In 1814, the '''Kingdom of Norway''' made a brief and ultimately unsuccessful attempt to regain its independence. While Norway had always legally been a separate kingdom, since the 16th century it had shared a monarch with Denmark; Norway was a subordinate partner in the [[Denmark–Norway|combined state]], whose government was based in [[Copenhagen]]. Due to its alliance with France during the [[Napoleonic Wars]], Denmark was forced to sign the [[Treaty of Kiel]] in January 1814 ceding Norway to [[Sweden]].

However, many Norwegians were inspired by the rising tide of [[nationalism]] and resented being handed over without their consent to Sweden, a state they viewed as a traditional rival. Under the leadership of [[Christian VIII of Denmark|Christian Frederick]], who was the Danish government's representative in Norway and also the king of Denmark's cousin and [[heir presumptive]], Norway attempted to assert its rights as an independent state. A government was established and a [[Constitution of Norway|constitution]] written, under which Christian Frederick was elected king of Norway in May 1814.

The fledgeling Norwegian state was unable to gain support or recognition from any foreign powers, and was defeated in a two-week [[Swedish–Norwegian War (1814)|war with Sweden]] in the summer of 1814. However, the [[Convention of Moss]], signed at the end of the war in August, preserved many of the independence movement's achievements: Norway remained mostly autonomous in a [[Union between Sweden and Norway|personal union]] with Sweden, and was permitted to retain its new constitution with only slight modifications. Christian Frederick, forced to abdicate as king of Norway, would become king of Denmark as Christian VIII in 1839. Norway would eventually [[Dissolution of the union between Norway and Sweden|fully break away from Sweden]] in 1905.

==Prior to 1814 – The independence movement==

[[Denmark–Norway]] was involved as a part of the [[First French Empire|French side]] in the [[Napoleonic War]] through its participation in the [[Gunboat War]]. After Denmark-Norway lost [[Dano-Norwegian navy|its fleet]], the shores remained defenceless by sea as the tides turned against France. The [[Royal Navy]] had blockaded all Norwegian ports effectively from 1808, thus severing all Dano-Norwegian connections and leaving the nation of Norway to handle diplomacy by itself. Under those conditions, tension grew in Norway, and a fledgling independence movement was formed in 1809, but with roots as far back as at least the 1790s.<ref>((Cite web|url=http://oslohistorie.no/2018/02/07/jens-moestue-en-patriotisk-opprorer-2/#_ftn1|title=Jens Moestue – en patriotisk opprører?|access-date=13 May 2021|archive-date=13 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513152026/http://oslohistorie.no/2018/02/07/jens-moestue-en-patriotisk-opprorer-2/#_ftn1|url-status=live))</ref>
In the [[Dano-Swedish War of 1808–09|Swedish campaign against Norway]] in 1808–09, Sweden had been repulsed by the Norwegian army, and this was also a factor which made  Norwegians more prone to independence.

The years of 1812 and 1813 were known for severe [[famine]] due to the blockade, and this also made Norwegians more negative to the union with Denmark.

==Treaty of Kiel==
((Main|Treaty of Kiel))
On 7 January 1814, under the command of the elected crown prince of Sweden, [[Charles XIV John of Sweden|Charles John]], [[Frederick VI of Denmark]] proposed to cede The Kingdom of Norway to the king of Sweden in order to avoid an occupation of [[Jutland]]. He authorized his envoy [[Edmund Bourke (1761–1821)|Edmund Bourke]] to negotiate a peace treaty with [[Sweden]] and [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|Great Britain]] on these terms, in return for immediate withdrawal of all Coalition troops from Danish territory and certain territorial compensations. In addition, he was to join the allied powers in their fight against [[Napoleon]].<ref>Steen, Sverre (1951): ''1814''. Oslo, J.W. Cappelen. Pp. 49–50</ref> These terms were formalized and signed at the [[Treaty of Kiel]] on 14 January, in which Denmark negotiated to maintain sovereignty over the Norwegian possessions of [[Greenland]], the [[Faroe Islands]], and [[Iceland]]. Secret correspondence from the [[Government of the United Kingdom|British government]] in the preceding days had put diplomatic pressure on the negotiating parties to reach an agreement in order to avoid a full-scale invasion of Denmark. Bernadotte sent a letter to the governments of [[Prussia]], [[Austria]], and Great Britain thanking them for their support, acknowledging the role of [[Russian Empire|Russia]] in negotiating the peace, and envisaging greater stability in the Nordic region.

