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((short description|First President of the Republic of Macedonia))
((Use dmy dates|date=November 2023))
((Infobox officeholder
| name                = Kiro Gligorov
| native_name         = ((nobold|Киро Глигоров))
| native_name_lang    = mk
| nationality         = Yugoslav/Macedonian
| image               = Киро Глигоров 03 (28-01-1993).jpg
| imagesize           = 
| caption             = Gligorov in 1993
| office              = 1st [[President of North Macedonia|President of Macedonia]]
| term_start          = 27 January 1991
| term_end            = 19 November 1999
| vicepresident       = Ljubčo Georgievski (1991)<ref name="balkans" >((Cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G6iBAgAAQBAJ |title=The Balkans: A Post-Communist History |isbn=9781134583287 |publisher=Routledge |author1=Robert Bideleux |author2= Ian Jeffries |date=24 January 2007 |page=412))</ref>
| primeminister       = [[Nikola Kljusev]]<br />[[Branko Crvenkovski]]<br />[[Ljubčo Georgievski]]
| predecessor         = Vladimir Mitkov (as President of the SR Macedonia)
| successor           = [[Boris Trajkovski]]
| office1             = [[List of presidents of the Federal Assembly of Yugoslavia|President of the Federal Assembly of Yugoslavia]]
| termstart1          = 15 May 1974
| termend1            = 15 May 1978
| predecessor1        = [[Mijalko Todorović]]
| successor1          = [[Dragoslav Marković]]
| birth_name          = 
| birth_date          = ((birth date|1917|5|3|df=y))
| birth_place         = [[Štip]], [[Bulgarian occupation of Serbia (World War I)|Bulgarian-occupied Serbia]] 
| death_date          = ((death date and age|2012|1|1|1917|5|3|df=y))
| death_place         = [[Skopje]], Macedonia 
| spouse              = ((marriage |Nada Misheva|1943 |2009 |end=d.))
| children            = 3, including [[Vladimir Gligorov|Vladimir]]
| party               = [[League of Communists of Yugoslavia|LCY]]/[[League of Communists of Macedonia|LCM]]/[[SDSM]]/[[Independent politician|Independent]]<ref>Sabrina P. Ramet et al., Building Democracy in the Yugoslav Successor States: Accomplishments, Setbacks, and Challenges since 1990, Cambridge University Press, 2017, ((ISBN|1107180740)), [https://books.google.com/books?id=CDq8DgAAQBAJ&dq=gligorov+social+democrats&pg=PA290 p. 290.] ((Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405202513/https://books.google.com/books?id=CDq8DgAAQBAJ&dq=gligorov+social+democrats&pg=PA290 |date=2023-04-05 ))</ref>
| religion            = 
| signature           = Kiro Gligorov signature.svg
))
'''Kiro Gligorov''' (((lang-mk|Киро Глигоров)), ((IPA-mk|kiˈrɔ ɡliˈɡɔrɔf|pron|Mk-Kiro Gligorov.ogg)); 3 May 1917 – 1 January 2012) was a [[Macedonians (ethnic group)|Macedonian]] politician who served as the first [[President of North Macedonia|President of the Republic of Macedonia]] (now North Macedonia) from 1991 to 1999. He was born and raised in Štip, where he was also educated. He continued his education in Skopje and Belgrade, where he graduated in law. After World War II, he served in various important positions in Yugoslavia. Gligorov later played a pivotal role in Macedonia's peaceful secession from Yugoslavia and its international recognition. In 1995, he survived an assassination attempt, which has remained unresolved. For his role in its independence and political development, he has been regarded as the father of the Macedonian state.<ref name="politics">((cite book |editor1-last=Dawisha |editor1-first=Karen |editor2-last=Parrott |editor2-first=Bruce |title=Politics, Power and the Struggle for Democracy in South-East Europe |date=1997 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9780521597333 |pages=246–247))</ref><ref>((cite web |title=Ден на жалост - Македонија ќе се прости од претседателот Глигоров |url=https://www.dw.com/mk/%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD-%D0%BD%D0%B0-%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82-%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0-%D1%9C%D0%B5-%D1%81%D0%B5-%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8-%D0%BE%D0%B4-%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82-%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2/a-15641662 |website=Deutsche Welle |language=mk |date=3 January 2012 |access-date=23 August 2023 |archive-date=9 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180109060110/http://www.dw.com/mk/%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD-%D0%BD%D0%B0-%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82-%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0-%D1%9C%D0%B5-%D1%81%D0%B5-%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8-%D0%BE%D0%B4-%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82-%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2/a-15641662 |url-status=live ))</ref><ref>((cite book |author=P. H. Liotta |title=Dismembering the State: The Death of Yugoslavia and why it Matters |date=2001 |publisher=Lexington Books |isbn=9780739102121 |page=207))</ref>

