A Klerksdorp sphere. It is 3 to 4 centimetres (1.2 to 1.6 in) in maximum diameter and 2.5 centimetres (0.98 in) in thickness.

Klerksdorp spheres are small objects, often spherical to disc-shaped, that have been collected by miners and rockhounds from 3-billion-year-old pyrophyllite deposits mined by Wonderstone Ltd., near Ottosdal, South Africa. They have been cited by pseudoscientists and reporters in books,[1][2] popular articles,[3][4] and many web pages[5][6] as inexplicable out-of-place artifacts that could only have been manufactured by intelligent beings. Geologists who have studied these objects have concluded that the objects are not manufactured, but are rather the result of natural processes.[7][8][9][10]

Description

The Klerksdorp spheres typically range in diameter from 0.5 to 10 cm (0.20 to 3.94 in). As illustrated by geologist Paul Heinrich,[9][10] they vary widely in shape from either approximate or flattened spheres to well-defined discs and often are intergrown. Petrographic and X-ray diffraction analyses of specimens of these objects found that they consist either of hematite (Fe2O3) or wollastonite (CaSiO3) mixed with minor amounts of hematite and goethite (FeOOH). Observations by Bruce Cairncross,[7] Louis Taylor Nel and others[11] indicated that many of the Klerksdorp spheres found in unaltered pyrophyllite consist of pyrite (FeS2). The color of the specimens studied by Paul Heinrich[9][10] ranged from dark reddish brown, red, to dusky red. The color of those objects composed of pyrite is not known. All of the specimens of these objects, which were cut open by Heinrich,[9][10] exhibited an extremely well-defined radial structure terminating on either the center or centers of a Klerksdorp sphere. Some of these objects exhibit well-defined and parallel latitudinal grooves or ridges. Even specimens consisting of intergrown flattened spheres exhibit such grooves.[9][10]

Geological explanation of their origin

Various professional geologists[7][8][9][10] agree that the Klerksdorp spheres originated as concretions, which formed in volcanic sediments, ash, or both, after they accumulated 3 billion years ago. Heinrich[9][10] argues that the wollastonite nodules formed by the metamorphism of carbonate concretions in the presence of silica-rich fluids generated during the metamorphism of the volcanic deposits containing them into pyrophyllite. It was also argued that the hematite nodules represent pyrite concretions oxidized by weathering of near surface pyrophyllite deposits. Below the near-surface zone of weathering, which has developed in the pyrophyllite, pyrite concretions are unaffected by weathering and, thus, have not been altered to hematite. The radial internal structure of these objects is a pseudomorph after the original crystalline structure of the original carbonate or pyrite concretion.[9][10]

Side view of typical calcareous concretions, which exhibit equatorial grooves, found in Schoharie County, New York. The cube, for scale, is one centimeter cubed.

Both Cairncross[7] and Heinrich[9][10] argue that the grooves exhibited by these concretions are natural in origin. As proposed by Cairncross,[7] the grooves represent fine-grained laminations within which the concretions grew. The growth of the concretions within the plane of the finer-grained laminations was inhibited because of the lesser permeability and porosity of finer-grained sediments relative to the surrounding sediments. Faint internal lamina, which corresponds to exterior groove, can be seen in cut specimens. A similar process in coarser-grained sediments created the latitudinal ridges and grooves exhibited by innumerable iron oxide concretions found within the Navajo Sandstone of southern Utah called "Moqui marbles". Latitudinal grooves are also found on carbonate concretions found in Schoharie County, New York. The latitudinal ridges and grooves of the Moqui marbles are more pronounced and irregular than seen in the Klerksdorp (Ottosdal) concretions because they formed in sand that was more permeable than the fine-grained volcanic material in which the Klerksdorp (Ottosdal) concretions grew.[9][10]

Very similar concretions have been found within strata, as old as 2.7 to 2.8 billion years, comprising part of the Hamersley Group of Australia. The Australian concretions and the Klerksdorp spheres are among the oldest known examples of concretions created by microbial activity during the diagenesis of sediments.[12]

Criticism of "out of place" claims

Various claims have been made that these objects are either "perfectly round" or perfect spheres.[1][2][4][6] These claims are now known to be incorrect as directly observed by Heinrich.[8][9][10] The specimens vary widely in shape, from noticeably flattened spheres to distinct disks. As illustrated by Heinrich,[9][10] some of the Klerksdorp spheres are interlocked with each other, like a mass of soap bubbles. The observations and figure refute claims that these objects are either always spherical or isolated in their occurrence. Heinrich argues that even grooved spheres are not perfect spheres and some consist of interlocked spheres.[9][10]

