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((Short description|Indigenous religion of the Kirati))
((Infobox religious group
|group      = Kirat Religion in Nepal and Eastern Himalayas
|image      = Kirati_shamans.jpg
|caption    = Kirati Shamans healing status in [[Banjhakri Falls and Energy Park|Banjhakri Falls]] Sikkim
|founder    = Rulers of [[Yalamber|Kirat Dynasty]]
| popplace         = ((flag|Nepal))((*))((flag|India))((*))((flag|Bhutan))
| region1        = ((Flag|Nepal)):<br />((spaces|10))  
| pop1           = 924,204 (2021) <ref>((cite web|url=https://censusnepal.cbs.gov.np/results/downloads/caste-ethnicity |title=Census Nepal caste-ethnicity results 2021))</ref>  
| region2        = ((Flag|India))
| pop2           = Unknown
| region3        = ((Flag|Bhutan))
| pop3           = Unknown  
| religions = '''Religious Division of Kiratism'''<br />([[Animism]],[[Shamanism]])<br/> •[[Nature worship]] and [[Ancestor worship]] <br /> •Satyahangma tradition of  [[Phalgunanda|Mahaguru Phalgunanda]] 
|))
'''Kirat Mundum''', ([[Nepali language|Nepali]]: किरात मुन्दुम) also known as '''Kiratism''', or '''Kirati Mundum''', is an [[animistic]] [[folk religion]] of the [[Kirati people|Kirati]] ethnic groups of [[Nepal]], [[Darjeeling]] and [[Sikkim]], majorly practiced by [[Yakkha people| Yakkha]], [[Limbu people|Limbu]], [[Sunuwar people|Sunuwar]], [[Rai people|Rai]], [[Thami]], [[Jirel people|Jirel]], [[Hayu people|Hayu]] and Surel  peoples in the north-eastern [[Indian subcontinent]].<ref name="final layout pdf.p65">((Cite web |url=http://www.himalassociation.org/baha/Trident-and-Thunderbolt.pdf |title=final layout pdf.p65<!-- Bot generated title --> |access-date=2008-01-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090902074907/http://www.himalassociation.org/baha/Trident-and-Thunderbolt.pdf |archive-date=2009-09-02 |url-status=dead ))</ref> The practice is also known as ''Kirat Veda'',<ref>p. 56 ''Kiratese at a Glance'' By Gopal Man Tandukar</ref><ref>p. xxv ''A Grammar of Limbu'' By Geordefine sungge van Driem</ref> ''Kirat-Ko Veda''<ref>''Problems of Modern Indian Literature'' by Statistical Pub. Society: distributor, K. P. Bagchi</ref> or ''Kirat Ko Ved''.<ref>p. 323 ''Kiratas in Ancient India'' By G. P. Singh, Dhaneswar Kalita, V Sudarsen, M A Kalam</ref> According to some scholars, such as Tom Woodhatch, it is a blend of [[shamanism]], [[animism]] (e.g., [[ancestor worship]] of [[Yuma Sammang]]/[[Tagera Ningwaphumang]] and Paruhang/Sumnima),<ref>"History and Culture of the Kirat" by I.S.Chemjong</ref> and [[Shaivism]].<ref name="p. 535 Nepal By Tom Woodhatch">p. 535 ''Nepal'' By Tom Woodhatch</ref> It is practiced by about 3.17% of the [[Demographics of Nepal|Nepali population]] as of 2021.<ref>((cite web|url=http://cbs.gov.np/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/National%20Report.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2012-11-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130418041642/http://cbs.gov.np/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/National%20Report.pdf |archive-date=2013-04-18 ))</ref>                                                                      
[[File:Birupakshya, Kirateswor Mahadev at Pashupatinath temple, Kathmandu 2013.jpg|thumb|[[Birupakshya]] ancestor of [[Kirati people]] located in [[Kathmandu]], erected by Kirati kings of ancient [[Nepal]].]]

