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((short description|Apotropaic tradition believed to ward off evil))
((other uses|Knock on Wood (disambiguation)))
[[File:Katie Beirne Fallon and Shaun Donovan knock on wood.jpg|thumb|right|[[Katie Beirne Fallon]] and [[Shaun Donovan]] knocking on wood in the [[Oval Office]] (2015)]]'''Knocking on wood''' (also phrased '''touching wood''' or '''touch wood''') is an [[apotropaic]] tradition of literally touching, tapping, or knocking on wood, or merely stating that one is doing or intending to do so, in order to avoid "tempting fate" after making a favorable prediction or boast, or a declaration concerning one's own death or another unfavorable situation.

==Origin of use in the English language ==
There are connections between ancient spirituality and trees influencing fortune. In the pre-Christian beliefs of the Germanic peoples, for example, three [[Norns]] send fate up into the universe through a tree. Languages descended from these peoples include concepts such as "knock on wood", "touch wood" or "three times wood", although only the first two expressions are in the descended English language specifically. Meanwhile, the ancient [[Celts|Celtic peoples]] also believed that the act of touching wood called on spirits or gods of the trees.<ref>((Cite web |last=Ray |date=2017-05-18 |title=Why do we knock on wood? |url=https://blog.ed.ted.com/2017/05/18/why-do-we-knock-on-wood/ |access-date=2022-08-26 |website=TED-Ed Blog |language=en-US))</ref><ref name=history>((cite news|url=https://www.history.com/.amp/news/why-do-people-knock-on-wood-for-luck|title=Why do people knock on wood for luck?|work=History|last=Andrews|first=Evan|date=August 29, 2016))</ref> Christians tie the practice to the symbolism of the wood of the cross of crucifixion.<ref name=history/> Folklore researcher [[Steve Roud]] suggests that the widespread, modern use however derives from a form of [[Tag (game)|tag]] called "Tiggy Touchwood" in which players are safe from being tagged if they are touching wood.<ref name=history/>