These news did not reach Norway until the end of January, in a letter of 18 January from the Danish king to the Norwegian people, in which he released them from their oath of allegiance to him and his dynasty. By special courier, a secret letter of 17 January from the king was delivered on 24 January to his cousin and [[Governor-general of Norway|viceroy of Norway]], [[Christian VIII of Denmark|Prince Christian Frederick]] with the most important details of the treaty, which the Prince decided to keep to himself while considering his reaction. The letter instructed him to deliver the Norwegian fortresses to Swedish forces and then return to Denmark.<ref>Steen, Sverre (1951): ''1814''. Oslo, J.W. Cappelen. Pp. 60–61</ref>

The public were informed of the peace treaty on 26 January through a censored article in the newspaper ''Tiden'', under the headline. "Peace, Peace in the North!" It did not inform the public of the fact that the king had ceded his kingdom to the king of Sweden, historically the enemy of Norway.<ref>Linvald, Axel (1962): ''Christian Frederik og Norge 1814''. PP. 19–20</ref> As there was the annual February market in [[Oslo|Christiania]] at the same time, a local priest observed that the entire marketplace swirled with rumours of the treaty, and with tension. As news spread, it was apparent to many Norwegian intellectuals that the people were offended by the treaty, by being delivered like cattle to a foreign sovereign.<ref>Pavels, Claus: ''Dagbøker 1812–1822''. 26–31 January. www.dokpro.uio.no/litteratur/pavels/frames.htm</ref>

==Attempted reclamation by Christian Frederick==
The viceroy and heir to the thrones of Denmark and Norway, Prince Christian Frederick, resolved to disobey the instructions from his king and to take the lead in an insurrection to preserve the integrity of the country, and if possible the union with Denmark. The king had been informed of these plans in a secret letter of December 1813. The Prince had also been instructed to keep the union with Denmark intact, but this was not in accord with Norwegian wishes at the time. In Norway, the sentiment was that Norway had been "sold out" to Sweden, their sworn arch-enemy.

Financial problems forced the Prince on 27 January to order banknotes to the amount of 3 million Rigsbankdaler to be issued by "The Provisional Rigsbank of Norway", stamped with the Norwegian coat of arms, to be redeemed by the Rigsbank. These so-called "Prince notes" were necessary to keep the wheels of government turning, but they contributed to the already chaotic monetary situation and the galloping inflation. The cause of the financial crisis was the refusal of King Frederick VI to establish a Bank of Norway.<ref>Norway Paper Money Prinsesedler Ca. 1815 Issues http://numismondo.net/pm/nor/index03A.htm ((Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160325062215/http://www.numismondo.net/pm/nor/index03A.htm |date=25 March 2016 ))</ref>

Christian Frederick claimed the throne of Norway and to set up an independent government with himself at the head. The week prior to 30 January, the prince toured parts of Norway and found the same real or false willingness to fight everywhere he came. On 30 January he consulted several prominent Norwegian advisors. His position stated that King Frederick had no legal right to relinquish his inheritance, asserting that he was the rightful king of Norway and that Norway had a right to [[self-determination]]. His impromptu council agreed with him, setting the stage for an independence movement. After this day, the tour continued, all the way to [[Trondheim]] and back.

On 2 February the Norwegian public learned that their country was ceded to the king of Sweden.

On 8 February Bernadotte responded by threatening to send an army to occupy Norway, promising a constitutional convention, and threatening a continued grain embargo against Norway if Sweden's claims under the treaty of Kiel were not met. But for the time being, he was occupied with the concluding battles on the Continent, giving the Norwegians time to develop their plans.