== Early life ==
Kiro Gligorov((efn|According to the news sources Novinite and [[The Independent]], his birth surname was Panchev.<ref name="novini">Late Macedonian President Gligorov Was 'Certified' Bulgarian, [https://www.novinite.com/articles/135345/Late+Macedonian+President+Gligorov+Was+%27Certified%27+Bulgarian Novinite.com; January 3, 2012] ((Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624195451/https://www.novinite.com/articles/135345/Late+Macedonian+President+Gligorov+Was+%27Certified%27+Bulgarian |date=June 24, 2021 )).</ref><ref name="independent">((cite web |author=Constantine Buhayer |title=Kiro Gligorov: President of Macedonia throughout the Nineties |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/kiro-gligorov-president-of-macedonia-throughout-the-nineties-6286840.html |website=The Independent |date=9 January 2012 |access-date=2 April 2023 |archive-date=29 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180129190750/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/kiro-gligorov-president-of-macedonia-throughout-the-nineties-6286840.html |url-status=live ))</ref> During the Serbian rule of Vardar Macedonia, his surname was allegedly Grigorović or Gligorović. Later his surname was changed to Gligorov or Grigorov, but during the Bulgarian rule of Vardar Macedonia in World War II, he was known as Kiril Blagoev Grigorov.<ref name="bechev">((cite book |author=Dimitar Bechev |title=Historical Dictionary of North Macedonia |date=2019 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=9781538119624 |pages=128–129 |edition=2nd))</ref>)) was born in [[Štip]] on 3 May 1917,<ref name="heads">((cite book |editor1-last=Lentz |editor1-first=Harris |title=Heads of States and Governments Since 1945 |date=2014 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781134264902 |page=527))</ref><ref name="rossos">((cite book |author=Andrew Rossos |title=Macedonia and the Macedonians: A History |date=2013 |publisher=Hoover Press |isbn=9780817948832 |page=264))</ref> in the [[Bulgarian occupation of Serbia (World War I)|Bulgarian occupation zone]] of [[Kingdom of Serbia|Serbia]] (now [[North Macedonia]]) during [[World War I]],<ref name=":0">[https://books.google.com/books?id=EHI3PCjDtsUC&pg=PA150 ''The European powers in the First World War: an encyclopedia''], Spencer Tucker, Laura Matysek Wood, Taylor & Francis, 1996, ((ISBN|0-8153-0399-8)), p. 150.</ref> where he received his initial education. Gligorov completed his secondary education in Skopje and later graduated from the [[University of Belgrade]]'s [[University of Belgrade Faculty of Law|Law School]].<ref name="wapo">((cite news |title=Kiro Gligorov, former Macedonian president, dies |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/europe/kiro-gligorov-former-macedonian-president-dies/2012/01/09/gIQAKz3QmP_story.html |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=9 January 2012 |access-date=24 March 2023 |archive-date=26 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120326080435/http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/europe/kiro-gligorov-former-macedonian-president-dies/2012/01/09/gIQAKz3QmP_story.html |url-status=live ))</ref><ref name="cook">((cite book |author=Bernard A. Cook |title=Europe Since 1945: An Encyclopedia |date=2014 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781135179328 |page=512))</ref> Before World War II, he participated in the Macedonian communist student movement.<ref name="rossos" /> When he was twenty, he was arrested by the Royal Yugoslav authorities for his political opposition to the [[Kingdom of Yugoslavia]], but was released afterwards.<ref name="ramet">((cite book |author= Sabrina P. Ramet |title=Central and Southeast European Politics since 1989 |date=2010 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9780521716161 |page=349))</ref> After the defeat of Yugoslavia in 1941, he returned to Skopje ([[Bulgaria during World War II|annexed by Bulgaria]]), where Gligorov worked as a lawyer until 1943. In 1942, Gligorov was arrested by the Bulgarian police on the accusation that he was a pro-Serbian communist. He was released on the orders of Skopje Mayor [[Spiro Kitinchev]], who guaranteed that he was a trustworthy Bulgarian.<ref>Проф. Яни Милчаков за политическата роля на Киро Глигоров. [https://bnr.bg/shumen/post/100318746/prof-yani-milchakov-za-politicheskata-rolya-na-kiro-gligorov Българско национално радио, Радио Шумен, 04.01.2012.] ((Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624200931/https://bnr.bg/shumen/post/100318746/prof-yani-milchakov-za-politicheskata-rolya-na-kiro-gligorov |date=2021-06-24 ))</ref><ref>Цочо Билярски, Киро Глигоров, превъплащенията на един хамелеон. [http://www.sitebulgarizaedno.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=319:2011-07-11-17-53-31&catid=29:2010-04-24-09-14-13&Itemid=61 Сите българи заедно. 11 юли 2011] ((Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624195301/http://www.sitebulgarizaedno.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=319:2011-07-11-17-53-31&catid=29:2010-04-24-09-14-13&Itemid=61 |date=2021-06-24 )).</ref><ref name="novini" /> During [[World War II in Yugoslav Macedonia]], he joined the partisans and participated in the resistance.<ref name="bechev" /><ref name="exyu">((cite book |author1=Matjaž Klemenčič |author2=Mitja Zagar |title=The Former Yugoslavia's Diverse Peoples: A Reference Sourcebook |date=2004 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=9781576072943 |page=378))</ref><ref>((cite book |author=John Phillips |title=Macedonia: Warlords and Rebels in the Balkans |date=2004 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=9781860648410 |page=47))</ref> Afterwards he became a member of the [[League of Communists of Yugoslavia]] (LCY), [[Anti-Fascist Council for the National Liberation of Yugoslavia]] (AVNOJ) and [[Anti-fascist Assembly for the National Liberation of Macedonia|Antifascist Assembly of the National Liberation of Macedonia]] (ASNOM).<ref name="politics" /><ref name="cook" /><ref name="exyu" /> In ASNOM, he served as a secretary of the Initiative committee for its organisation and a finance commissioner in its Presidium.<ref>((cite web |url=http://217.16.70.245/?pbroj=1497&pr=15&stID=16880 |title= АСНОМ го определи нашето државно и национално битие |website= Utrinski vesnik |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110530093157/http://217.16.70.245/?pbroj=1497&pr=15&stID=16880 |archive-date=30 May 2011 |date=16 October 2006 |lang=mk))</ref><ref name="politics" /> Along with some other communist activists, he saw the solution of the [[Macedonian Question]] through a "federation of the Balkan peoples".<ref>((cite book |editor1-last=Daskalov |editor1-first=Roumen |editor2-last=Mishkova |editor2-first=Diana |title=Entangled Histories of the Balkans - Volume Two: Transfers of Political Ideologies and Institutions |date=2013 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=9789004261914 |page=539))</ref> On 2 August 1944, he took part in the first session of ASNOM as a delegate.<ref name="rossos" />

