The Knight Commission on Intercollegiate Athletics, often referred to simply as the Knight Commission, is a panel of American academic, athletic and sports leaders, with an eye toward reform of college athletics, particularly in regard to emphasizing academic values and policies that ensure athletic programs operate within the educational missions of their universities.
The commission was founded by the John S. and James L. Knight Foundation, which was itself founded by brothers John S. Knight and James L. Knight, members of the founding family of what became the Knight Ridder newspaper and broadcasting chain. The commission first met in 1989 after a series of scandals in college sports. The founding co-chairmen of the commission were Reverend Theodore M. Hesburgh, president of the University of Notre Dame, and William C. Friday, former president of the University of North Carolina system.
Currently, the commission serves as a leadership group which seeks to reform college sports, primarily by promoting policies that prioritize athletes’ education, health, safety and success. As an independent commission, it has no official connection to governing bodies such as the National Collegiate Athletic Association, the primary sanctioning body for college sports in the United States, or any government agencies. But because of its blue ribbon panel and high profile within the news media, the commission's work carries considerable influence within college sports as a whole. Since its inception, the NCAA has adopted a number of Commission recommendations, particularly those that strengthened academic standards.
The commission issued its groundbreaking report, Keeping Faith with the Student Athlete: A New Model for Intercollegiate Athletics in 1991. In the report, the Knight Commission proposed a major overhaul in the way colleges run their athletic departments, proposing what it called the “one-plus-three” model — in which the “one,” control by the college president, is directed toward the “three” goals of academic integrity, financial integrity and independent certification. The report was influential in the implementation of many reforms by the NCAA, including a major restructuring within the NCAA itself, when in 1996 the governance of the association was taken away from college athletic directors and put into the hands of college presidents.
In 2001, the commission issued its second major report, largely detailing what had transpired in the ten years since Keeping Faith was issued.A Call to Action: Reconnecting College Sports and Higher Education reiterated almost all of the original report's recommendations, while taking note that roughly two-thirds of the reforms recommended in Keeping Faith had been implemented to one degree or another.
One notable recommendation in A Call to Action was that the NCAA restrict participation in postseason to teams whose graduation rate is 50 percent or greater, a concept that influenced the development of NCAA academic policies and, ultimately, its 2011 adoption of an academic threshold for postseason competition.
The Knight Commission’s third report Restoring the Balance: Dollars, Values, and the Future of College Sports was released in 2010. It calls for strengthening accountability through transparency, rewarding practices that make academics a priority, and treating athletes as students first.
The commission reemphasized a central recommendation in its 2001 report that teams be required to be on track to graduate at last half of their players to be eligible for postseason competition. The NCAA voted to adopt this proposal in October 2011 using a metric the NCAA created in 2004 to project graduation rates based on eligibility and retention (the Academic Progress Rate).
The report also recommended that a portion of the NCAA financial incentives reward academic outcomes. The NCAA adopted changes to its revenue distribution formula in 2016 to reward academic outcomes.
Financial data in the report revealed that athletics spending and subsidies provided by most FBS institutions to their athletics budgets are rising more quickly than educational budgets. This, together with opinions from a 2009 “Presidential Survey on the Cost and Financing of Intercollegiate Athletics”, underscored the commission's urgency to address the escalating costs of college sports through collaborative measures, which require support from presidents, NCAA leadership, university boards of trustees and conferences across the country.
NIL: In April 2020, a year and a half before the NCAA changed its rules allowing college athletes to receive compensation for the use of their name, image and likeness (NIL), the commission recommended five principles to guide the development of such policies. A few weeks later, the NCAA’s proposed new NIL rules aligned with several of the commission’s proposed principles; however, the NCAA never fully adopted its initial proposal. The commission’s principles also influenced the Uniform Law Commission’s NIL Act
Recommendations for Change to Governance and Structure: In December 2020, after a year-long examination, the Knight Commission called for major governance changes for Division I sports, proposing a new governing entity for the sport of football at the Football Bowl Subdivision (FBS) level, separate from the NCAA. The NCAA would govern all other sports in a reorganized Division I governance, and schools with FBS football programs would remain part of the NCAA in all other sports except football. The commission outlined its recommendations in the report,Transforming the NCAA D-I Model: Recommendations for Change, and held four public forums, all virtually due to COVID-19.
"Transforming the NCAA D-I Model" was an examination of the overall NCAA Division I model, focusing especially on the impact of NCAA FBS football on D-I sports as a whole. The commission recommended that the NCAA eliminate the current rules exemption that includes FBS football in its formula for revenue distributions from the NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament, even though FBS football does not meet the NCAA's normal criterion for inclusion in this formula—an NCAA-operated national championship.
