The origin of the word "Koliivshchyna" is not certain. Taras Shevchenko, whose grandfather had participated in the uprising, wrote a poem, Haydamaky, in which kolii is described as a knife that is blessed in a church and used by Ukrainian villagers to kill animals humanely, according to the local understanding of animal rights. The blessing of knives had occurred two or three weeks before the uprising as a rule, so the members and supporters of the Bar Confederation and its military forces fled to the Ottoman Empire before the uprising. However, some fortresses such as Uman and Lysianka were still occupied by the members of the Bar Confederation.
The term could also be an adaptation of the Polish words "kolej", "kolejno", "po kolei", which implies "służba kolejna" (patrolling service), designating Cossack militia in the service of aristocrats. That etymology is suggested by Polish historians such as Władysław Andrzej Serczyk and Ukrainian Volodymyr Shcherbyna.[9]
Events
The rebellion was simultaneous to the Confederation of Bar, which originated in an adjacent region in the city of Bar (historical Podolia) and was a de factocivil war in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. The Bar Confederation declared not only the Orthodox faith but the Uniate church to be pro-Russian. Later, the Polish government and Roman Catholic church accused both Eastern Churches of responsibility on the Uman massacre and the uprising because Russia supported the political rights of believers of both churches. Though almost all pupils of the Uman Uniate seminary had died in the massacre, they were accused of the fall of the city by the Polish government.[10]
The rebellion of peasants was fueled by ducats paid by Maxim Zalizniak for every killed Bar Confederate and by the circulation of a fictitious proclamation of support and call to arms by Russian Empress Catherine II, the so-called "Golden Charter".[11] Mostly based on rumours, the charter, however, had a real foundation and was connected with the Repnin sejm's decisions to give political freedoms to Uniates and Orthodox Christians. Catherine issued a rescript in 1765 to Archimandrite Melkhisedek and made the Russian ambassador in Warsaw facilitate assertion of the rights and privileges of the Orthodox in Right-bank Ukraine.[12] In 1764, on the territory of the Zaporozhian Host and along the southern borders of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, the Russian Empire created the New Russia Governorate in place of the previously-existing New Serbia province and intensively militarised the region.[13]
Preparations for the uprising against the Bar Confederation and the initial raid of the Cossack detachment of Maksym Zalizniak started at the Motronynskyi Holy Trinity Monastery (now a convent in Cherkasy Raion), the hegumen of which was Archimandrite Melkhisedek (Znachko-Yavorsky), who also served as the director of all Orthodox monasteries and churches in Right-bank Ukraine in 1761–1768.[1]
The peasant rebellion quickly gained momentum and spread over the territory from the right bank of the Dnieper River to the river Sian. The Massacre of Uman had many Poles, Jews, and Uniates herded into their churches and synagogues and killed in cold blood, but Uniates were not among the victims in other places:[14]
Crowds of insurgents broke into the city [...] Most of the nobles and Jews gathered in the churches, synagogue and town hall. Catholic priests communicated and gave absolution [...] the slaughter initiated, most likely by vengeful peasants, began. According to modern testimonies, about three thousand Jews died in the synagogue alone. Killed and tormented. Jews had their hands and ears cut off. They were pulled out of cellars, houses and even ditches, where they sought shelter in vain. Catholic and Uniate priests became the next victims of the hatred of the insurgent crowd.
In three weeks of unbridled violence, the rebels slaughtered 20,000 people, according to numerous Polish sources.[citation needed] The leaders of the uprising were Zaporozhian Cossacks, mainly Maksym Zalizniak, and a commander of a private militia of the owner of Uman, Ivan Gonta. The governor and other Polish nobles supporting the Bar Confederation capitulated since they knew that Gonta had been dispatched by Polish Count Franciszek Salezy Potocki to protect Uman by a secret mission. They mistakenly thought that the rebels supported the Polish king, as did Potocki. There were rumours that Don Cossacks participated in fighting against the Bar Confederation supporting Zaporozhian Cossacks. Some were seized by Polish government forces and tried in Kodnya.
Eventually, the uprising was crushed by Russian troops, Ukrainian-registered Cossacks of Left-Bank Ukraine and the Zaporozhian Host, aided by the Polish army. The two leaders were arrested by Russian troops on 7 July 1768.[1] Ivan Gonta was handed over to Polish authorities, who tortured him to death, and Maksym Zalizniak was exiled to Siberia.[15] The rebellion was suppressed by the joint forces of Polish and Russian armies, with numerous hangings, decapitations, quarterings and impalings of Polish subjects and of the Russian subjects who were captured by governmental Polish forces themselves.[7]
In popular culture
Taras Shevchenko's epic poem Haidamaky (The Haidamakas) chronicles the events of the Koliivshchyna. The event also inspired recent artwork during the latest Ukrainian unrest.[16]
Controversy
On 17 May 2018 the Kyiv City Council voted to hold events marking 250 years since Koliivshchyna; the proposal was put forward by two deputies of the ultranationalist Svoboda party. The decision received strong criticism from the Ukrainian Jewish community and the Kharkiv Human Rights Protection Group.[17][18]
^P.R. Magocsi. A History of Ukraine. pp. 294, 296.
^Franciszek Rawita-Gawroński (1914). Sprawy i rzeczy ukraińskie: materyały do dziejów kozaczyzny i hajdamaczyzny [Ukrainian matters and things: materials for the history of Cossacks and Haidamaks]. Lviv. pp. 146, 147.((cite book)): CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^Korzon, Tadeusz (1897). Wewnętrzne dzieje Polski za Stanisława Augusta (1764–1794) [The internal history of Poland under Stanisław August (1764–1794)]. Cracow-Warsaw. p. 200.((cite book)): CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^ abKazimierz Karolczak, Franciszek Leśniak (1998). Wielka Historia Polski [The Great History of Poland]. Cracow. p. 111.((cite book)): CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^Konopczyński, Władysław (1999). Dzieje Polski nowożytnej [History of modern Poland]. Instytut Wydawniczy Pax. p. 619.
^ abNorman Davis (1982). God's playground. A history of Poland, vol 1. Columbia University Press. ISBN0-231-05350-9.
^Stanisław Bogusław Lenard; Ireneusz Wywiał (2000). Historia Polski w datach [History of Poland in dates]. Warsaw: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN. pp. 274–275.
Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
Russian Empire