== Politics ==
After World War II, he moved to [[Belgrade]].<ref name="ramet" /> Between 1945 and 1947, he held the office of Assistant Secretary General of the Presidency of the Government of the Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia. He then served as Assistant Minister of Finance from 1947 to 1952.<ref name="mev1">((cite book |title=Makedonska enciklopedija: A-LJ |date=2009 |publisher=MANU |isbn=9786082030234 |pages=365–366))</ref> After this year, he held several positions: Assistant Chairman of the Economic Council of the Government of the Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia (1952–1953), Deputy Director of the Federal Bureau of Economic Planning (1953–1955), Secretary of Economy - Coordinator in the Federal Government (1956). In the 1960s, he had the reputation of being a liberal economist and politician who wanted to implement market-oriented reforms.<ref>((cite book |author=Dennison Rusinow |title=The Yugoslav Experiment 1948-1974 |date=1978 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=0520037308 |page=136))</ref><ref>((cite book |author=Alexander J. Motyl |title=Encyclopedia of Nationalism, Two-Volume Set |date=2000 |publisher=Academic Press |isbn=9780122272301 |page=192))</ref> Gligorov was the [[Ministry of Finance (Yugoslavia)|Finance Minister of Yugoslavia]] from 1962 to 1967. In 1965, he was the co-creator of a marketisation program which was never implemented.<ref name="politics" /> He held various other high positions in the political establishment of the [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia]], including as a member of both the Yugoslav [[Presidency of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia|state presidency]] and the [[Presidency of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia|party presidency]] (for the [[Presidency of the 9th Congress of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia|9th]] and [[Presidency of the 10th Congress of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia|10th electoral terms]]), as well as President of the Assembly of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia from 15 May 1974 to 15 May 1978.<ref name="heads" /> In the late 1980s, he was an adviser for [[Ante Marković]]'s economic reform plan.<ref name="meier">((cite book |author=Viktor Meier |title=Yugoslavia: A History of its Demise |date=2005 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781134665105 |pages=105, 176))</ref><ref>((cite book |author=John R. Lampe  |title=Yugoslavia as History: Twice There Was a Country |date=2000 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9780521774017 |page=391))</ref>