The commission presented its recommendations to NCAA president Mark Emmert shortly before releasing them publicly. The following recommendations were made:
Connecting Athletics Revenues with the Educational Model of College Sports (C.A.R.E. Model): In September 2021, the commission released a major proposal to more closely connect the distribution and spending of shared athletics revenues with the broad educational mission of college athletics programs. The C.A.R.E. Model would alter the distribution criteria and uses of funds for more than $3.5 billion distributed annually by the NCAA, CFP, and Division I conferences. The report recommends altering both the distribution criteria and uses of funds for more than $3.5 billion distributed annually by the NCAA, CFP, and Division I conferences. This C.A.R.E. Model is the newest set of recommendations in the Knight Commission’s “Transforming the D-I Model” series.
The commission’s proposed requirements could be imposed either by Congress or the respective college sports governing bodies. The C.A.R.E. Model would require that five core principles guide both the distribution criteria and accountability for how shared athletics revenues are spent. Those core principles are:
In May 2021, the commission released its Achieving Racial Equity in College Sports Report. The report highlights opportunities and steps to move toward fulfilling the goal of equitable treatment, and places special emphasis on moving from pledge to policy and advocacy to action. The commission called on the NCAA and its member institutions to act to transform college sports by taking decisive action in four areas:
Closing educational opportunity gaps to create an equitable pathway for Black athletes’ success during and after college. Holding institutions accountable in recruitment and hiring to achieve diversity and equity in athletics leadership. Investing in programs that support and enhance Black athletes’ college experience and promote inclusion and belonging. Creating more equitable opportunities for Black athletes to assume leadership roles, especially in advocacy and governance. One of the recommendations calls on the NCAA to eliminate the use of standardized test scores for initial athletics eligibility requirements in NCAA Divisions I and II. On Oct. 15, 2021, the NCAA’s Task Force on the Use of Standardized Test Scores advanced this recommendation within the NCAA legislative process.
As part of the commission’s ongoing commitment to advance the equity goals highlighted in this report, in February 2022, the Knight Commission announced four research projects selected to share $100,000 in research funding to demonstrate how specific interventions impact the Black athlete experience and/or Black athlete advocacy areas.
College Sports Finances: The commission led several initiatives to provide greater financial transparency for college sports:
Governance and Independent Directors:
Responding to the NCAA as it overhauls its Constitution and Division I:
In 2021, the commission delivered several communications to the NCAA’s leadership, governing boards and appointed NCAA Constitution Committee as the NCAA began its major work to overhaul its Constitution
On August 31, 2021, the Knight Commission co-chairs sent a letter to Robert M. Gates, chair, NCAA Constitution Committee, in response to that committee’s open call for input on major structural and constitutional issues that will reshape the mission and role of the NCAA. The letter highlights that for nearly two years, the Knight Commission has been engaged in a similar, sweeping examination of Division I’s governance, revenue distribution programs, NIL rules, and gender and racial equity performance. The letter summarizes the major findings and recommendations from the commission’s examination.
In October, 2021 the Knight Commission co-chairs sent a letter to President Jere Morehead, Chair, NCAA Division I Board of Directors, calling for independent representation on the committee to be appointed to oversee rewriting Division I rules following expected changes to the NCAA Constitution in January 2022.
On December 9, 2021 the Knight Commission co-chairs sent a letter to Robert Gates, chair, NCAA Constitution Committee, to offer reactions to the updated draft NCAA Constitution. The letter suggests incorporating several important modifications regarding governance and Board composition, and clarity on the Association’s legal liability and services.
College Football Playoff:
Separate from its overarching recommendations that impact all of college sports, the Knight Commission has made specific recommendations for reform to the college presidents, FBS commissioners, and FBS athletic directors who sit on the two executive boards that manage the College Football Playoff (CFP), which is independent of the NCAA.
In 2012, three years prior to the first College Football Playoff (CFP) in 2015, the commission recommended that the revenue distribution for any new FBS football championship include academic incentives in its formula. The CFP incorporated this general recommendation in its revenue distribution formula. Since 2017, the commission has made additional significant recommendations for altering the governance and distribution of the CFP’s $500 million in annual revenues. The CFP’s managing boards have not adopted those recommendations to date, which include:
As of 2021, the commission's co-chairs are Arne Duncan, former U.S. Secretary of Education; Len Elmore, attorney, former ESPN analyst and former standout basketball player for the University of Maryland, the NBA and the ABA; and Nancy Zimpher, chancellor emeritus, State University of New York. The commission's CEO is Amy Privette Perko, who is a member of the Wake Forest University Sports Hall of Fame and previously worked in college sports at the University of Kansas and at the NCAA.
Members (alphabetical by last name):
Member, ex-officio
Past co-chairs:
Founding co-chairs