==Religious texts==
It has the religious [[scripture]] and folk literature of the [[Kirant|Kirat]] people of Nepal and [[India]]. All four Kirats  [[Rai people|Khambu (Rai)]], [[Limbu people|Limbu (Subba)]], [[Sunuwar|Sunuwar (Mukhia)]] and  [[Yakkha people|Yakkha (Dewan)]] have slightly different [[religious texts]]. Religious texts means the power of great strength ''[[Mundhum]]'' in the [[Limbu language]],<ref>Schools as Zones of Peace in Nepal By Isabelle Duquesne LIT Verlag Münster, 12 Jan 2016</ref> Mewahang call it ''muddum'', Yakka as ''mintum'', Sunuwar as ''mukdum'' among Kulung as ''ridum'' Bantawa as ''Mundum'' and Chamling as ''dum''.<ref>Page 45 Contemporary Society: Concept of tribal society By S. N. Ratha, [[Georg Pfeffer]], Deepak Kumar Behera, 1997</ref><ref>P.6 European Bulletin of Himalayan Research, Issues 17-19 By Südasien Institut, 1999</ref><ref name="Hardman">((cite book| last=Hardman | first=Charlotte E. |date=December 2000 | title=Other Worlds: Notions of Self and Emotion among the Lohorung | editor=John Gledhill |editor2=Barbara Bender |editor3=Bruce Kapferer| publisher=Berg Publishers | isbn=978-1-85973-150-5 | pages=104–))</ref> It covers many aspects of the Kirat culture, customs and traditions that existed before [[Vedic period]] in the [[ancient Indian subcontinent]].<ref name="V1">((cite book
| author= Dor Bahadur Bista
| title=Fatalism and Development: Nepal's Struggle for Modernization
| pages= 15–17
| year=1991
| publisher=Orient Longman | isbn=81-250-0188-3))</ref><ref name="V">((cite book
| last=Cemjoṅga
| first=Īmāna Siṃha
| title=History and Culture of the Kirant People
| pages= 2–7
| year=2003
| publisher=Kirant Yakthung Chumlung | isbn=99933-809-1-1))</ref><ref>((Cite web |url=http://www.exploredarjeeling.com/culture.htm |title=Cultures & people of Darjeeling |access-date=2008-04-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004192503/http://www.exploredarjeeling.com/culture.htm |archive-date=2013-10-04 |url-status=dead ))</ref><ref name="Gurung">((cite book
| last=Gurung
| first=Harka B.
| title=Trident and Thunderbolt: Cultural Dynamics in Nepalese Politics
| year=2003
| location=Nepal
| publisher=Social Science Baha
| isbn=99933-43-44-7
| oclc=57068666
| url=http://www.himalassociation.org/baha/Trident-and-Thunderbolt.pdf
| access-date=2008-01-22
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090902074907/http://www.himalassociation.org/baha/Trident-and-Thunderbolt.pdf
| archive-date=2009-09-02
| url-status=dead
))</ref>

The religious texts for each tribe consists of customs, habits, rituals, traditions, and myths passed down from the Kirati tribe's ancestors. Religious texts serve, in a way, as customary laws which guide Kirats in their daily lives.<ref name="BockRao65">p. 65 ''Culture, Creation, and Procreation'' By Monika Böck, Aparna Rao</ref> Their religious texts also distinguishes each Kiranti tribe from other Kirati and non-Kiratis as well.<ref name="BockRao65"/>

==Practices==
Kirants practice [[shamanism]] and their rituals are mostly related to the worship of [[Mother Nature]], ancestors, the Sun, the Moon, wind, fire and the main pillar of the house. Almost all sacred rituals in Rai are performed by [[Nakchhong]], Mangpa/Bijuwa/the Rai tribal priest. Similarly, the [[Limbu people|Limbu]]s have phɛdɑŋmɑ/bɑ, yɛbɑ/mɑ, sɑmbɑ/mɑ((Definition needed|date=January 2023)) to perform rituals accordingly. Rai's supreme deity is Sumnima. Sumnima is a female goddess which is believed to be the Mother Earth (Mother Nature) and [[Paruhang]] is a male god also known as the [[Sky God]]. The Limbus's supreme deity ''Tagera Ningwaphuma: tɑgɛrɑ niŋwɑphumɑ'' is personified as [[Yuma Sammang]] as female and Theba Sammang as male in earthly form. Some Limbus have their own distinct form of worship known as [[Yuma Sammang]] is mother goddess of all the Limbus, their follower are Yumaism; they venerate a [[King of the Gods|supreme goddess]].

