.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important))You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Portuguese. (July 2021) Click [show] for important translation instructions. View a machine-translated version of the Portuguese article. Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia. Consider adding a topic to this template: there are already 1,525 articles in the main category, and specifying|topic= will aid in categorization. Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article. You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing Portuguese Wikipedia article at [[:pt:Língua culina]]; see its history for attribution. You may also add the template ((Translated|pt|Língua culina)) to the talk page. For more guidance, see Wikipedia:Translation.
Culina
Native toPerú, Brazil
EthnicityKulina people
Native speakers
3,900 (2002–2006)[1]
Arauan
  • Culina
Language codes
ISO 639-3cul
Glottologculi1244
ELPCulina

Kulina (also Kulína, Kulyna, Culina, Curina, Corina, Korina, Culina-Madijá, Madijá, Madija, Madiha, Madihá) is an Arawan language of Brazil and Peru spoken by about 4,000 Kulina people. With such few speakers, Kulina is considered a threatened language. Kulina is similar to the Deni language, as they have even been considered different dialects of the same language. Both languages have SOV word order,[2] as well as three sets of alveolar affricate consonants. It is believed the presence of the reconstructed phoneme *s in place of the fricative *sh is indicative of the Kulina and Deni languages as opposed to other languages in the Arawan family.[3]

History and Geography

The Kulina people traditionally live in the states of Acre and Amazonas in Brazil and the Ucayali region in Peru.[4] In Acre and Ucayali, the villages are found along the Purus and Envira rivers. In Amazonas, the villages are around the Juruá, Tarauacá and Jutaí rivers.[4]

Classification

Kulina is a member of the Arawan language family.[4] According to Dienst (2014), it forms a Madihá dialect continuum with Western Jamamadi and Deni.[4] The term madihá means 'people' in all of these languages.[4]

Grammar

The basic constituent order is subject–object–verb. It is predominantly a head-marking language with agglutinative morphology and some fusion.[4] Kulina is a head-final language and contains many more suffixes than prefixes.[4] There are two noun classes and two genders and agreement on transitive verbs is determined by a number of complex factors, both syntactic and pragmatic.[4] In transitive sentences, the verb agree with the object in gender and with the subject in person and number. In intransitive sentences, the verb agrees with its subject in person, number and gender.[4]

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Phonology

Consonants

Labial Dental Alveolar Velar Glottal
Plosive/
Affricate 		voiced b d̪ d͡z
voiceless p t̪ t͡s k
aspirated pʰ t̪ʰ t͡sʰ kʰ
Fricative h
Nasal m n
Rhotic ɾ
Approximant β̞~w

Consonants sounds /pʰ, t̪, d͡z, t͡s, t͡sʰ, ɾ, β~w/ may also be pronounced as /ɸ~f, t͡ʃ, z~ɟ, s, sʰ~ʃ, l, v/.

Vowels

Front Back
Close i (u)
Mid ɛ o
Open a

An [a] sound can also range to a [ɨ] sound. The [u] vowel sound only appears in diphthongs.[4]

Bibliography

References

  1. ^ Culina at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
  2. ^ "Culina Language and the Culina Indian Tribe (Kulina Madihá, Kulína, Kulyna, Kurina, Corina, Madija, Kollina, Kulino)". www.native-languages.org. Retrieved 2018-02-23.
  3. ^ Dienst, Stefan. "The Innovation of s in Kulina and Deni". Anthropological Linguistics. 47: 424–441.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Stefan., Dienst (2014). A Grammar of Kulina. Berlin/Boston: De Gruyter. ISBN 9783110339680. OCLC 898770080.
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