The complex was built in 1755–1756 (AJ 1682) for Hamengkubuwono I, the first Sultan of Yogyakarta.[1] It was one of the monarch's first acts after the signing of the Treaty of Giyanti, which recognized the creation of the Sultanate of Yogyakarta under the Dutch East India Company.[1] A banyan forest, protected from flooding by its location between two rivers, was chosen as the site for the palace.[1]
On 20 June 1812, Sir Stamford Raffles led a 1,200-strong British and Irish force to attack the walled royal city of Yogyakarta. Although they outnumbered the British, the Javanese were unprepared for the attack. Yogyakarta fell in one day, and the palace was sacked and burnt. The attack was the first of its kind on a Javanese court, and the Sultanate briefly became subject to British authority before the British government returned control of Indonesia to the Dutch.[2] Most of the current palace was built by Sultan Hamengkubuwono VIII (who reigned from 1921 to 1939) and was rebuilt after earthquakes in 1876 and 2006.[3]
Javanese architecture uses floral patterns, such as this relief on the palace ceiling.
The complex consists of a courtyard covered with sand from the south coast, a main building, and a secondary building. The buildings are separated by a wall with a regol[6] in semar tinandu style.[7] The palace door is made of thick teak. Behind (or in front of) a gate in Javanese architecture is usually an insulating wall (Renteng or Baturono), sometimes with a distinctive, traditional ornament.
The wooden buildings of the complex have a traditional Javanese architectural style, decorated with flora, fauna, or nature motifs. Foreign influences (Portuguese, Dutch, and Chinese) are also seen. The buildings are of joglo construction.
The trapezoidal joglo roof is usually covered with red or gray shingles, tiles, or zinc. It is supported by a central pillar (soko guru) and secondary pillars. Pillars are usually dark green or black, with yellow, llight green red or gold highlights. Other wooden building elements match the pillars in color.
The stone pedestal (Ompak), the black color is combined with gold ornamentation. White dominates the walls of the building and the complex. The floor, usually white marble or patterned tiles, is higher than the sandy courtyard. Some buildings have a higher main floor.[8] Other buildings have a square stone (Selo Gilang) for the sultan's throne.
Each building is classified by use. The main-class building (used by the sultan) has more ornamentation than the lower-class buildings, which have little or no ornamentation.[9]
Symbolism
Gilig Golong Monument, popularly known as Tugu Yogyakarta
A kraton is a palace. Keraton is the living quarters of the royal family.[1]Tamarind and Spanish cherry trees line the road from Krapyak Hunting House to the palace, which runs from Tugu Yogyakarta to the palace.[1]
Tugu Yogyakarta (the Gilig golong monument), on the north side of the old city, symbolizes "unification between the king (golong) and the people (gilig)" (Javanese: manunggaling kawulo gusti).[This quote needs a citation] It also symbolizes the final unity of the creator (Khalik) and his subjects. The Gate Donopratoro (gate to the Kedaton quarter) represents "a good person is someone who is generous and knows how to control his lust", and the two Dwarapala statues (Balabuta and Cinkarabala) represent good and evil. The palace's artifacts are believed to have the power to repulse evil.[1]
Brongtodiningrat, K. P. H. (1975), The Royal Palace (Karaton) of Yogyakarta: Its Architecture and Its Meaning, Yogyakarta: Karaton Museum Yogyakarta, OCLC12847099.
Dwiyanto, Djoko (2009), Kraton Yogyakarta: Sejarah, Nasionalisme & Teladan Perjuangan (in Indonesian), Yogyakarta: Paradigma Indonesia, ISBN978-979-17834-0-8.
Indonesia
