Kinosternon

Mississippi mud turtle Kinosternon subrubrum hippocrepis
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Reptilia
Order:	Testudines
Suborder:	Cryptodira
Superfamily:	Kinosternoidea
Family:	Kinosternidae
Subfamily:	Kinosterninae
Genus:	Kinosternon Spix, 1824^[1]

Kinosternon is a genus of small aquatic turtles from the Americas known commonly as mud turtles.

Geographic range

They are found in the United States, Mexico, Central America, and South America. The greatest species richness is in Mexico, and only three species (K. dunni, K. leucostomum, and K. scorpioides) are found in South America.

Description

They are very similar to the musk turtles, but generally smaller in size, and their carapaces are not as highly domed.

Diet

All mud turtles are carnivorous, consuming various aquatic invertebrates, fish, and even carrion.

Species

Extant

Central Chiapas mud turtle - K. abaxillare (Baur, 1925)
Tabasco mud turtle - K. acutum Gray, 1831^[1]
Alamos mud turtle - K. alamosae Berry & Legler, 1980^[1]
Central American mud turtle - K. angustipons Legler, 1965^[1]
Striped mud turtle - K. baurii (Garman, 1891)^[1]
Jalisco mud turtle - K. chimalhuaca Berry, Seidel, & Iverson, 1996^[1]
Cora mud turtle - K. cora Loc-Barragán et al., 2020^[2]
Creaser's mud turtle - K. creaseri Hartweg, 1934^[1]
Dunn's mud turtle - K. dunni Schmidt, 1947^[1]
Durango mud turtle - K. durangoense Iverson, 1979^[1]
Yellow mud turtle - K. flavescens (Agassiz, 1857)^[1]
Herrera's mud turtle - K. herrerai Stejneger, 1925^[1]
Rough-footed mud turtle - K. hirtipes (Wagler, 1830)^[1]
- Valley of Mexico mud turtle - K. h. hirtipes (Wagler, 1830)^[1]
- Lake Chapala mud turtle - K. h. chapalaense Iverson, 1981^[1]
- San Juanico mud turtle - K. h. magdalense Iverson, 1981^[1]
- Viesca mud turtle - K. h. megacephalum Iverson, 1981 (extinct)^[1]
- Mexican plateau mud turtle - K. h. murrayi Glass and Hartweg, 1951^[1]
- Patzcuarco mud turtle - K. h. tarascense Iverson, 1981^[1]
Mexican mud turtle - K. integrum (LeConte, 1954)^[1]
White-lipped mud turtle - K. leucostomum A.M.C. Duméril, Bibron & A.H.A. Duméril, 1851^[1]
- Northern white-lipped mud turtle - K. l. leucostomum A.M.C. Duméril, Bibron & A.H.A. Duméril, 1851^[1]
- Southern white-lipped mud turtle - K. l. postinguinale (Cope, 1887)^[1]
Oaxaca mud turtle - K. oaxacae Berry & Iverson, 1980^[1]
Scorpion mud turtle - K. scorpioides (Linnaeus, 1766)^[1]
- Scorpion mud turtle (subspecies) - K. s. scorpioides (Linnaeus, 1766)^[1]
- White-throated mud turtle - K. s. albogulare (A.H.A. Duméril and Bocourt, 1870)^[1]
- Red-cheeked mud turtle - K. s. cruentatum (A.M.C. Duméril, Bibron & A.H.A. Duméril, 1851)^[1]
Sonora mud turtle - K. sonoriense (Le Conte, 1854)^[1]
- Sonora mud turtle (subspecies) - K. s. sonoriense (Le Conte, 1854)^[1]
- Sonoyta mud turtle - K. s. longifemorale (Iverson, 1981)^[1]
Florida mud turtle - K. steindachneri (Siebenrock, 1906)^[3]
Arizona mud turtle - K. stejnegeri Gilmore, 1923^[1]^[4]
Eastern mud turtle - K. subrubrum (Bonnaterre, 1789)^[1]
- Eastern mud turtle (subspecies) - K. s. subrubrum (Bonnaterre, 1789)^[1]
- Mississippi mud turtle - K. s. hippocrepis (Bonnaterre, 1789)^[1]
Vallarta mud turtle - K. vogti López-Luna et al., 2018^[5]