==The independence movement solidifies and is threatened by war==
((Unreferenced section|date=April 2023))
((See also|Meeting of Notables))
[[File:Christian Frederick, Hereditary Prince of Denmark.jpg|thumbnail|right|200px|Christian Frederick in 1813]]
[[File:Det første norske flagget i 1814.PNG|thumb|right|200px|The Norwegian war flag, introduced by Christian Frederick on 27 February 1814]]
On 10 February Christian Frederick invited prominent Norwegians to a meeting to be held at his friend [[Carsten Anker]]'s estate in Eidsvoll to discuss the situation. He informed them of his intent to resist Swedish hegemony and claim the Norwegian crown as his inheritance. But at the emotional session in Eidsvoll on 16 February, his advisors convinced him that Norway's claim to independence should rather be based on the principle of self-determination and that he should act as a regent for the time being. The council also advised the regent to hold elections and oaths of independence all over the country, thus choosing delegates to a constitutional assembly.

Arriving in [[Oslo|Christiania (Oslo)]] on 19 February, Christian Frederick proclaimed himself regent of Norway. All congregations met on 25 February to swear loyalty to the cause of Norwegian independence and to elect delegates to a constitutional assembly to commence at Eidsvoll on 10 April.

On 20 February the Swedish government sent a mission to Christian Frederick, warning him that Norway's independence movement was a violation of the treaty of Kiel and put Norway at war with the victorious parties in the Napoleonic War. The consequences would be famine and bankruptcy. Christian Frederick sent letters through his personal network to governments throughout Europe, assuring them that he was not leading a Danish conspiracy to reverse the terms of the treaty of Kiel, but rather his efforts reflected the Norwegian will for self-determination. He also sought a secret accommodation with [[Napoleon|Napoleon I]].

The mission from the Swedish government arrived in Christiania on 24 February and met with Christian Frederick. Christian Frederick refused to accept a proclamation from the Swedish king but insisted instead on reading his letter to the Norwegian people, proclaiming himself regent. The Swedish delegation characterized his decisions as reckless and illegal, asking for leave to return to Sweden.  The day after, church bells in Christiania rang for a full hour, and the city's citizens convened to swear fealty to Christian Frederick. On 26 February he initiated a long correspondence with the Swedish government. The next day he introduced a new flag for independent Norway — the former Dano-Norwegian [[Flag of Denmark|Dannebrog]] with the Norwegian Lion in the canton.

25 February is remembered in some sources as "people´s day"((citation needed|date=January 2014)) because of the elections and the oath. That day showed forth a de facto declaration of independence for Norway.((citation needed|date=January 2014)) All sources remembering that day agrees on the sacred tone of the day when all people assembled in their churches for a common cause. Bells rang from 10 am, chiming for a full hour. 4,000 people assembled in the central church of [[Oslo|Christiania]]. At 11 am the regent arrived, and a service was held. Then the bishop intoned the oath: "Do you swear to claim the independence of Norway, and to dare life and blood for the beloved fatherland?" Both the regent and the congregation answered accordingly. This oath was taken in maybe 75 churches that day, and again over the country the next Sunday, and further until the oath was taken in all the congregations of Norway.

Carsten Anker was sent to [[London]] to negotiate recognition by the British government. Swedish authorities were canvassing border areas with pamphlets subverting the independence movement. By early March, Christian Frederick had also organized a cabinet and five government departments, though he retained all decision-making authority himself.

==Christian Frederick meets increasing opposition from within and abroad==
The [[Johan Caspar Herman Wedel-Jarlsberg|Count of Wedel-Jarlsberg]], the most prominent member of the [[Norwegian nobility]], arrived in Norway on 3 March and confronted the regent, accusing him of playing a dangerous game. Christian Frederick responded by accusing Wedel-Jarlsberg of colluding with the Swedes. Returns from elections for delegates to the constitutional assembly also showed there were widespread misgivings about the independence movement. By the end of March, the opinion was openly expressed that Christian Frederick's ambition was to bring Norway back under Danish sovereignty.

Before Carsten Anker arrived in the United Kingdom, the British foreign secretary [[Robert Stewart, Viscount Castlereagh|Robert Stewart]], reimposed the naval blockade of Norway and assured the Swedish king that the British would refrain from accepting any Norwegian claims of sovereignty. A conciliatory letter sent by Christian Frederick to the Swedish king was returned unopened. On 9 March the Swedish mission to [[Copenhagen]] demanded that Christian Frederick be disinherited from succession to the Danish throne and that European powers should go to war with Denmark unless he disassociated himself from the Norwegian independence movement. On 17 March [[Niels Rosenkrantz]], the Danish foreign minister, responded to the Swedish demands by asserting that the Danish government in no way supported Norwegian independence, but that they could not vacate border posts they did not hold. The demand for disinheriting Christian Frederick was not addressed.

