Kolleru Lake
A bridge over Kolleru
Kolleru Lake
Location	Andhra Pradesh
Coordinates	16°39′N 81°13′E / 16.650°N 81.217°E / 16.650; 81.217
Primary inflows	Ramileru, Tammileru, Budameru, Polaraj drain
Primary outflows	Upputeru
Basin countries	India
Surface area	90,100 hectares (222,600 acres) [1] (245 sq km lake area)
Average depth	1.0 metre (3 ft 3 in)
Max. depth	2.0 metres (6 ft 7 in)
Islands	Kolletikota(Heart of Kolleru Lake), Gudivakalanka
Settlements	Eluru
Ramsar Wetland
Designated	19 August 2002
Reference no.	1209[2]

Kolleru Lake is one of the largest freshwater lakes in India located in state of Andhra Pradesh and forms the largest shallow freshwater^[3] lake in Asia (with 245 km² of lake area and 302 km² of total Ramsar designated wetland). 15 kilometers away from the Eluru and 65 km from Rajamahendravaram, the lake is located between the Krishna and Godavari deltas.^[4] Kolleru Lake is located in Eluru district. The lake is fed directly by water from the seasonal Budameru and Tammileru streams, and is connected to the Krishna and Godavari irrigation systems by over 67 major and minor irrigation canals.^[5] This lake is a major tourist attraction. Many birds migrate here in winter, such as Siberian crane, ibis, and painted storks. The lake was an important habitat for an estimated 20 million resident and migratory birds, including the grey or spot-billed pelican (Pelecanus philippensis). The lake was declared as a wildlife sanctuary in November 1999 under India's Wildlife Protection Act of 1972, and designated a wetland of international importance in November 2002 under the international Ramsar Convention. The wildlife sanctuary covers an area of 308 km².^[6]

Kolleru Lake under Ramsar Convention (allowing local communities (Here: Vaddi Community) to continue their occupation of culture fish and caught fish) covers 90,100 hectares (222,600 acres) and Kolleru Lake under Wildlife Sanctuary covers 166,000 acres (67,200 ha).^[7]

Current state of the lake

Thousands of fish tanks were dug up, effectively converting the lake into a mere drain. This has great impact in terms of pollution, leading to difficulty in getting drinking water for the local people. This is in addition to the loss of ecological diversity and intrusion of sea water into the land masses and its fallout in terms of adverse influence on the rainfall pattern in this region. This imbalance has an adverse effect on the thousands of acres of crops in the upper reaches of the sanctuary, in view of the stoppage of water flow into the sea because of obstruction by the bunds of the fish tanks that have appeared illegally.

Satellite images taken on 9 February 2001 by the Indian remote sensing satellite found that approximately 42% of the 245 km² lake was occupied by aquaculture, while agriculture had encroached upon another 8.5%. The area under aquaculture consisted of 1,050 fish ponds within the lake and 38 dried-up fish ponds, which together covered an area of 103 km². The agricultural encroachments were mostly rice paddies. Surprisingly, no clear water could be found in the satellite image. The rest of the lake is diminished by water diversion or is infested with weeds like elephant grass and the water hyacinth.

Rich in flora and fauna, the lake had always attracted migratory birds from Northern Asia and Eastern Europe, between the months of October and March. During this season, the lake used to be visited by an estimated two million birds.

The resident birds include:

• grey pelicans,
• Asian open-bill (Anastomus oscitans),
• painted storks (Mycteria leucocephala),
• glossy ibises and
• white ibises.

The migratory birds include:

• red-crested pochards,
• black-winged stilts,
• pied avocets,
• common redshanks,
• Eurasian wigeons,
• gadwalls,
• great cormorants,
• garganeys,
• purple herons,
• greater flamingos,
• green-winged teals,
• northern pintails and
• northern shovelers.

Kolleru lake contains numerous fertile islets called lankas; many of the small ones are submerged during floods. The origin of the unusual depression which forms the bed of the lake is unknown, but it was possibly the result of an earthquake. Therefore, many ancient villages are precepted in the bed of the lake as a result of floods and earthquake. building the industries and factories near the lake that why the lake is polluting and the government also declared the operation kolleru.

History

center

Two copper plates have been found in the lake, tracing its history to reign of the Eastern Ganga rulers. The Suryavamsi Gajapatis of Odisha at the height of their power in the 15th century under the reign of Kapilendra deva, the first Suryavamsi Gajapati emperor, the boundary of the Kalinga empire (Ancient Odisha) stretched from river Ganges in North to Kaveri in South and from Amarkantak in West to Bay of Bengal(Kalinga Sagara) in east.Peddintlamma Temple, Kolletikota

Sanctuary

The sanctuary has the following watch towers for sighting the birds.

Atapaka: 1.5 km from Kaikaluru to see varieties of waterfowl. Murthyraju tank 8 km from Nidamarru East Chodavaram: 25 km from Eluru where openbill storks nest in colonies from July to December.

The sanctuary is approachable from all four sides of the lake by road, directly to the following places:

• Atapaka – 2.5 km from Kaikaluru town
• Bhujabalapatnam – 6 km from Kaikaluru
• pallevada −9  km from kaikaluru town
• Kovvada Lanka—7 km from Kaikaluru town *Murthiraju Tanks – 8 km from Nidamarru
• Gudivakalanka – 3 km from Gudivakalanka or 15 km from Eluru, The nearest city by road or rail.
• Prathikola Lanaka or 19 km from Eluru. The nearest city is Eluru, which is 35 km by road.
• Kolletikota −18 km from Kaikalur.

Accommodation

Hotels are available in Eluru, Bhimavaram, Narsapur, Palakollu, Kaikaluru, Akividu, Rajamahendravaram, Vijayawada and Machilipatnam.^[8]