Knol
A knol on knee surgery
Type of site
Reference
DissolvedOctober 1, 2012 (2012-10-01)
OwnerGoogle
Created byGoogle
URLknol.google.com (offline)
CommercialYes
RegistrationYes
LaunchedJuly 23, 2008; 15 years ago (2008-07-23)
Current statusClosed

Knol was a Google project that aimed to include user-written articles on a range of topics. The lower-case term knol, which Google defined as a "unit of knowledge",[1] referred to an article in the project. Knol was often viewed as a rival to Wikipedia.[2][3][4]

The project was led by Udi Manber, a Google vice president of engineering.[5] It was announced on December 13, 2007, and was opened in beta version on July 23, 2008,[6] with a few hundred articles, mostly in the health and medical field.[5][2]

Knol did not find a significant audience and became viewed as a failure.[3][4] The project was closed on April 30, 2012, and all content was deleted after October 1, 2012.[7][8][4] The Internet Archive has snapshots of Knol archived between July 2008 and May 2012.[9]

Operation

Any contributor could create and own new Knol articles, and there could be multiple articles on the same topic with each written by a different author.[10][11]

Authors could also choose to include ads from Google's AdSense on their pages. This profit-sharing was criticized as incentivizing self-promotion or spam.[12][13][14]

All contributors to the Knol project had to sign in with a Google account and were supposed to state their real names.[5] Contributions were licensed by default under the Creative Commons CC-BY-3.0 license (which allowed anyone to reuse the material as long as the original author was named), but authors were also able to choose the CC-BY-NC-3.0 license (which prohibits commercial reuse) or traditional copyright protection instead.[5][15] Knol employed "nofollow" outgoing links, using an HTML directive to prevent links in its articles from influencing search-engine rankings.[16]

Reception

Competition

Knol was described both as a rival to encyclopedia sites such as Wikipedia, Citizendium, and Scholarpedia[17][18] and as a complement to Wikipedia, offering a different format that addressed many of Wikipedia's shortcomings.[19][20][21] BBC News reported that "Many experts saw the initiative as an attack on the widely used Wikipedia communal encyclopaedia."[22] The non-profit Wikimedia Foundation, which owned the name Wikipedia and the servers hosting the Wikipedia projects, welcomed the Google Knol initiative, saying that "The more good free content, the better for the world."[23] While Wikipedia articles were written collectively under a "neutral point of view" policy, Knol aimed to highlight personal expertise by emphasizing authorship.[11]

After Knol's beta launch, Google product manager Cedric Dupont responded to the idea that Google intended Knol to be a "Wikipedia killer" by saying, "Google is very happy with Wikipedia being so successful. Anyone who tries to kill them would hurt us."[2] The New York Times noted similarities in design between Knol and Wikipedia, such as use of the same font.[2] Dupont responded that the use was simply a coincidence as it is a commonly used font.[2]

Because of Knol's format, some said Knol would be more like About.com than Wikipedia.[18] According to Wolfgang Hansson, a writer at DailyTech, Knol may have been planned for About.com originally when it was up for acquisition. Hansson reported that several sources close to the sale said Google was planning to acquire About.com, but the executives at About.com learned Google was planning to move from About.com's model to a wiki-style model. That would have meant layoffs for all 500 or so "Guides" at About.com.[24]

Conflict of interest

After Google's announcement of the project in December 2007, there was speculation on its motives and its position as a producer of content rather than as an organizer. The Guardian's Jack Schofield argued that "Knol represents an attack on the media industry in general."[25]

There was debate whether Google search results could remain neutral because of possible conflict of interest.[26][27] According to Danny Sullivan, the editor of Search Engine Land, "Google's goal of making Knol pages easy to find on search engines could conflict with its need to remain unbiased."[27] Jeff Chester, executive director of the Center for Digital Democracy, raised similar concerns:[28]

At the end of the day, there's a fundamental conflict between the business Google is in and its social goals. What you're seeing here, slowly, is Google embracing an advertising-driven model, in which money will have a greater impact on what people have ready access to.

As a response to such concerns, it was said[21][26] that Google already hosted large amounts of content in sites like Google Sites, YouTube, Blogger and Google Groups, and that there was no significant difference in this case.[29]

Failure

The media attention that Google Knol received at its launch soon dissipated.[4] The site failed to gain a large readership – by mid-2009, Knol as a whole was getting only about 175,000 views a month,[30] compared to Wikipedia, whose views accumulated into the billions. As a result, the financial model behind Knol was never realized.[31] Google stopped promoting Knol,[4] and two years after its inception, few people were aware of Knol's existence.[3] It became apparent that Google had fundamentally misunderstood the reasons for Wikipedia's success.[3]

During 2010, the Knol site suffered significant downtime, but it appeared that Google did not even realize that Knol was down until it was queried about it by a media outlet.[31][4] In November 2011 the official declaration was made that Knol would be coming to an end, as part of a "spring cleaning, out of season" that Google was doing of unsuccessful projects and initiatives.[32] But as a TechCrunch writer said when the notice was made, this "comes as something of a surprise to me – because I figured Google had already shut it down."[4]