He returned to Skopje in 1989.<ref name="independent"/>  In February 1990, he joined the Macedonian Forum for Preparation of a Macedonian National Program.<ref name="mev1" /> Gligorov actively participated in the work of this forum, along with his son [[Vladimir Gligorov]],<ref>((cite book |editor1-last= Pălășan |editor1-first=Corina |editor2-last=Vasile |editor2-first=Cristian |title= History of Communism in Europe vol. 2 / 2011: Avatars of Intellectuals under Communism |date=2011 |publisher=Zeta Books |isbn=9786068266145 |page=252))</ref> which discussed the status of the Yugoslav Federation and the [[Socialist Republic of Macedonia]]. Following the promulgation of the Declaration of Sovereignty of the State on 25 January 1991 and an initiative by a group of prominent liberal politicians and intellectuals called "Young Lions",<ref name="heraclides">((cite book |author=Alexis Heraclides |title=The Macedonian Question and the Macedonians: A History |publisher=Routledge |date=2021 |isbn=9780429266362 |page=113; 180))</ref> Gligorov was elected as the president of SR Macedonia by a large majority in the [[Assembly of North Macedonia|Macedonian Assembly]] on 27 January, succeeding Vladimir Mitkov.<ref name="bio">((cite book |author1=Wojciech Roszkowski |author2=Jan Kofman |title=Biographical Dictionary of Central and Eastern Europe in the Twentieth Century |date=2016 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781317475941 |page=297))</ref><ref name="peace">((cite book |author=Alice Ackermann |title=Making Peace Prevail: Preventing Violent Conflict in Macedonia |date=2000 |publisher=Syracuse University Press |isbn=9780815628125 |pages=58; 83–85))</ref><ref name="meier" /> He dedicated himself to the realisation of a three-point plan: Yugoslavia's preservation through a peaceful resolution of the crisis; the creation of a parliamentary democracy with the adoption of a new constitution and the promotion of national minorities' rights.<ref>((cite journal |author=Zhidas Daskalovski |title=Democratisation in Macedonia and Slovenia |journal=SEER-South-East Europe Review for Labour and Social Affairs |date=1999 |volume=2 |issue=3 |page=37))</ref> On 7 March, he entrusted the mandate to [[Nikola Kljusev]] to form the first government. In the same year, Gligorov along with [[Alija Izetbegović]] put forward the idea of a "Yugoslav confederation" (which was strongly supported by the international community),<ref>((cite book |editor1-last=Zielonka |editor1-first=Jan |editor2-last=Pravda |editor2-first=Alex |title=Democratic Consolidation in Eastern Europe: Volume 2: International and Transnational Factors |date=2001 |publisher=OUP Oxford |isbn=9780191529191 |page=422))</ref> but it was rejected by the other states of Yugoslavia.<ref>((cite book |author=Dejan Djokić |title=Yugoslavism: Histories of a Failed Idea, 1918-1992 |date=2003 |publisher=C. Hurst & Co. Publishers |isbn=9781850656630 |page=123))</ref><ref name="bechev" /> When it became clear that Yugoslavia was being torn apart, Gligorov and the other leaders decided to initiate a [[1991 Macedonian independence referendum|referendum for independence]] on 8 September 1991.<ref name="balkans" /> Many citizens ended up opting for independence. Under his rule, Macedonia became the only state which seceded from Yugoslavia peacefully.<ref>((cite book |author1=David A. Dyker |author2=Ivan Vejvoda |title=Yugoslavia and After: A Study in Fragmentation, Despair and Rebirth |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781317891352 |page=257 |date=2014))</ref> After independence, he became the first President of the independent and sovereign Republic of Macedonia.<ref>((cite book |editor1-last=Fruhstorfer |editor1-first=Anna |editor2-last=Hein |editor2-first=Michael |title=Constitutional Politics in Central and Eastern Europe: From Post-Socialist Transition to the Reform of Political Systems |date=2016 |publisher=Springer |isbn=9783658137625 |page=311))</ref> Afterwards, Gligorov worked towards gaining international recognition of Macedonia.<ref>((cite book |author=Nikolaos Zahariadis |title=Essence of Political Manipulation: Emotion, Institutions, & Greek Foreign Policy |year=2005 |publisher=Peter Lang |isbn=9780820479033 |page=88))</ref><ref>((cite book |author=Michael Palairet |title=Macedonia: A Voyage through History (Vol. 2, From the Fifteenth Century to the Present), Volume 2 |date=2016 |publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing |isbn=9781443888493 |page=319))</ref> Domestically, Gligorov faced the challenge of finding a balance between two opposing political forces - the Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization – Democratic Party for Macedonian National Unity ([[VMRO-DPMNE]]) and the Party for Democratic Prosperity ([[Party for Democratic Prosperity|PDP]]).<ref>((cite book |author=Loring M. Danforth |title=The Macedonian Conflict: Ethnic Nationalism in a Transnational World |date=1997 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=9780691043562 |pages=144–145))</ref> Gligorov was of the opinion that Albanians would always have a share in the governing of Macedonia.<ref>((cite book |editor1-last=Ciment |editor1-first=James |editor2-last=Hill |editor2-first=Kenneth |title=Encyclopedia of Conflicts since World War II, Volume 1 |date=2012 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781136596148 |page=958))</ref>

In response to Macedonian political and diaspora organizations' claims of direct descent to [[Alexander the Great]],<ref name="independent" /> Gligorov stated several times that the ethnic [[Macedonians (ethnic group)|Macedonians]] are unrelated to the [[ancient Macedonians]], as well as that they are a South Slavic people.<ref>((cite book |editor1-last=LeBow |editor1-first=Richard |editor2-last=Dobos |editor2-first=Corina |editor3-last=Kansteiner |editor3-first=Wulf |editor4-last=Fogu |editor4-first=Claudio |title=Politics of Memory in Post-Communist Europe |date=December 2011 |publisher=Zeta Books |isbn=9789731997865 |page=189))</ref> In an interview with the [[Toronto Star]] on 15 March 1992, he said: "We are Macedonians but we are Slav Macedonians. That's who we are! We have no connection to Alexander the Great and his Macedonia. The ancient Macedonians no longer exist, they had disappeared from history long time ago. Our ancestors came here in the 5th and 6th century (AD)."<ref>((cite book |author1=Ridvan Peshkopia |title=Conditioning Democratization: Institutional Reforms and EU Membership Conditionality in Albania and Macedonia |date=2015 |publisher=Anthem Press |isbn=9781783084227 |pages=183,277))</ref><ref name="heraclides" /> In the same year, he successfully negotiated the withdrawal of the [[Yugoslav People's Army]] (JNA) from Macedonian soil.<ref name="bechev" /> Due to concerns of the [[Yugoslav Wars]] spilling over into Macedonia, he requested the presence of UN peacekeepers, which were deployed later.<ref name="peace" />