In several letters to Count [[Hans Henrik von Essen]], the commander of the Swedish military forces at Norway's borders, Bernadotte referred to Christian Frederick as a rebel who had probably been misled by the Danish nobility. He ordered his forces to treat all Danish officials who did not return home as outlaws, and all users of the "prince dollars" to be considered counterfeiters. Swedish troops amassed along the border to Norway, and there were daily rumours of an invasion.

In spite of his open opposition to Christian Frederick, Wedel-Jarlsberg was elected as a delegate to the constitutional convention on 14 March.  There were clear signs that the convention, only weeks away, would be contentious.

Carsten Anker arrived in London on 24 March, where he met with an under-secretary of foreign affairs. The under-secretary rejected Anker's appeal for self-determination, and Anker found all other doors closed to him in London. On 2 April Christian Frederick sent Carsten Anker's brother Peter (1744–1832) to London as an unofficial emissary. On 3 April Carsten Anker was imprisoned for three days in debtors' prison on account of an old debt, probably at the behest of the Swedish ambassador to London.

On 31 March Christian Frederick arrested officers of the naval vessels stationed in Norway as they were preparing to follow orders to bring the ships to Denmark. The ships were confiscated as ships of the Norwegian navy.

On 1 April Frederick VI sent a letter to Christian Frederick, asking him to give up his efforts and return to Denmark. The possibility of disinheriting the crown prince was mentioned in the letter. Christian Frederick rejected the overture, in the same letter invoking Norway's right to self-determination and the possibility of keeping Norway under the Danish king. A few days later, Christian Frederick warned off a meeting with the Danish foreign minister Niels Rosenkrantz, pointing out that such a meeting would fuel speculation that the prince was motivated by Danish designs on Norway.

==Constituent Assembly==
((Main|Norwegian Constituent Assembly))
[[File:Eidsvoll riksraad 1814.jpeg|thumbnail|300px|Artist's rendition of the Norwegian constitutional assembly in 1814]]
Although the European powers refused to acknowledge the Norwegian independence movement, there were signs by early April that they were not inclined to support Sweden in an all-out confrontation on the matter.

As time approaches for the constitutional convention, there was growing support for opposition to the treaty of Kiel, especially from [[Bergen, Norway|Bergen]].

On 10 April the constitutional convention convened for the first time, at church services in Eidsvoll. The sermon caused some stir by flattering Christian Frederick in particular and the monarchy in general. The delegates were accredited that afternoon, after [[Severin Løvenskiold]] had refused to give fealty to the independence movement.

Seated on uncomfortable benches, the convention elected its officers in the presence of Christian Frederick on 11 April. The debates started on 12 April, when [[Nicolai Wergeland]] and [[Georg Sverdrup]] argued over the mandate of the assembly and the basis for the regent's legitimacy. Party lines took form, with the "Independence party," variously known as the "Danish party," "the Prince's party," or "the urgent" on one side of the aisle; and the "Union Party," also known as the "western party," "Swedish party," or "the hesitant" on the other.((citation needed|date=January 2014))

As it turned out, there was a clear consensus among all delegates that independence would be the ideal solution, but there was disagreement on what solution was workable given real-world constraints.

* The Independence party had the majority and argued that the mandate of the convention was limited to formalizing Norway's independence based on the popular oath of fealty from earlier that year. With Christian Frederick as the regent, the relationship with Denmark would be negotiated within the context of Norwegian independence.
* The Union party, a minority of the delegates, believed that Norway would achieve a more independent status within a loose union with Sweden than as part of the Danish monarchy and that the assembly should continue its work even after the constitution was complete.