Similarly, the claims that these objects consist of metal, e.g. "a nickel-steel alloy which does not occur naturally" according to Jochmans,[4] are contradicted by Cairncross[7] and Heinrich.[9][10] The fact that many of the web pages that make this claim also incorrectly identify the pyrophyllite quarries, from which these objects came, as the "Wonderstone Silver Mine" is evidence that these authors have not verified the validity of, in this case, misinformation taken from other sources since these quarries are neither known as silver mines nor has silver ever been mined in them in the decades in which they have been in operation.[11][13]

Heinrich notes that one of Michael Cremo's sources regarding the allegedly anomalous spheres was the Weekly World News, a satirical tabloid, which he described as an "unreliable source of data for discussing the origins of the South African spheres described as used by Forbidden Archeology".[14] According to Cairncross, it appears that the source of the Weekly World News article is an earlier article by Barritt.[7][3] This article appeared in a 1982 issue of Scope magazine about these objects. Additionally, Roelf Marx, as quoted in Cairncross[7] and Pope and Cairncross,[15] former curator of the Klerksdorp Museum, reports that he was misquoted regarding these objects. Marx was quoted in popular articles as saying that the objects rotated by themselves in vibration-free display cases in the Klerksdorp Museum. Instead, Marx stated that they rotated because of the numerous earth tremors generated by underground blasting in local gold mining. Similarly, inquiries of scientists, who studied these objects, have found that the claims that NASA found these objects to be either perfectly balanced, unnatural, or puzzling are unsubstantiated.[10]

Published descriptions of these spheres being harder than steel are definitively false in terms of Mohs scale of mineral hardness.[2][5][6] Steel can vary from 4 to 8 on the Mohs scale, depending on the type of alloy, heat treatment, and whether it is case-hardened or not. An examination of several Klerksdorp spheres found none to be harder than 5.0 on the Mohs scale.[10] For comparison, common glass has a Mohs hardness of 5.5.

See also

References

  1. ^ a b Cremo, M., and R.L. Thompson, 1993, Forbidden Archeology: The Hidden History of the Human Race: Torchlight Publishing. ISBN 0-89213-294-9
  2. ^ a b c Cremo, M., and R.L. Thompson, 1999, The Hidden History of the Human Race: Torchlight Publishing. ISBN 0-89213-325-2
  3. ^ a b Barritt, D., 1982, The Riddle of the cosmic cannon-balls: Scope Magazine. (June 11, 1982)
  4. ^ a b c Jochmans, J. R., 1995, Top ten out-of-place artifacts: Atlantis Rising. no. 5, pp. 34–35, 52, 54. (Fall 1995)
  5. ^ a b Barton, J., nd, The Grooved Spheres Archived 2020-08-06 at the Wayback Machine: Mysteries of the World web site
  6. ^ a b c "Psybertronist", nd, A balanced and concentric ringed mystery spheroid as purportedly anomalous "out-of-place artifacts" Archived 2008-12-03 at the Wayback Machine
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h Cairncross, B., 1988, "Cosmic cannonballs" a rational explanation: The South African Lapidary Magazine. v. 30, no. 1, pp. 4–6. (Full text via ResearchGate.)
  8. ^ a b c Heinrich, P.V., 1997, Mystery spheres: National Center for Science Education Reports. v. 17, no. 1, p. 34. (January/February 1997)
  9. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Heinrich, P.V., 2007, South African concretions of controversy: South African Lapidary Magazine. vol. 39, no. 1, pp. 7–11.
  10. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Heinrich, P.V., 2008, The Mysterious "Spheres" of Ottosdal, South Africa. National Center for Science Education Reports, v. 28, no. 1, pp. 28–33.[1]
  11. ^ a b Nel, LT., H. Jacobs, J.T. Allen and G.R. Bozzoli 1937. Wonderstone. Geological Survey of South Africa Bulletin no. 8.
  12. ^ Lindsay, J. F., 2007, Was There a Late Archean Biospheric Explosion? Astrobiology. vol. 8, pp. 823-839.
  13. ^ Lanham, A., 2004, archive.org: New horizons for Wonderstone, Mining Weekly, December 3, 2004.
  14. ^ Heinrich, P.V. 1996. The Mysterious Origins of Man: The South African Grooved Sphere Controversy: Talk.Origins Archive.
  15. ^ Pope C. and B. Cairncross 1988. "'Cosmic Cannonballs': a geologic explanation". ARIP View. no. 1., pp. 5–6. (ARIP = Association for the Rational Investigation of the Paranormal)
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