As a result of the [[Macedonia naming dispute]], the [[North Macedonia|Republic of Macedonia]] was admitted into the United Nations under the reference "the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia". Gligorov delivered his first speech before the [[General Assembly of the United Nations]] on 7 April 1993.<ref name="mev1" /> In the [[1994 Macedonian general election|general election]], he was re-elected President of the Republic by a majority of votes, on 16 October 1994.<ref>((cite book |author=Sabrina P. Ramet |title=Balkan Babel: The Disintegration Of Yugoslavia From The Death Of Tito To The Fall Of Milosevic |date=2002 |publisher=Westview Press |isbn=9780813339054 |page=193))</ref> On 12 September 1995, he signed the Interim Accord for the normalization of relations with [[Greece]] at the [[United Nations]] Headquarters.<ref name="bio" /> On 2 October, in [[Belgrade]], he signed a recognition agreement with the [[Federal Republic of Yugoslavia]]. On 29 May 1996, in [[Helsinki]], a solemn statement by Gligorov confirmed the accession of the Republic of Macedonia to the CSCE Final Document. The election for Gligorov's successor took place only a few days before the end of his term. He served as the president until November 1999 and was succeeded by [[Boris Trajkovski]].<ref>((cite book |editor1-last=Ramet |editor1-first=Sabrina |editor2-last=Hassenstab |editor2-first=Christine |title=Central and Southeast European Politics Since 1989 |date=2019 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9781108499910 |pages=363, 387))</ref> Following his presidency, he retired from politics.<ref name="exyu" /> In 2001, he dismissed the Albanian demands for greater rights and supported a military solution to the [[2001 insurgency in Macedonia|insurgency in Macedonia]].<ref>((cite book |author=Victor Roudometof |title=Collective Memory, National Identity, and Ethnic Conflict: Greece, Bulgaria, and the Macedonian Question |date=2002 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |isbn=9780275976484 |page=216))</ref>

== Assassination attempt ==
[[File:Атентат врз Киро Глигоров.jpg|thumb|Gligorov's presidential car after the assassination attempt]]
On 3 October 1995, Gligorov was the target of a [[car bomb]] assassination attempt in [[Skopje]]. Disobeying instructions from his security advisers to sit in the back seat of his presidential car, he sat next to his driver.<ref name="shea">((cite book |author=John Shea |title=Macedonia and Greece: The Struggle to Define a New Balkan Nation |publisher=McFarland & Company |date=2008 |isbn=9780786437672 |pages=371–374))</ref> While en route from his residence to his office, the car was blown up by an explosion from a parked vehicle, killing his driver and a passer-by, as well as injuring several other passers-by and his security officer. Gligorov was seriously injured and was immediately transported to the hospital.<ref>((cite web |title=Kiro Gligorov turns ninety |url=http://www.osservatoriobalcani.org/article/articleview/8223/1/216/ |date=22 May 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081202171348/http://www.osservatoriobalcani.org/article/articleview/8223/1/216/ |archive-date=2 December 2008 |website=[[Osservatorio Balcani e Caucaso]] |url-status=dead))</ref><ref>((cite web |author=Chris Hedges |title=Macedonian President Gravely Wounded in Car-Bomb Attack |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1995/10/04/world/macedonian-president-gravely-wounded-in-car-bomb-attack.html |website=New York Times |access-date=15 August 2023 |date=4 October 1995 |archive-date=22 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230822161927/https://www.nytimes.com/1995/10/04/world/macedonian-president-gravely-wounded-in-car-bomb-attack.html |url-status=live ))</ref><ref>((cite web |title=Kiro Gligorov, Macedonian independence leader dead |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-16385730.amp |website=BBC News |access-date=16 August 2023 |date=2 January 2012 |archive-date=6 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230106225351/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-16385730.amp |url-status=live ))</ref> The parked car contained an explosive which was activated remotely.<ref>((cite web |url=http://www.independent.mk/articles/22759/Twenty+Years+from+President+Gligorov's+Assassination+Attempt |title=Twenty Years from President Gligorov's Assassination Attempt |date=3 October 2015 |access-date=17 August 2023 |website=Independent.mk |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170208035805/http://www.independent.mk/articles/22759/Twenty+Years+from+President+Gligorov's+Assassination+Attempt |archive-date=8 February 2017))</ref> Two persons in their mid-twenties were arrested immediately after the incident.<ref>((cite web |author=Sasa Pesev |title=Bomb blast injures Macedonian President |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/bomb-blast-injures-macedonian-president-1575893.html |website=The Independent |publisher=Associated Press |access-date=15 August 2023 |date=3 October 1995 |archive-date=22 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230822161926/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/bomb-blast-injures-macedonian-president-1575893.html |url-status=live))</ref>