A constitutional committee presented its proposals on 16 April, provoking a lively debate.  The Independence party won the day with a majority of 78–33 to establish Norway as an independent monarchy. There was also lively debate on the issue of military conscription, in which the upper classes argued for exemption. In the following days, mutual suspicion and distrust came to the surface within the convention. In particular, delegates disagreed on whether to give the sentiments of the European powers consideration, and some facts may have been withheld from the convention.

By 20 April the principle of the people's right to self-determination articulated by [[Christian Magnus Falsen]] and [[Gunder Adler]] had been established as foundational for the framing of the constitution. Continued work and debate was characterized by acrimony and recrimination, but the constitutional committee made steady progress.

==Framing the constitution==
((Main|Constitution of Norway))
[[File:Christian Magnus Falsen EM.01457 crop.jpg|thumb|right|150px|[[Christian Magnus Falsen]], credited as being the constitution's father]]
On 1 May the first draft of the constitution was signed by the drafting committee. In addition to the principle of the Norwegian people's right to self-determination, the constitution's key precepts included the assurance of individual freedom, the right to property, and equality.

Following a contentious debate on 4 May, the assembly decided that Norway would profess itself to the [[Lutheran|Lutheran-Evangelical]] faith, that its monarch must always have professed himself to this faith (thereby precluding the Catholic-born Bernadotte from being a king), and that [[Jew]]s and [[Jesuit]]s would be barred from entering the kingdom (see ''[[Jew clause]]'' and ''[[Jesuit clause]]'').

On 5 May the Independence party lost another battle when the assembly voted 98 to 11 to allow the kingdom's monarch to reign over another country with the assent of two-thirds of the legislative assembly's vote.

On 7 May the assembly outlawed the creation of new nobility in Norway, allowing the disposition of existing hereditary rights to be decided by a future legislative body. On 8 May, proposed laws concerning naturalization and suffrage were debated. On the next day, it was decided that foreign citizens would be eligible after ten years of residency and that the right to vote would be extended to men who were either farmers possessing their own land, civil servants, or urban property owners. With this, about half of all Norwegian men earned the right to vote, a radical proposition at the time.

On 8 May the assembly decided on a [[Bicameralism|bicameral]] legislative body to be known as the [[Storting]], with the expectation that one would be an upper house ([[Lagting (Norway)|Lagting]]), and a lower house ([[Odelsting]]). They also vested the right to establish and collect taxes in the legislative body. The assembly also passed the so-called "farmer's paragraph" stipulating that two-thirds of the Storting had to be elected from rural districts, and one-third from urban areas. (This paragraph remained in force until 1952).

On 11 May the assembly overwhelmingly passed universal conscription, over the objections of the financial and administrative elite, who threatened mass emigration if their sons were forced into military service.

On 13 May, after two days of debate, the assembly passed a law in which the assembly guaranteed the issue of a Norwegian currency.  The Union party opposed this, claiming that there simply wasn't an economic basis for an independent currency. The Independence party, carrying the day, responded that an independent currency was necessary to ensure the existence of an independent state, regardless of the financial considerations. Nevertheless, on the next day, the assembly decided to postpone the establishment of a central bank until a legislative body was in session. Christian Frederick was dismayed by this decision.

The final edit of the [[Constitution of Norway|constitution]] was approved on 16 May. The official copy was dated, signed and sealed by the presidency on 17 May, and signed by the other representatives on 18 May. 17 May is accordingly considered [[Norwegian Constitution Day|Constitution Day]] in Norway. On that same day, Christian Frederick was elected king of Norway. The election was unanimous, but several of the delegates put on the record that they would have preferred to see it postponed until the political situation had stabilized.

After the election, Georg Sverdrup, then president of the assembly, held a short speech:

<blockquote>
''Raised is then once more within the boundaries of Norway the ancient throne which was occupied by [[Haakon the Good]] and [[Sverre of Norway|Sverre]], from which they ruled old Norway with wisdom and strength. That the wisdom and power exercised by them, the great kings of our ancient past, also will inspire the Prince which we, the freemen of Norway, in accordance with the wish of all the people, in gratitude and appreciation today unanimously have chosen, is a wish that every true son of Norway surely shares with me. God save old Norway!''
</blockquote>

The last sentence was then repeated by all those present.