Extinct

†Kinosternon arizonense Gilmore, 1923 (known from Plio-Pleistocene fossil remains, formerly considered conspecific with K. stejnegeri)^[1]^[4]

Tabasco mud turtle (Kinosternon acutum) 6 March 2018.
Arizona mud turtle (Kinosternon arizonense), 25 October 2018.
Creaser's mud turtle (Kinosternon creaseri), juvenile from Yucatán, México.
Mexican mud turtle (Kinosternon integrum), a sub-adult from the Municipality of Tula, Tamaulipas, Mexico (20 September 2003).
Oaxaca mud turtle (Kinosternon oaxacae) La Soledad, Oaxaca, Mexico.
Scorpion mud turtle (Kinosternon scorpioides), southern Tamaulipas, Mexico (23 September 2004).
Sonoran mud turtle (Kinosternon sonoriense), male.
Eastern mud turtle (Kinosternon subrubrum) plastron.

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af ^ag ^ah ^ai Rhodin 2010, p. 000.95-000.98
^ Loc-Barragán, Jesús A.; Reyes-Velasco, Jacobo; Woolrich-Piña, Guillermo A.; Grünwald, Christoph I.; Anaya, Myriam Venegas De; Rangel-Mendoza, Judith A.; López-Luna, Marco A. (27 November 2020). "A New Species of Mud Turtle of Genus Kinosternon (Testudines: Kinosternidae) from the Pacific Coastal Plain of Northwestern Mexico". Zootaxa. 4885 (4): 509–529. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4885.4.3. PMID 33311258.
^ Rhodin, Anders G.J.; Inverson, John B.; Roger, Bour; Fritz, Uwe; Georges, Arthur; Shaffer, H. Bradley; van Dijk, Peter Paul (August 3, 2017). "Turtles of the world, 2017 update: Annotated checklist and atlas of taxonomy, synonymy, distribution, and conservation status(8th Ed.)" (PDF). Chelonian Research Monographs. 7. ISBN 978-1-5323-5026-9. Retrieved October 4, 2019.
^ ^a ^b McCord, Robert D. (2016-02-17). "What is Kinosternon arizonense?". Historical Biology. 28 (1–2): 310–315. Bibcode:2016HBio...28..310M. doi:10.1080/08912963.2015.1053879. ISSN 0891-2963. S2CID 85572922.
^ López-Luna, Marco A.; Cupul-Magaña, Fabio G.; Escobedo-Galván, Armando H.; González-Hernández, Adriana J.; Centenero-Alcalá, Eric; Rangel-Mendoza, Judith A.; Ramírez-Ramírez, Mariana M.; Cazares-Hernández, and Erasmo. "A Distinctive New Species of Mud Turtle from Western México". Chelonian Conservation and Biology. 2018.

Bibliography

Rhodin, Anders G.J.; van Dijk, Peter Paul; Iverson, John B.; Shaffer, H. Bradley (2010-12-14). "Turtles of the world, 2010 update: Annotated checklist of taxonomy, synonymy, distribution and conservation status" (PDF). Chelonian Research Monographs. 5. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-17.

Kinosternidae family

Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Reptilia
Subclass: Anapsida
Order: Testudines
Suborder: Cryptodira
Superfamily: Kinosternoidea
Family: Kinosternidae

Genera

Species of the Kinosternidae family

Claudius

Narrow-bridged musk turtle

†Hoplochelys

†Hoplochelys clark

Kinosternon

Sternotherus

Staurotypus

Phylogenetic arrangement of turtles based on turtles of the world 2017 update: Annotated checklist and atlas of taxonomy, synonymy, distribution, and conservation status. Key: †=extinct.