An investigation into the assassination attempt was initiated and police experienced in terrorism investigations from Britain, United States, Greece and Germany also came to Macedonia to participate.<ref name="shea" /> There have been no suspects determined and no progress has been made in the investigation.<ref name="tstar">((cite web |title=Kiro Gligorov, first elected president of Macedonia, dies at age 94 |url=https://www.thestar.com/news/world/2012/01/02/kiro_gligorov_first_elected_president_of_macedonia_dies_at_age_94.html |website=Toronto Star |publisher=Associated Press |date=2 January 2012 |access-date=24 March 2023 |archive-date=24 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230324181110/https://www.thestar.com/news/world/2012/01/02/kiro_gligorov_first_elected_president_of_macedonia_dies_at_age_94.html |url-status=live ))</ref> However, there have been short-lived speculations as to who could be the culprits. Shortly after the bombing, the Minister of Internal Affairs [[Ljubomir Frčkovski]] publicly claimed that "a powerful multinational company from a neighbouring country" was behind the assassination attempt,<ref name=mrt>((cite web |url=http://www.mrt.com.mk/en/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1224&Itemid=26 |title=11th anniversary of assassination attempt on Gligorov, perpetrators unknown |date=2006-10-03 |access-date=2006-10-22 |publisher=MRT |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930210921/http://www.mrt.com.mk/en/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1224&Itemid=26 |archive-date=2007-09-30 ))</ref> with the Macedonian media pointing at the Bulgarian [[Multigroup]] and the Serbian Secret Service as possible suspects.<ref name=mrt/><ref>((cite web |title=Secret Police 'Tried to Kill' Macedonia Leader |url=https://balkaninsight.com/2008/10/21/secret-police-tried-to-kill-macedonia-leader/ |website=Balkan Insight (BIRN) |access-date=15 August 2023 |date=21 October 2008 |archive-date=22 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230822161935/https://balkaninsight.com/2008/10/21/secret-police-tried-to-kill-macedonia-leader/ |url-status=live ))</ref> During a meeting between Multigroup head [[Iliya Pavlov]] and Gligorov in [[Ohrid]], Pavlov assured Gligorov that his organisation was not involved.<ref name=mrt/> 

Gligorov was incapacitated until 17 November 1995. He became permanently blind in one eye and was facially scarred as a result.<ref>((cite web |title=Kiro Gligorov, Macedonian independence leader dead |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-16385730 |website=BBC News |date=2 January 2012 |access-date=24 March 2023 |archive-date=24 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230324181121/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-16385730 |url-status=live ))</ref> [[Stojan Andov]] was acting president during Gligorov's recuperation.<ref name="politics" /> After several months of treatment, on 10 January 1996, Gligorov returned to his presidency.

== Personal life and death ==
[[File:The grave of Macedonian President Kiro Gligorov at the Butel city cemetery in Skopje.jpg|thumb|Gligorov's grave at the Butel cemetery in Skopje.]]
Gligorov has won numerous international awards and recognitions for his successful, constructive management and regulation of the international relations of the Macedonian state. Following a speech at the University of Pittsburgh in the United States, he was awarded an honorary doctorate by the University on 21 September 1997. He was awarded the [[Mediterranean Peace Prize]] on 5 January 1998 in [[Naples]].<ref name="mev1" /> In 2005, he became the first person to be awarded with Republic of Macedonia's highest honour - Order of the Republic of Macedonia.<ref name="birn">((cite web |author=Sinisa Jakov Marusic |title=Macedonia's First President Gligorov Dies |url=https://balkaninsight.com/2012/01/02/macedonia-s-first-president-gligorov-dies/ |website=Balkan Insight (BIRN) |access-date=14 August 2023 |date=2 January 2012 |archive-date=14 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230814210315/https://balkaninsight.com/2012/01/02/macedonia-s-first-president-gligorov-dies/ |url-status=live ))</ref> In 2011, he was awarded the Lifetime Achievement Award from the United Macedonian Diaspora.<ref>((Cite web|url=http://www.idividi.com.mk/english/macedonia/708533/index.html|title=UMD presents Life Achievement award to first Macedonia|website=IDIVIDI|access-date=2023-04-13|archive-date=2021-08-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210818024047/http://www.idividi.com.mk/english/macedonia/708533/index.html|url-status=live))</ref> After his retirement from politics, he authored several memoirs and founded the Kiro Gligorov Foundation.<ref name="birn" /><ref name="specat">((cite web |title=Eleven years since the death of President Kiro Gligorov |url=https://www.slobodenpecat.mk/en/edinaeset-godini-od-smrtta-na-pretsedatelot-kiro-gligorov/ |website=Sloboden Pečat |date=January 2023 |access-date=23 March 2023 |archive-date=24 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230324181121/https://www.slobodenpecat.mk/en/edinaeset-godini-od-smrtta-na-pretsedatelot-kiro-gligorov/ |url-status=live ))</ref>

In October 1943, Gligorov married Nada Misheva, who died in 2009.<ref>((Cite web |url=http://vecer.mk/makedonija/pochina-nada-gligorova |title=Почина Нада Глигорова &#124; Вечер |access-date=2017-10-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011071904/http://vecer.mk/makedonija/pochina-nada-gligorova |archive-date=2017-10-11 |url-status=dead))</ref><ref>((cite web |title=Kiro Gligorov (Obituary) |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/jan/12/kiro-gligorov |website=The Guardian |access-date=14 August 2023 |archive-date=14 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230814210259/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/jan/12/kiro-gligorov |url-status=live ))</ref> They had one son and two daughters. His son, [[Vladimir Gligorov]], was one of the founders of the [[Democratic Party (Serbia)|Democratic Party]] in [[Serbia]].<ref name="bechev" />

Kiro Gligorov was the oldest Macedonian political official.<ref name="specat" /> On 17 November 1999, when his second presidential term ended, he was 82 years old, and in 2000, the [[Guinness Book of World Records]] listed Gligorov as the world's oldest president.