On 20 May the assembly adjourned, joining hands and proclaiming that they would remain "[[Enige og tro inntil Dovre faller|United and loyal until the mountains of Dovre crumble!]]"

==Seeking domestic and international legitimacy==
[[File:CarlXIVJohnSweden.jpg|thumbnail|200px|[[Charles XIV John of Sweden|Charles John]] staunchly opposed Norwegian independence, only to offer generous terms of a union.]]
On 22 May the newly elected king made a triumphant entrance into Christiania, exactly one year after he first arrived as viceroy to Norway.  The cannons at [[Akershus Fortress]] sounded off the royal salute, and a celebratory service was held in the cathedral.  There was continuing concern about the international climate, and on 24 May the government decided to send two of the delegates from the constitutional assembly to join Carsten Anker in the UK to plead Norway's case.

On 25 May the first council of state convened, establishing the nation's supreme court.

On 31 May general major [[Johannes Klingenberg Sejersted]] proposed to take a stand against invading Swedish forces at the river [[Glomma]], but some maintained that the Swedes should be stopped at the border.

On 5 June the British emissary [[John Philip Morier]] arrived in Christiania on what appeared to be an unofficial visit. He accepted the hospitality of one of Christian Frederick's ministers and agreed to meet with the king himself informally, stressing that nothing he did should be construed as a recognition of Norwegian independence.<ref>((cite book|author1=Rasmus Glenthøj|author2=Morten Nordhagen Ottosen|title=Experiences of War and Nationality in Denmark and Norway, 1807–1815|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dy3FAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA239|date=14 January 2014|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=978-1-137-31389-8|page=239))</ref>

Christian Frederick asked the British government to mediate between Norway and Sweden, but Morier never deviated from his government's prior rejection of refusing to recognize an independent Norway. Morier offered to bring the Norwegian emissaries [[Niels Aall]] and [[Wilhelm Christie]] to Britain onboard his ship, but ended up failing to follow through on his promise. He informed the Norwegians that they could expect no diplomatic support from the British government, and asked that his government's position be printed in all Norwegian newspapers.<ref>((cite book|author1=Rasmus Glenthøj|author2=Morten Nordhagen Ottosen|title=Experiences of War and Nationality in Denmark and Norway, 1807–1815|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dy3FAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA239|date=14 January 2014|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=978-1-137-31389-8|page=239))</ref> On 10 June the Norwegian army was mobilized and arms and ammunitions distributed.

On 13 June Christian Frederick also ordered a census in preparation for parliamentary elections.

On 16 June Carsten Anker sent a letter to Christian Frederick in which he made references to discussions he had recently had with a high-ranking [[Prussia]]n diplomat. He learned that Prussia and [[Austria]] were waning in their support of Sweden's claims to Norway, that [[Alexander I of Russia]] (a distant cousin of Christian Frederick's) favoured a Swedish-Norwegian union but not with Bernadotte as the king, and that the United Kingdom was looking for a solution to the problem that would keep Norway out of Russia's influence.

==Prelude to war==
On 26 June emissaries from Russia, Prussia, Austria, and the United Kingdom arrived in [[Vänersborg]] in Sweden to convince Christian Frederick to comply with the provisions of the treaty of Kiel. There they conferred with von Essen, who told them that 65,000 Swedish troops were ready to invade Norway. On 30 June the emissaries arrived in Christiania, where they rudely turned down Christian Frederick's hospitality. Meeting with the Norwegian council of state the following day, the Russian emissary Orlow put the choice to those present: Norway could subject itself to the Swedish crown or face war with the rest of Europe. When Christian Frederik argued that the Norwegian people had a right to determine their own destiny, the Austrian emissary ((ill|August Ernst von Steigentesch|de|lt=von Steigentesch)) made the famous comment:

<blockquote>The people? What do they have to say against the will of its rulers?  That would be to put the world on its head.</blockquote>

In the course of the negotiations, Christian Frederick offered to relinquish the throne and return to Denmark, provided the Norwegians had a say in their future through an extraordinary session in the Storting. But he refused to surrender the Norwegian border forts to Swedish troops. On 15 July the four-power delegation rejected Christian Frederick's proposal that Norway's constitution form the basis for negotiations about a [[Personal union|union]] with Sweden but promised to put the proposal to the Swedish king for consideration.  The negotiations were a partial success in that the delegation left convinced that Christian Frederick was sincere and had the backing of a popular movement.

