Koehler is a transliteration of the German occupational surname Köhler, literally meaning "charcoal burner". Notable people with the surname include:

• Ana Luiza Koehler (born 1977), Brazilian comics artist and architect.
• Arthur Koehler (1885–1967), American investigator notable for his role in the Lindbergh kidnapping investigation
• Bernhard Koehler (1849–1927), German industrialist and art collector
• Carl-Erik Koehler (1895–1958), German general during World War II
• Carla Koehler, American biochemist
• Don Koehler (1925–1981), American recognized as tallest man in the world from 1969 to 1981
• Ernest Koehler (1903–1960), American Olympic racewalker
• Florence Koehler (1861–1944), American craftswoman, designer and jeweler
• Frederick Koehler (born 1975), American actor
• Garry Koehler (1955–2019), Australian songwriter
• Greg Koehler (born 1975), Canadian ice hockey player for the Bloomington Prairie Thunder in the International Hockey League
• Herman Koehler (1859–1927), American football coach, athletics administrator, and United States Army officer
• Herman Koehler (end) (1873–1931), American college football and ice hockey player
• Hugo W. Koehler (1886–1941), American naval officer and special agent during the Russian Civil War
• Jack Koehler (1930–2012), German-born American journalist and executive for the Associated Press, who also briefly served as the White House Communications Director
• James Stark Koehler (1914– 2006), American physicist, specializing in metal defects and their interactions, known for the eponymous Peach-Koehler stress formula
• Ján Koehler (died 1895), Polish operatic baritone
• Jean Baptiste François René Koehler – French zoologist (1860-1931)Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback (1860–1931), French zoologist
• Johann Gottfried Koehler (1745–1801), German astronomer who discovered a number of nebulae, star clusters, and galaxies
• Judy Koehler (born 1941), Republican, former Illinois State Representative, U.S. Senate nominee, 18th Congressional district primary contestant, and losing incumbent to the Illinois 3rd District Appellate Court
• Kyle Koehler (born 1961), American politician, Representative for the 79th district of the Ohio House of Representatives
• Lyle Koehler (1944–2015). American historian and author
• Marc Koehler (born 1977), Dutch architect
• Maria João Koehler (born 1992), Portuguese tennis player
• Michael Koehler (born 1958), German scientist and diplomat
• Megan Koehler (born 1989), Canadian curler
• Otto Koehler (1889–1974), German zoologist and pioneer ethologist
• Pip Koehler (1902–1986), former Major League Baseball outfielder for the 1925 New York Giants
• Paul Koehler, drummer in Silverstein, a Canadian straight-edge emo band
• Robert Koehler, German-born painter and art teacher who spent most of his career in the United States of America
• Ted Koehler (1894–1973), American lyricist who collaborated with composer Harold Arlen to write for live shows and movies from the 1920s through the 1940s
• Tom Koehler (born 1986), American baseball player