Gligorov died at the age of 94 in the early hours of 1 January 2012, in his sleep.<ref>((Cite news|url=https://mobile.nytimes.com/2012/01/03/world/europe/kiro-gligorov-macedonia-president-in-1990s-dies-at-94.html|title=Kiro Gligorov, Ex-Leader of Macedonia, Dies at 94|newspaper=The New York Times|date=3 January 2012|access-date=10 October 2017|archive-date=11 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011023909/https://mobile.nytimes.com/2012/01/03/world/europe/kiro-gligorov-macedonia-president-in-1990s-dies-at-94.html|url-status=live))</ref> At his own request, the funeral was private with only his closest family in attendance.<ref>((cite web |title=Последна почит за првиот претседател |url=https://www.slobodnaevropa.mk/a/24440975.html |website=Радио Слободна Европа |language=mk |access-date=19 May 2023 |date=3 January 2012 |archive-date=18 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230518220526/https://www.slobodnaevropa.mk/a/24440975.html |url-status=live ))</ref> Some politicians and academics came to pay their respects beforehand.<ref>((cite web |url=http://www.utrinski.com.mk/?ItemID=CC4486BB666AC143B07261904C2FA802 |title=Последна почит за првиот претседател. Владата не дојде на погребoт на Глигоров |date=3 January 2012 |access-date=17 August 2023|archive-date=13 July 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120713024523/http://www.utrinski.com.mk/?ItemID=CC4486BB666AC143B07261904C2FA802|url-status=dead |lang=mk))</ref> He was buried in [[Butel Municipality]], [[Skopje]].<ref name="makfax">((cite news|url=http://www.makfax.com.mk/_home/home#2%2F274477%2Fpogreban_pretsedatelot_gligorov|title=Погребан претседателот Глигоров|date=3 January 2012|language=mk|access-date=3 January 2012|archive-date=15 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120615011554/http://makfax.com.mk/_home/home#2%2F274477%2Fpogreban_pretsedatelot_gligorov|url-status=dead))</ref> In 2017, he was posthumously honoured with the Order "Saint Nicholas" (St. Nikola) by the [[Municipality of Štip]].<ref>((cite web |title=Орден "Свети Никола" на Општина Штип за првиот претседател Киро Глигоров |url=https://a1on.mk/macedonia/orden-sveti-nikola-na-opshtina-shtip-za-prviot-pretsedatel-kiro-gligorov/ |website=A1on |access-date=28 August 2023 |language=mk |date=15 December 2017))</ref><ref>((cite web |title=Орден "Свети Никола" за првиот претседател на Р. Македонија - Киро Глигоров |url=https://sitel.com.mk/orden-sveti-nikola-za-prviot-pretsedatel-na-r-makedonija-kiro-gligorov |website=Sitel |access-date=28 August 2023 |language=mk |date=19 December 2017))</ref>

== Memoirs ==
*''Македонија е сè што имаме'' (''Makedonija e se što imame''; ((lang-en|Macedonia is all we have|link=no)); 2000)
*''Атентат - ден потоа'' (''Atentat - den potoa''; ((lang-en|Assassination - the day after|link=no)); 2002)
*''Виорни времиња, Република Македонија – реалност на Балканот'' (''Viorni vreminja, Republika Makedonija – realnost na Balkanot''; ((lang-en|Stormy times, Republic of Macedonia – a reality in the Balkans|link=no)); 2004)
*''Сите југословенски (стопански) реформи'' (''Site jugoslovenski (stopanski) reformi''; ((lang-en|All Yugoslav (economic) reforms|link=no)); 2006)

==Honours ==
* ((flagicon|Yugoslavia)) [[File:Order of the Yugoslavian Great Star Rib.png|50px]] Order of the Yugoslav Star with Sash<ref>((Cite web |url=https://faktor.mk/dosie-kiro-gligorov-drzhavnik-koj-prezhivea-atentat-ljubovna-afera-i-zamina-kako-golem-chovek |title=ДОСИЕ Киро Глигоров: државник кој преживеа атентат, љубовна афера и замина како голем човек! |date=3 October 2014 |website=Faktor.mk |lang=mk |access-date=14 August 2023 |archive-date=14 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230814212334/https://faktor.mk/dosie-kiro-gligorov-drzhavnik-koj-prezhivea-atentat-ljubovna-afera-i-zamina-kako-golem-chovek |url-status=live ))</ref>
* ((flagicon|Yugoslavia)) [[File:Order of the brotherhood and unity with golden wreath Rib.png|50px]] Order of Brotherhood and Unity with golden wreath
* ((flagicon|Yugoslavia)) [[File:Order of Labour with the red flag RIB.gif|50px]] Order of Labours with red flag
* ((flagicon|Austria)) [[File:AUT Honour for Services to the Republic of Austria - 3rd Class BAR.svg|50px]] Grand Decoration of Honour in Silver with Sash of the [[Decoration of Honour for Services to the Republic of Austria]] (1968)<ref>((cite web |url=https://www.parlament.gv.at/PAKT/VHG/XXIV/AB/AB_10542/imfname_251156.pdf |title= Anfragebeantwortung |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171108060130/https://www.parlament.gv.at/PAKT/VHG/XXIV/AB/AB_10542/imfname_251156.pdf |archive-date=8 November 2017))</ref>
* ((flagicon|North Macedonia)) [[File:MKD Order of the Republic of Macedonia BAR.svg|50px]] Order of the Republic of Macedonia<ref name="birn" />
* ((flagicon|Russia)) [[File:65 ann WW2 ribbon.jpg|50px]]  Jubilee Medal "65 Years of Victory in the Great Patriotic War 1941–1945<ref>((cite web |url=http://www.vest.mk/DEFAULT.ASP?ItemID=CE993917ED1EBC4EA4AC35D071999969 |title=Македонија - Руски орден за Киро Глигоров |website=www.vest.mk |access-date=22 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304025231/http://www.vest.mk/DEFAULT.ASP?ItemID=CE993917ED1EBC4EA4AC35D071999969 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=dead |lang=mk))</ref>