See also

References

  1. ^ Monaghan, Angela (2007-12-14). "Google's 'knol' may challenge Wikipedia". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 2008-12-07. Retrieved 2007-12-15.
  2. ^ a b c d e Helft, Miguel (2008-07-23). "Wikipedia, Meet Knol". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 2012-07-22. Retrieved 2008-07-23.
  3. ^ a b c d Sarvary, Miklos (2011). Gurus and Oracles: The Marketing of Information. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press. pp. 139–140. ISBN 9780262300384.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g Kincaid, Jason (2011-11-22). "Google Announces Plans To Shutter Knol, Friend Connect, Wave, And More". TechCrunch. Retrieved 2021-08-26.
  5. ^ a b c d Levy, Steven (2008-07-23). "Google Throws Open Rival for Wikipedia — Anon Authors Discouraged". Wired News. Archived from the original on 2008-07-26. Retrieved 2008-07-23.
  6. ^ Mills, Ellis (2008-07-23). "Google's Wikipedia rival, Knol, goes public". CNET News. Archived from the original on 2012-03-12. Retrieved 2008-07-23.
  7. ^ "15 amazing Google projects that failed". Rediff. 21 October 2013. Archived from the original on 29 February 2016. Retrieved 8 June 2015.
  8. ^ Watson, Frank (2011-11-23). "Google Shutting Down Knol & 6 More Failed Products". Search Engine Watch. Retrieved 2021-08-26.
  9. ^ knol.google.com/k on the Internet Archive
  10. ^ Schofield, Jack (2008-07-23). "Google opens up Knol, its Wikipedia-for-cash project". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 2008-10-14. Retrieved 2008-07-26.
  11. ^ a b Blakely, Rhys (2007-12-15). "Google to tackle Wikipedia with new knowledge service". The Times. Archived from the original on 2010-06-15. Retrieved 2007-12-15.
  12. ^ Anderson, Nate (Jan 19, 2009). "Google Knol six months later: Wikipedia need not worry". Ars Technica. Archived from the original on January 22, 2009. Retrieved 2009-01-21.
  13. ^ Arthur, Chris (7 August 2008). "Google attacked over Knol's spam potential". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 21 April 2016. Retrieved 2009-01-21.
  14. ^ Manjoo, Farhad (September 22, 2008). "Chuck Knol". Slate. Archived from the original on November 30, 2010. Retrieved 2008-09-23.
  15. ^ Mike Linksvayer, Google Code adds content licensing; Google Knol launches with CC BY default Archived 2015-12-04 at the Wayback Machine, Creative Commons Blog, July 23, 2008
  16. ^ Lenssen, Philipp (2008-07-24). "Knol's Nofollowing Of Links". Google Blogoscoped. Archived from the original on 2011-07-09. Retrieved 2008-07-30.
  17. ^ Riley, Duncan (2007-12-14). "Google Knol: A Step Too Far?". TechCrunch. Archived from the original on 2007-12-15. Retrieved 2007-12-14.
  18. ^ a b Frederick, Lane (2007-12-14). "Death Knell Sounds for Wikipedia, About.com". NewsFactor Network. Archived from the original on 2008-02-24. Retrieved 2007-12-14.
  19. ^ Masnick, Mike (2007-12-14). "Google Decides Organizing The World's Information Is Easier If That Info Is Online". Techdirt. Archived from the original on 2011-01-26. Retrieved 2007-12-14.
  20. ^ Manjoo, Farhad (2007-12-14). "Truthiness showdown: Google's "Knol" vs. Wikipedia". Salon.com. Archived from the original on 2007-12-20. Retrieved 2007-12-14.
  21. ^ a b Hof, Rob (2007-12-14). "Google's Knol: No Wikipedia Killer". Businessweek. Archived from the original on 2007-12-16. Retrieved 2007-12-14.
  22. ^ "Google debuts knowledge project". BBC. 2007-12-15. Archived from the original on 2007-12-17. Retrieved 2007-12-15.
  23. ^ Levy, Ari (2007-12-14). "Google Starts Web Site Knol to Challenge Wikipedia". Bloomberg. Archived from the original on 2008-02-09. Retrieved 2007-12-15.
  24. ^ Hansson, Wolfgang (2007-12-14). "Google Announces Knol Wikipedia-like Service". DailyTech. Archived from the original on 2008-11-21. Retrieved 2007-12-14.
  25. ^ Schofield, Jack (2007-12-15). "Google tries Knol, an encyclopedia to replace Wikipedia". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 2008-12-07. Retrieved 2007-12-15.
  26. ^ a b Greenberg, Andy (2007-12-14). "Google's Know-It-All Project". Forbes. Archived from the original on 2008-03-21. Retrieved 2007-12-16.
  27. ^ a b Helft, Miguel (2007-12-15). "Wikipedia Competitor Being Tested by Google". New York Times. Archived from the original on 2011-05-01. Retrieved 2007-12-15. Some critics said that shift could compromise Google's objectivity in presenting search results.
  28. ^ Schiffman, Betsy (2007-12-14). "Knol Launch: Google's 'Units of Knowledge' May Raise Conflict of Interest". Wired. Archived from the original on 2008-05-16. Retrieved 2007-12-15.
  29. ^ Morrison, Scott (2007-12-14). "Google Targets Wikipedia with New 'Knol' Pages". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on 2018-02-17. Retrieved 2008-07-24.
  30. ^ Schonfeld, Erick (2009-08-11). "Poor Google Knol Has Gone From A Wikipedia Killer To A Craigslist Wannabe". TechCrunch.
  31. ^ a b Rao, Leena (2010-07-28). "Looks Like Even Google Forgot Knol Existed". TechCrunch.
  32. ^ Foley, Stephen (November 24, 2011). "Google culls research projects to cut costs". The Independent. United Kingdom. p. 60 – via Newspapers.com.

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