On 20 July Bernadotte sent a letter to his "cousin" Christian Frederick accusing him of intrigues and foolhardy adventurism. To add to the problems, the three Norwegians who had made their way to London were arrested, charged with carrying false passports and papers. They were deported immediately.

On 22 July Bernadotte met with the delegation that had been in Norway. They encouraged him to consider Christian Frederick's proposed terms for a union with Sweden, but the crown prince was outraged. He reiterated his ultimatum that Christian Frederick either relinquish all rights to the throne and abandon the border posts or face war. On 27 July a Swedish naval fleet took over [[Hvaler]], effectively putting Sweden at war with Norway. The day after, Christian Frederick rejected the Swedish ultimatum, saying that such a surrender would constitute treason against the Norwegian people. On 29 July Swedish forces moved to invade Norway.

==Swedish-Norwegian War==
((Main|Swedish–Norwegian War (1814)))
Swedish forces met with little resistance as they advanced northward into Norway, bypassing the fortress of [[Fredriksten]]. The first hostilities were short and ended with decisive victories for Sweden. By 4 August the fortified city of [[Fredrikstad]] surrendered. Christian Frederick ordered a retreat to the river [[Glomma]]. The Swedish Army, trying to intercept the retreat, was stopped at the [[battle of Langnes]], an important tactical victory by the Norwegians. The Swedish assaults from the east were effectively resisted near [[Kongsvinger]].

On 3 August Christian Frederick announced his political will in a cabinet meeting in [[Moss, Norway|Moss]]. On 7 August a delegation from Bernadotte arrived at the Norwegian military headquarters in [[Spydeberg]] with a cease-fire offer that would join Norway in a union with Sweden and respect the Norwegian constitution. The day after, Christian Frederick expressed himself in favor of the terms, allowing Swedish troops to remain in positions east of Glomma. Hostilities broke out at Glomma, resulting in casualties, but the Norwegian forces were ordered to retreat. Peace negotiations with Swedish envoys began in the town of Moss on 10 August. On 14 August the negotiations concluded. The [[Convention of Moss]] resulted in a general cease-fire based on terms that effectively were terms of peace.

Christian Frederick succeeded in excluding from the text any indication that Norway had recognized the Treaty of Kiel, and Sweden accepted that it was not to be considered a premise of the future union between the two states. Understanding the advantage of avoiding a costly war, and of letting Norway enter into a union voluntarily instead of being annexed as a conquered territory, something that, historically, the Swedes had never managed to do, Bernadotte offered favourable peace terms. He promised to recognize the Norwegian Constitution, with only those amendments that were necessary to open up for a union of the two countries. Christian Frederick agreed to call an extraordinary session of the Storting in September or October. He would then have to transfer his powers to the elected representatives of the people, who would negotiate the terms of the union with Sweden, and finally relinquish all claims to the Norwegian throne and leave the country.

==Ceasefire==
((Main|Convention of Moss))
The news hit the Norwegian public hard, and reactions included anger at the "cowardice" and "treason" of the military commanders, despair over the prospects of Norwegian independence, and confusion about the country's options. Christian Frederick confirmed his willingness to abdicate the throne for "reasons of health," leaving his authority with the [[Norwegian Council of State|state council]] as agreed in a secret protocol at Moss. In a letter dated 28 August, Christian Frederick ordered the council to accept orders from the "highest authority," clearly referring to the Swedish king. Two days later, the Swedish king proclaimed himself the ruler of both Sweden and Norway.

On 3 September the British government announced that their naval blockade of Norway would be lifted. Postal service between Norway and Sweden was resumed. By 8 September prominent Norwegians were taking note of the generous terms offered by Bernadotte. The Swedish general in the occupied border regions of Norway, [[Magnus Fredrik Ferdinand Björnstjerna]], threatened to resume hostilities if the Norwegians would not abide by the armistice agreement and willingly accept the union with Sweden. Christian Frederik was reputed to have fallen into a deep depression and was variously blamed for the battleground defeats.