== Similar traditions across the world ==
((More citations needed|section|date=September 2023))
* In [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]], [[Croatia]], [[Slovenia]], [[Montenegro]] and [[Serbia]] there is also the habit of knocking on wood when saying something positive or affirmative about someone or something and not wanting that to change. Frequently the movement of knocking on nearby wood is followed by ((lang|sh|da kucnem u drvo)) / ((lang|sh|да куцнем у дрво)) ("I will knock on wood"), or sometimes by ((lang|sh|da ne ureknem)) / ((lang|sh|да не урекнем)) ("I don't want to jinx it").<ref>((cite web|url=http://www.politika.rs/rubrike/spektar/zivot-i-stil/Da-kucnem-u-drvo.lt.html|title=Да куцнем у дрво|last=Миливојевић|first=Зоран))</ref>
* In [[Brazil]] and [[Portugal]], ((lang|pt|bater na madeira)) ("knock on wood") is something actually done physically, three knocks are required after giving an example of a bad thing eventually happening. No verbalization is required, just the three knocks on the closest piece or object of wood. In the absence of wood, someone can say ((lang|pt|bate na madeira)), to prevent the bad thing to happen. People do not actually believe knocking three times on a piece of wood will really protect them, but it is a social habit and it is polite to do so to demonstrate that one doesn't want that bad thing one is talking about to actually happen.((Citation needed|date=December 2019))<ref>((Cite book |last=Fernanes de Melo Santos |first=Jair |title=Christ Meets Culture: The influence of Sociocultural Factors on Translation of Gospel in Brazil |publisher=Wipf & Sock |year=2020 |isbn=978-1-7252-7460-0))</ref>
* In [[Bulgaria]] the superstition of "knock on wood" (((lang|bg|чукам на дърво)) ((transl|bg|chukam na dǎrvo))) is reserved for protection against the evil, and is not typically used for attracting good luck. Usually people engage in the practice in reaction to bad news, actual or merely imagined. In most cases the nearest wooden object is used (in some areas, however, tables are exempt); if there are no such objects within immediate reach, a common tongue-in-cheek practice is to knock on one's head. Knocking on wood is often followed by lightly pulling one's earlobe with the same hand. Common phrases to accompany the ritual are "[[God in Christianity|God]] guard us" (((lang|bg|Бог да ни пази)) ((transl|bg|Bog da ni pazi))) and "may the [[Devil in Christianity|Devil]] not hear" (((lang|bg|да не чуе Дяволът)) ((transl|bg|da ne chue Djavolǎt))).
*In [[Denmark]] the saying is ''7, 9, 13'' / ((lang|da|syv, ni, tretten)) (usually accompanied by knocking under a table), as these numbers have traditionally been associated with magic.
* In [[Egypt]], ((lang|arz|إمسك الخشب)) ((transl|arz|emsek el-khashab)) ("hold the wood") is said when mentioning either good luck one has had in the past or hopes one has for the future. When referring to past good luck the expression is usually used in hopes of the good thing continuing to occur via its spoken acknowledgment, as well as preventing [[envy]]. (Citation)
* In modern day [[England]] the expression "touch wood" is more commonly heard than "knock on wood".
* In [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]], a ((lang|ka|ხეზე დაკაკუნება)) ((transl|ka|kheze daḳaḳuneba)) ("knocking on wood") is performed when one mentions a bad possibility that could take place in future. Usually the person knocks three times. It is also done when one experiences a bad [[omen]].
* In [[Germany]], one finds the expressions "knock on wood" and "three times wood" ((transl|de|Dreimal Holz)).
* In [[Greece]] the saying ((lang|el|χτύπα ξύλο)) ((transl|el|chtýpa xýlo)) ("knock on wood") is said when hearing someone say something negative in order to prevent it from happening. See
* In [[Indonesia]], [[Malaysia]] and [[Thailand]], when someone is saying bad things, the one that hears it would knock on wood (or other suitable surface) and knock on their forehead while saying ((lang|id|amit-amit)) or ((lang|id|amit-amit jabang bayi)) (Indonesia), ((lang|ms|choi)) or ((lang|ms|tak cun tak cun)) (Malaysia).
* In [[Iran]],  when one says something good about something or somebody, they might knock on wood and say ((lang|fa|بزنم به تخته چشم نخوره)) ((transl|fa|bezan-am be taxteh, cheshm naxoreh)) ("[I] am knocking on wood to prevent [them]/it from being [[jinx]]ed"). The [[evil eye]] and the concept of being jinxed are common phobias and superstitious beliefs in Iranian culture, and Iranians traditionally believe knocking on wood wards off evil spirits. (Citation)
*In [[Israel]] the saying ((Script/Hebrew|בלי עין הרע)) ((transl|he|b'lí 'áyin hará')) ("without the evil eye") is said when someone mentions good things happening to themselves or someone else, or even when mentioning a valuable thing they own. This expression is a superstition that is used in the hope that a good thing will continue to occur even after it is mentioned, and as a way to prevent envy (''hasad'' ((lang|ar|[[Envy#In Islam|حسد]]))) also known as the [[Evil eye|Evil Eye]], as they believe that envy can harm other people.
* In [[Italy]], ((lang|it|tocca ferro)) ("touch iron") is used, especially after seeing an [[undertaker]] or something related to death.((unreliable source?|date=November 2011))<ref>((cite web|url=http://www.lifeinitaly.com/potpourri/italiansuperstitions.asp |title=Superstitions in Italy|publisher=Lifeinitaly.com |date=2007-01-20 |access-date=2011-12-03))</ref>