===Festivals===
[[File:Sakela sili.jpg|thumb|Kirant Khambu Rai celebrating the festival Sakela]]
All four Kirants celebrate some similar and different festivals throughout the year. Some common festivals are [[Udhauli]], [[Ubhauli]] and New year [[Yele Sambat]] ([[Maghe Sankranti]]).

[[Sakela]] is the main festival of Kirat [[Rai people|Khambu Rai]]. In this festival, they worship mother nature and their ancestors, who are believed to be staying in their Chulla.  A Chulla is a fireplace of three stones in the garden, with each stone having a unique meaning. This festival is celebrated twice a year and is distinguished by two names Ubhauli and Udhauli. [[Sakela]] Ubhauli is celebrated during [[Baisakh Purnima]] (full moon day, which lies in the month of [[Baisakh]] in calendars of the Indian subcontinent) and [[Sakela]]. Udhauli is celebrated during the full moon day in the month of [[Mangsir]]. In Ubhauli they pray for the goodness of their family, good weather for cultivation; in Udhauli they thank mother nature and their ancestors for their blessings and good harvest.

Newars Celebrate Yenna, and [[Indra Jatra|Indrajatra]] and other festivals of the Valley, relationg to Yalamaber, [[Lalitpur, Nepal|Yela]], [[Bhaktapur|Khopa]], [[Kathmandu Valley|Ye]].

In both Ubhauli and Udhauli, they sacrifice a rooster and offer [[ginger]], rice, homemade alcohol, and tree resin (resin is put in the burning coal for fragrance) as worship, they also conduct a Sakela dance. In this dance, they perform all of their daily life activities such as planting rice, harvesting etc.  During the dance the will also copy the behavior of animals and birds which are part of their day-to-day life. The Limbu Kirant celebrates Udhauli [[Chasok Tangnam]] on the day of Mangshir Purnima and Ubhauli (Yokwa Tongnam) in the month of Baisakh. Other Kirants (Yakkha and Sunuwars) also celebrate in their own way.

Sakela Sili is observed twice a year in the month of Baisakh Purnima and Mangsir Purnima, namely Ubhauli (going up) and Udhauli (coming down), indicating the migration pattern of the birds named Karyangkurung respectively. A Nakchhong performs the sacrificial offering, chula puja and other rituals in the Sakela Than. The dance is then led by a Silimappa and Silimamma and the Kirat community people come together in their traditional attire to form a circle and sing and dance together to the beats and rhythms of drums (Dhol) and cymbals (Jhyamta) enacting their daily life activities as well as mimicking different animals and birds. The sili or the dance moves reflect different aspects of human life and their relationship with nature. 

Kiratis worship nature; therefore, Sakela Puja also known as Bhumi Puja is a prayer to Mother Nature. During Ubhauli, Kiratis worship Mother Nature for good crops and protection from natural calamities during the time of cultivation and farming. Likewise, Kiratis offer their gratitude and thanks to Mother Nature during Udhauli (harvesting time) for bestowing them with good crops.
<ref name="Subba108">p. 108 ''Politics of Culture: A study of three Kirata communities in the Eastern Himalayas'' by T.B. Subba</ref>

==See also==
((portal|Nepal))
* [[Folk Hinduism]]
* [[Hindu denominations]]
* [[Religion in Nepal]]
* [[Tribal religions in India]]
* [[Bon religion]]
* [[Buddhism in Nepal]]
* [[Hinduism in Nepal]]
* [[Demographics of Nepal]]
* [[Limbu language]]
* [[Bantawa language]]
* [[Chamling language]]
* [[Rai languages]]
* [[Te-ongsi Sirijunga Xin Thebe]]
* [[Mundhum]]

== References ==
((reflist))

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20190529171005/http://chumlung.org.np/wiki/index.php/Mundhum Mundhum Kirat Yakthung Chumlung]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080914051317/http://www.asianhimalayamusicschool.com/dance-1.php Dances of the Kiranti]
* [http://www.yakthungsamaj.com/about-us.php Kiranti Limbus in Qatar] ((Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081019010403/http://www.yakthungsamaj.com/about-us.php |date=2008-10-19 ))

((Religion topics))

[[Category:Indian religions]]
[[Category:Religion in Nepal]]
[[Category:Religious texts]]
[[Category:Kiranti]]
[[Category:Asian shamanism]]
[[Category:Culture of Koshi Province]]

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