In late September, a dispute arose between Swedish authorities and the Norwegian council of state over the distribution of grain among the poor in Christiania. The grain was intended as a gift from the Swedish king to the Norwegians, but it became a matter of principle for the Norwegian council to avoid the appearance that Norway had a new king until the transition was formalized.  Björnstjerna sent several missives threatening to resume hostilities.

On 26 September, the Norwegian general in the "northern" region of Norway, Count [[Carl Jacob Waldemar von Schmettow]], vowed in Norwegian newspapers to forcibly resist any further Swedish troop movements into Norway.

==Easing into a new arrangement==
((Main|Riksakten))
In early October, Norwegians again refused to accept a shipment of corn from Bernadotte, and Norwegian merchants instead took up loans to purchase food and other necessities from Denmark. However, by early October, there was emerging support for a union with Sweden. On 7 October an extraordinary session of the [[Storting|Norwegian parliament]] convened. Delegates from areas occupied by Sweden in [[Østfold]] were admitted only after submitting assurances that they had no loyalty to the Swedish authorities. On 10 October Christian Frederick formally abdicated according to the conditions agreed on at Moss and embarked for Denmark. Executive powers were provisionally assigned to the Storting until the necessary amendments to the Constitution were enacted.

On 20 October, with one day to spare before the cease-fire expired, the Norwegian parliament voted 72 to 5 to join Sweden in a personal union, but a motion to acknowledge [[Charles XIII of Sweden|Charles XIII]] as king of Norway failed to pass. The issue was tabled pending the necessary amendments to the Norwegian constitution. In the following days, the parliament passed several resolutions to assert as much sovereignty as possible within the union. On 1 November they voted 52 to 25 that Norway would not appoint its own consuls, a decision that would have serious consequences in 1905. On 4 November the Storting adopted the constitutional amendments that were required to allow for the union, and unanimously ''elected'' Charles XIII as king of Norway, rather than acknowledging him as such.

==References==
((Reflist))

==Further reading==
* [[Bård frydenlund|Frydenlund, Bård]] (2014): ''Spillet om Norge. Det politiske året 1814.'' ((ISBN|9788205463561))
* Glenthøj, Rasmus and Morten Nordhagen Ottosen (2014): ''1814 Krig, nederlag, frihet''. Oslo, Spartacus forlag AS. ((ISBN|978-82-430-0813-7))
* Koht, Halvdan (1910): ''Unionsprengningen i 1814 i verdenshistorisk sammenheng. Kristiania, Det norske Samlaget
* Koht, Halvdan (1914): ''1814. Norsk dagbok hundre aar efterpaa''. Kristiania 
* Linvald, Axel (1962): ''Christian Frederik og Norge 1814''. Oslo, Universitetsforlaget. 
* Nielsen, Yngvar (1905): ''Norge i 1814''. Christiania, J.M. Stenersen & Co.
* Pavels, Claus (1864): ''Claus Pavels biografi og dagbøger 1812-1822/Udgivne i uddrag af Claus Pavels Riis''. Bergen, Floor
* Steen, Sverre (1951): ''1814''. Oslo, J.W. Cappelen

==External links==
* [http://www.eidsvoll1814.no/default.aspx?aid=9078804 Eidsvoll (1814)] ((in lang|en))
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060513123233/http://www.numismondo.com/pm/nor/index03.htm Norway Paper Money (1813–1814)] ((in lang|en))
* [http://www.nb.no/baser/1814/histori.html#1814 National Norwegian Database] ((in lang|no))
* [https://runeberg.org/akrell/vtrun04.html Magnus Fredrik Ferdinand Björnstjerna] ((in lang|sv))

((Norway topics|state=collapsed))
((Monarchs of Norway))
((Authority control))

((DEFAULTSORT:Norway In 1814))
[[Category:19th century in Norway]]
[[Category:1814 in Norway]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 1814]]
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in 1814]]
[[Category:1814 establishments in Europe]]
[[Category:1814 disestablishments in Europe]]
[[Category:Former kingdoms|Norway (1814)]]
[[Category:Former unrecognized countries]]
[[Category:Norwegian nationalism]]
[[Category:Norwegian monarchy]]

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