* In [[Latin America]], it is also tradition to physically knock a wooden object. A variant requires that the object does not have feet (((lang|es|tocar madera sin patas))), which rules out chairs, tables and beds.<ref>[https://ar.selecciones.com/contenido/a2500_supersticiones-arraigadas Supersticiones arraigadas] - Selecciones</ref>
* In [[Lebanon]] and [[Syria]] the saying ((lang|apc|دقّ عالخشب)) ((transl|apc|duqq ‘al-khashab)) ("knock on [the] wood") is said when hearing someone say something negative in order to prevent it from happening. It is also largely observed when saying something positive or affirmative about someone or something and not wanting that to change.
* In [[North Macedonia]], "knocking on wood" is a folk belief and people usually do that after someone says something bad to make sure nothing bad happens.
* In [[Norway]] the saying is ((lang|no|bank i bordet)) ("knock on the table"), which usually was made of wood.
* In [[Poland]], there is a habit of knocking on (unpainted) wood (which may be preceded by saying ((lang|pl|odpukać w niemalowane drewno)); or simply ((lang|pl|odpukać)); —— literally meaning "to knock on unpainted wood.") when saying something negative – to prevent it from happening – or, more rarely, something positive – in order not to "spoil it". In the [[Czech Republic]], this is often accompanied for stronger effect by knocking on one's teeth, a piece of building stone, or metal, reasoning that these (as opposed to wood) survive even fire.
* In [[Romania]], there is also a superstition that one can avoid bad things aforementioned by literally knocking on wood (((lang-ro|a bate în lemn))). Wood tables are exempted. One of the possible reasons could be that there is a monastery practice to call people to pray by playing / knocking the [[simantra|simantron]].<ref>((cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zS4ZOQAnpzI |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211222/zS4ZOQAnpzI |archive-date=2021-12-22 |url-status=live|title=St. Catherine's Monastery Semantron|last=MB T|date=26 September 2009|via=YouTube))((cbignore))</ref>
* In [[Spain]] ((lang|es|tocar madera)) and in [[France]] ((lang|fr|toucher du bois)) ("to touch wood") is something that you say when you want your luck or a good situation to continue, e.g. ((lang|es|Ha ido bien toda la semana y, toco madera, seguirá bien el fin de semana)) ("It's been good all week and, touching wood, the weekend will stay good").
* In [[Sweden]], a common expression is "pepper, pepper, touch wood" (((lang|sv|peppar, peppar, ta i trä))), referring to throwing pepper over one's shoulder and touching a wooden object.
* In [[Turkey]], when someone hears about a bad experience someone else had, they may gently pull one earlobe, and knock on wood twice, which means "God save me from that thing".
* In the [[United States]] in the eighteenth century, men used to knock on the wood stock of their [[Muzzleloader|muzzle-loading rifles]] to settle the [[black powder]] charge, ensuring the weapon would fire cleanly.((Citation needed|reason=Sounds like a false etymology|date=October 2018))
* In [[Vietnam]] a common expression is "trộm vía". It is said when a speaker wants the good/positive aforementioned thing will continue, especially when saying some good things about a newborn because they believe if they did not say the words, negative things would happen later.
* In [[Assam]] in Northeast [[India]] as well as in [[Russia]], the expression "thu thu thu" -- the [[Onomatopoeia|onomatopoeic]] phrase to represent the sound of spitting -- is used after making a favourable prediction or commenting on an ongoing favourable occurrence in order to deter misfortune befalling these favourable circumstances. Its use is similar to the use of the phrase "touchwood" in [[Western world|Western]] traditions.
* In [[Russia]], [[Estonia]] and [[Ukraine]], "((lang|ru|Постучать по дереву))" ("To knock on wood") has the same meaning.<ref>((cite web|url=https://moscow-oblast.sm-news.ru/postuchi-po-derevu-chtob-ne-sglazit-zachem-my-voobshhe-eto-delaem-i-otkuda-poshla-primeta-62382/|title=Постучи по дереву, чтоб не сглазить))</ref> There is also an expression "((lang|ru|Тфу тфу тфу))" ("''Tfu Tfu Tfu''") phrase to represent the sound of spitting similar with [[Assam]] in Northeast [[India]]. The difference, however, is that the person would have to "spit" with his head turned to the left shoulder which represents "spitting away" bad fortune because it is situated on the left (unstable) side of life"<ref>((cite web|url=https://aif.ru/dontknows/eternal/otkuda_poshla_tradiciya_stuchat_po_derevu_i_trizhdy_plevat_cherez_levoe_plecho|title=Откуда пошла традиция стучать по дереву и трижды плевать через левое плечо?|date=22 May 2017))</ref><ref>((cite web|url=https://www.visitestonia.com/en/media/press-releases/sleding-and-sweet-buns-on-shrove-tuesdayand-other-quirks-of-estonian-culture|title=Sleding and sweet buns on shrove Tuesday...and other quirks of Estonian culture|date=22 March 2022))</ref>

==References==
((reflist|2))

== See also ==
((Wiktionary|knock on wood|touch wood))
* [[Alomancy]], related to throwing salt over the left shoulder
* [[Crossed fingers]]
* [[Evil eye]]
* [[Jinx]]

((Superstitions))

((DEFAULTSORT:Knocking On Wood))
[[Category:Superstitions]]
[[Category:Trees in culture]]
[[Category:Wood]]

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