== Notes ==
((notelist))

== References ==
((Reflist))

== External links ==
((wikiquote))
((commons category|Kiro Gligorov))
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060828220328/http://www.president.gov.mk/gligorov_e.asp#top Biography of Kiro Gligorov on the official website of the President of the Republic of Macedonia]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20040414164619/http://faq.macedonia.org/politics/kiro.gligorov.html Biography of Kiro Gligorov]

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((succession box|title=President of the [[Socialist Republic of Macedonia|SR Macedonia]]|before=((ill|Vladimir Mitkov|bg|Владимир Митков|mk|Владимир Митков|ru|Митков, Владимир|sr|Владимир Митков|uk|Владимир Мітков)) |after=Post abolished <br />''<small>(himself as [[President of North Macedonia|President of the Republic of Macedonia]])</small>''|years=1991))
((succession box|title=[[President of North Macedonia|President of the Republic of Macedonia]]|before=post created <br />''<small>(himself as President of the [[Socialist Republic of Macedonia|SR Macedonia]])</small>''|after=[[Boris Trajkovski]]|years=1991–1999))
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((Presidents of North Macedonia))
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((DEFAULTSORT:Gligorov, Kiro))
[[Category:1917 births]]
[[Category:2012 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Štip]]
[[Category:University of Belgrade Faculty of Law alumni]]
[[Category:Yugoslav communists]]
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[[Category:League of Communists of Macedonia politicians]]
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[[Category:Members of the Presidency of the 9th Congress of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia]]
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[[Category:Members of the Central Committee of the 8th Congress of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia]]
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Template:Succession box (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Succession box/check (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Trim (view source) (protected)
Template:Use dmy dates (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Wdib (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Webarchive (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Wikiquote (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:YEAR (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Yesno (view source) (protected)
Template:Yesno-no (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Yesno-yes (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Age (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Arguments (view source) (protected)
Module:Authority control (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Authority control/auxiliary (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Authority control/config (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Catalog lookup link (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Category handler (view source) (protected)
Module:Category handler/blacklist (view source) (protected)
Module:Category handler/config (view source) (protected)
Module:Category handler/data (view source) (protected)
Module:Category handler/shared (view source) (protected)
Module:Check for unknown parameters (view source) (protected)
Module:Check isxn (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Citation/CS1 (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/COinS (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Date validation (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Utilities (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Whitelist (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css (view source) (protected)
Module:Complex date (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Date (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:DateI18n (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Delink (view source) (protected)
Module:Detect singular (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Disambiguation (view source) (protected)
Module:Disambiguation/templates (view source) (protected)
Module:EditAtWikidata (view source) (protected)
Module:Exponential search (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Find country (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:I18n/complex date (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:IPA (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:IPA/data (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:IPA/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:ISO 3166 (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:ISO 3166/data/National (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:ISOdate (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:If preview (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:If preview/configuration (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:If preview/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Infobox (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Infobox/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:InfoboxImage (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Lang (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Lang/ISO 639 synonyms (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Lang/data (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Language/data/iana languages (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Language/data/iana regions (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Language/data/iana scripts (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Language/data/iana suppressed scripts (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Language/data/iana variants (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:List (view source) (protected)
Module:MultiReplace (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Namespace detect/config (view source) (protected)
Module:Namespace detect/data (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbar (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbar/configuration (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbar/styles.css (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbox (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Navbox/configuration (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Navbox/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Ns has subpages (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/config (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/disambiguation (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/setindex (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/softredirect (view source) (protected)
Module:ParameterCount (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Parameter validation (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Parameter validation/default config (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Plain text (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Redirect (view source) (protected)
Module:SDcat (view source) (protected)
Module:Separated entries (view source) (protected)
Module:Side box (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Side box/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:String (view source) (protected)
Module:TableTools (view source) (protected)
Module:Text (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Unicode data (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Unicode data/scripts (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Unsubst (view source) (protected)
Module:Wd (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Wd/i18n (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Webarchive (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Webarchive/data (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:WikidataIB (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:WikidataIB/nolinks (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:WikidataIB/titleformats (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Wikitext Parsing (view source) (protected)
Module:Yesno (view source) (protected)

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