Testudines

Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Reptilia
Clade: Diapsida
Order: Testudines

Genus

Chelonioidea
(Sea turtles)

Cheloniidae	†Allopleuron Caretta †Carolinochelys Chelonia †Eochelone Eretmochelys †Gigantatypus †Glarichelys †Itilochelys Lepidochelys †Mexichelys †Miocaretta Natator †Pacifichelys †Syllomus †Tasbacka
Dermochelyidae	†Arabemys †Corsochelys †Cosmochelys Dermochelys †Eosphargis †Mesodermochelys †Psephophorus
	†Euclastes †Peritresius †Procolpochelys †Protosphargis †Puppigerus

Kinosternoidea

Dermatemydidae	Dermatemys
Kinosternidae	Claudius †Hoplochelys Kinosternon Staurotypus Sternotherus

Testudinoidea

Emydidae	†Acherontemys Chrysemys Clemmys Deirochelys Emys Actinemys Emydoidea Glyptemys Graptemys Malaclemys Pseudemys Terrapene Trachemys †Wilburemys
Geoemydidae	Batagur †Banhxeochelys Cuora Cyclemys Geoclemys Geoemyda Hardella Heosemys Leucocephalon Malayemys Mauremys Melanochelys Morenia Notochelys Orlitia Pangshura Rhinoclemmys Sacalia Siebenrockiella Vijayachelys
Platysternidae	Platysternon
Testudinidae	Aldabrachelys Astrochelys Centrochelys Chelonoidis Chersina Cylindraspis †Cymatholcus †Floridemys Geochelone Gopherus †Hadrianus †Hesperotestudo Homopus Indotestudo Kinixys Malacochersus Manouria †Megalochelys †Oligopherus Psammobates Pyxis †Solitudo Stigmochelys †Stylemys Testudo

Trionychia

Carettochelyidae	†Allaeochelys †Anosteira Carettochelys
Trionychidae	Amyda Apalone †Axestemys Chitra Cyclanorbis Cycloderma †Drazinderetes Dogania †Gilmoremys †Hutchemys †Khunnuchelys Lissemys Nilssonia Palea †Palaeoamyda Pelochelys Pelodiscus Rafetus Trionyx
	†Basilochelys †Sinaspideretes

Chelydridae	Chelydra †Chelydrops †Chelydropsis †Emarginachelys †Macrocephalochelys Macrochelys †Planiplastron †Protochelydra
†Nanhsiungchelyidae	†Anomalochelys †Basilemys †Jiangxichelys
†Protostegidae	†Alienochelys †Archelon †Atlantochelys †Bouliachelys †Calcarichelys †Cratochelone †Desmatochelys †Iserosaurus †Notochelone †Ocepechelon †Pneumatoarthrus †Protostega †Rhinochelys †Santanachelys †Terlinguachelys
	†Adocus †Argillochelys †Bashuchelys †Ctenochelys †Prionochelys †Toxochelys

Pleurodira

†Araripemydidae	†Araripemys
†Bothremydidae	†Araiochelys †Arenila †Azabbaremys †Bothremys †Cearachelys †Chedighaii †Chupacabrachelys †Eotaphrosphys †Foxemys †Galianemys †Ilatardia †Inaechelys †Itapecuruemys †Jainemys †Kinkonychelys †Kurmademys †Labrostochelys †Nigeremys †Phosphatochelys †Polysternon †Puentemys †Rosasia †Rhothonemys †Sankuchemys †Taphrosphys †Ummulisani †Zolhafah
Chelidae	Acanthochelys Chelodina Chelus Elseya Elusor Emydura Hydromedusa †Lomalatachelys Mesoclemmys Myuchelys Phrynops Platemys †Prochelidella Pseudemydura Rheodytes Rhinemys †Yaminuechelys
Pelomedusidae	Pelomedusa Pelusios
Podocnemididae	†Albertwoodemys †Bauruemys †Brontochelys †Caninemys †Carbonemys †Cerrejonemys †Cordichelys Erymnochelys †Lapparentemys †Latentemys Peltocephalus Podocnemis †Stupendemys
†Sahonachelyidae	†Sahonachelys †Sokatra

	†Caribemys †Caririemys †Tacuarembemys

Phylogenetic arrangement of turtles based on Turtles of the World 2017 Update: Annotated Checklist and Atlas of Taxonomy, Synonymy, Distribution, and Conservation Status. † = extinct.

See also List of Testudines families

Taxon identifiers
Kinosternon	Wikidata: Q2500468 Wikispecies: Kinosternon ADW: Kinosternon BOLD: 34442 CoL: 58BQ EoL: 13805 Fossilworks: 37648 GBIF: 2442349 iNaturalist: 39712 IRMNG: 1016722 ITIS: 173762 NCBI: 55538 WoRMS: 1287523