Kladno (Czech pronunciation:[ˈkladno]; German: Kladen) is a city in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 68,000 inhabitants. It is the largest city in the region and has a rich industrial history.
Administrative division
Kladno is formed by six administrative parts: Kladno, Dubí, Kročehlavy, Rozdělov, Švermov and Vrapice.[2]
Etymology
The name Kladno is derived from the Czech word kláda, meaning "log". In Old Czech, the word kladno denoted a mature forest from which logs were obtained.[3]
Geography
Kladno is located about 17 kilometres (11 mi) northwest of Prague. It lies in a mostly flat landscape of the Prague Plateau, albeit in the north the terrain becomes hillier. The highest point is at 434 m (1,424 ft) above sea level, and the lowest at 283 m (928 ft) above sea level. There are no large bodies of water within city limits, only several small creeks. The city limits contain two nature monuments: Žraločí zuby and Krnčí a Voleška.
History
Kladno CastleHousing estates in Rozdělov, built in the 1950s
The first written mention of Kladno is from 1318, when it was a property of the Kladenský of Kladno noble family.[4] After 1543, when the Kladenský of Kladno family died out, it became a property of the Žďárský of Žďár family. In 1561, the settlement was granted the town status.[5]
In 1566, the Žďárskýs of Žďár rebuilt the local fort into a Renaissance castle. The town walls were built in the following decades. The town prospered until the Battle of White Mountain in 1620, when it was looted by Polish Cossacks. However, during the rule of Florián Jetřich Žďárský, the town began to prosper again.[4] After the Bohemian branch of the Ždárský family died out in 1670, the town changed hands several times before it was bought by the Benedictine Břevnov Monastery in 1705.[6]
In the 18th century, the town began to expand beyond its walls. In 19th century, the town developed into a significant agricultural and industrial centre.[4]Bituminous coal was first dicovered within the present city limits in 1775, but significant mining activity only started in 1850 and intensified over the following decades.[7] In 1855–1856, the city was connected to the railway network.[8] The coal reserves began attracting the iron working industry, the largest of which eventually became the Poldi steelworks, founded in 1899. The growth of industrial activity spurred a massive population growth.[6] In 1870, Kladno was promoted to a city by Emperor Franz Joseph I, and in 1898 it was awarded the honorary title of "royal mining town".[4]
As a part of the Kingdom of Bohemia, Kladno was part of Austria-Hungary (Austrian side after the compromise of 1867) for several centuries before 1918, head of the Kladno district, one of the 94 Bezirkshauptmannschaften in Bohemia.[9] In the 20th century, the city was one of the centres of the Czech labor movement, with frequent strikes, protests and labor action.[4]
The city's prosperity was once again interrupted by World War II, when it was ruled by the Nazis. In 1941, several surrounding municipalities (Kročehlavy, Rozdělov, Dubí, Dříň and Újezd) were annexed to Kladno. Vrapice was annexed in 1950 and the town of Švermov in 1980.[5]
The post-war history of Kladno was influenced by the philosophy of the communist regime. The city's development was determined by migration of labor forces unrelated to the city, by the construction of unified large housing estates and by an effort to erase the original buildings of the city centre. The focus on industrial production resulted in environmental damages. On 21 August 1968, Kladno was occupied for the second time in thirty years, this time by the Soviet Army.[5]
After the socialist regime fell in 1989, Kladno struggled to adapt to a market economy. The operations of previously prosperous companies were terminated.[4] In 2000, Kladno became a statutory city.[10]
Kladno was one of the historical birthplaces of heavy industry in Bohemia. For years, the city was home to the Poldi steel factory, the region's largest employer. Since economic restructuring in the 1990s, the heavy industry has largely been replaced by services and light industry.
A number of companies has established production in Kladno, including Lego, NKT Cables, La Lorraine, Hanon Systems and Dr. Oetker. Lego is one of the largest employers in the region with more than 3,000 employees.[13]
Transport
Kladno is located at a railway junction. It lies on the railway lines Prague–Kralupy nad Vltavou and Kladno–Rakovník. The city is served by six stations and stops.
The Kladno Castle was originally a Gothic fortress, rebuilt in the Renaissance style in the 1560s, then completely rebuilt into a Baroque castle in 1737–1740 by the architect Kilian Ignaz Dientzenhofer. Today it houses a museum and gallery. Next to the castle is a castle park with a beararium built in 2001.[15][16]
There are several major landmarks of Kladno on the Starosty Pavla Square. The Church of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary was built in the Neoromanesque style in 1897–1899. It was built on the site of a Gothic church from the 1350s. The city hall is a Neorenaissance house, which was built in 1897–1898. The Marian sculpture group was created according to the design by K. I. Dietzenhofer in 1739–1741. This late Baroque columns stands on the site where the pillory used to be. Notable is also the Archdeaconry building, originally a rectory built in 1804–1807.[16]
The Chapel of Saint Florian is a significant Baroque chapel. It is the last project of K. I. Dietzenhofer before his death. The construction started in 1751 and after being interrupted, it was completed in 1827.[16][17]
The former synagogue is a Neorenaissance building from 1884. Today it serves as a prayer house of the Czechoslovak Hussite Church.[16]
There are four churches in the local parts of Kladno. The Church of Saint John the Baptist in Dubí was originally a Gothic church, first documented in 1352. In 1861, it was rebuilt into its current form with a Neogothic tower. It is a pilgrimage site. The Church of Saint Nicholas in Vrapice was a Romanesque rotunda from the early 13th century, rebuilt in the Gothic style around 1400. It was then rebuilt and extended in 1858. The Church of Saint Wenceslaus in Rozdělov is modern, built in 1925–1927.[16] The Church of Saint Nicholas in Švermov, built in 1912–1913, is a mixture of Art Nouveau and Modernism.[18]
Czech Republic
